大学英语自主阅读II.ppt

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1、Historical Characters in Various CulturesBook II-2 All the world is a stage Shakespeare held thatIntroductionThis unit will offer you an insight into the household masterpiece of Three Kingdoms,and draw you closer to the heroes and the major events of the romance.A Romance of Three Kingdomssets a gr

2、and stage for numerous heroes to put on ups and downsbyLuo Guanzhong Background Information for Three KingdomsRomance of the Three Kingdoms is one of the great chinese classics and is compiled into a semi-fictional literary masterpiece during the Ming Dynasty by Luo Guanzhong.The novel comprises aro

3、und 70+%fact and 20+%fiction.e.g.Some issues such as Guan Yus weapon weighing around 40 kilograms,the capabilities of Lu Bu,Liu Beis horsessome others are probably fictional.Background Information for Three KingdomsThat period in history can be said as the golden age of chivalry and although it happ

4、ened more than 1700 years ago,characters such as Liu Bei,Cao Cao,Guan Yu,Zhang Fei and Zhuge Liang have become household names among the Chinese.Background Information for Three KingdomsRomance of the Three Kingdoms is not only about the struggle and conflicts among the warlords,it is about loyalty,

5、betrayal,courage,lust,determination,responsibilities,repaying the kindness of others and trust among people.Notice:More information you can derive from:Background Information for Three Kingdoms1.What is Luo Guanzhongs outlook on history,the author of the original work?He made the history a struggle

6、between good and bad guys.2.Why did Zhuge Liang submit“Memorial on Sending Out the Troops”to the emperor?Because he wanted to express his ambition that is settlement of the central China and restoration of the Han regime.It embodied the overall strategy in his Dialogue of Longzhong.1.Introduction(Pa

7、ra.1-3)1.Introduction(Para.1-3)2.Comment on the novel 2.Comment on the novel(Para.4-10)(Para.4-10)3.Zhuge Liang was an outstanding politician 3.Zhuge Liang was an outstanding politician and strategist.and strategist.(Para.11-18)(Para.11-18)Introduction(Para.1-3)Three Kingdoms is the first popular no

8、vel in China.(Para.1)How the Three Kingdoms came from.(Para.2)The authors outlook on history seems not admirable,but a struggle between good and bad guys.(Para.3)Comment on the novel(Para.4-10)A.The novel illustrates the Chinese warfare theories with stress on strategies.(Para.4-7)Some examples:“The

9、 Battle of Red Cliff”(Para.5)；“The Strategy of the Unguarded City”(Para.6-7)B.Three Kingdoms is more like a schoolbook on life.(Para.8)C.It is one of Chinese novels that have the most reprints and sell best.(Para.9-10)The reasons:For the last six hundred years Three Kingdoms has been circulated in d

10、ifferent forms.(Para.9)Few novels can bear comparison with Three Kingdoms in terms of the multitude of represented characters.(Para.10)Zhuge Liang was an outstanding politician and strategist.(Para.11-18)A.AbriefintroduceZhugeLiang(Para.11)B.“ThreeCallstoaCottage”;“DialogueofLongzhong”.(Para.12-13)C

11、.AseriesofeventsafterAD225(Para.14-16)By capturing and releasing the ethnic chieftain Meng Huo seven times(Para.14);“Memorial on Sending Out the Troops”(Para.15)Some facts and fictitious made Zhuge Liang the soul of wisdom in peoples mind(Para.16)D.AhighcommentonZhugeLiang:(Para.17-18)He died at his

12、 post before his troops triumphed.(Para.17)The famous maxim“work with devotion until death”from his“work with devotion until death”is the very picture of Zhuge Liangs life.(Para.18)such as(Para.2)(Para.2)Unable to detect the real situation(Para.6)(Para.6)Instead(Para.13)Para.13)1.ItsauthorLuoGuanzho

13、ngcreatedthisnovelbycollectingand1.ItsauthorLuoGuanzhongcreatedthisnovelbycollectingandcollatingtalesabouttheThreeKingdomsinballadsanddramascollatingtalesabouttheThreeKingdomsinballadsanddramasanddrawingonhistoricalworksanddrawingonhistoricalworks such assuch as RecordsoftheThreeRecordsoftheThreeKin

14、gdoms,TheAnnotatedRecordsoftheThreeKingdomsandKingdoms,TheAnnotatedRecordsoftheThreeKingdomsandtheComprehensiveMirrorforAidofGovernment.theComprehensiveMirrorforAidofGovernment.(Para.2)(Para.2)通通过过对对民民谣谣、戏戏曲曲中中关关于于三三国国历历史史传传说说的的收收集集和和整整理理，借借鉴鉴前前人人所所著著的的三三国国志志、三三国国志志注注、资资治治通通鉴鉴等等历历史史著著作作，小小说说作作者者罗贯中创

15、作了此书。罗贯中创作了此书。值值值值得得得得注注注注意意意意的的的的是是是是该该该该句句句句由由由由such such such such asasasas 引引引引导导导导了了了了一个补充成分，使句子信息量增加一个补充成分，使句子信息量增加一个补充成分，使句子信息量增加一个补充成分，使句子信息量增加forexample，suchas和和like都可用来举例，但用法有都可用来举例，但用法有所不同。所不同。Forexample，air is invisible.例如，空气是看不见的。Some of the European languages derive from Latin，suchas F

16、rench，Italian and Spanish.有些欧洲语言来源于拉丁语，例如，法语、意大利语和西班牙语。saved thingslike old newspapers and pieces of string.收集起来的如旧报纸和绳子之类的东西forexample作作“例如例如”讲时，一般只以同类事物或人中的讲时，一般只以同类事物或人中的“一个一个”为例，作插入语，用逗号隔开，可置于句首、句为例，作插入语，用逗号隔开，可置于句首、句中或句末。中或句末。Forexample,Illinols was named for the Indians who used to live in tha

17、t part of the country.例如例如,伊利诺州就取名于过去生活在这里的印第安人。伊利诺州就取名于过去生活在这里的印第安人。suchas也作为也作为“例如例如”讲，用来列举同类人或事物中的几讲，用来列举同类人或事物中的几个例子。个例子。Boys such as John and James are very friendly.像约翰和詹姆斯这样的男孩都很友好。像约翰和詹姆斯这样的男孩都很友好。like也常用来表示举例，可与也常用来表示举例，可与such assuch as互换。但互换。但such assuch as用用于举例可以分开使用，此时不可与于举例可以分开使用，此时不可与l

18、ikelike互换。互换。Some warm-blooded animals，like/such as the cat，the dog or the wolf，do not need to hibernate.一些温血动物，像猫、狗和狼都不需要冬眠。一些温血动物，像猫、狗和狼都不需要冬眠。He has several such reference books as dictionaries and handbooks.他有几本像字典、手册之类的参考书。他有几本像字典、手册之类的参考书。注 意:用such assuch as来举例子，只能举出其中的一部分，一般不能全部举出。若全部举出，要改用na

19、melynamely（意为“即”）。He knows four languages，namelynamely Chinese，English，Russian and French.他精通四门语言，即汉语、英语、俄语和法语。自我测试：根据句意，用for example，such as或like填空。1.Noise,_，is a kind of pollution.2.I like drinks _ tea and soda.3._，my full name is James Allen Green.Green is my family name.4.You can buy fruit here

20、_ oranges and bananas，5.There are several people interested，_ Mr Jones and Mr Simpson.key：1.for example 2.like/such as 3.For example 4.for example 5.like 2.2.TheTheexperiencedexperiencedgeneralgeneralSimaSima YiYiisispuzzled.puzzled.UnableUnabletotodetectdetect thethe realreal situationsituation,heh

21、e withdrawswithdraws hishis troopstroops totoavoidfallingintoatrap.avoidfallingintoatrap.(Para.6)(Para.6)Unable to detect the real situationUnable to detect the real situation，是一个由形容是一个由形容是一个由形容是一个由形容词词组表示的无动词分句，作原因状语。无动词分句词词组表示的无动词分句，作原因状语。无动词分句词词组表示的无动词分句，作原因状语。无动词分句词词组表示的无动词分句，作原因状语。无动词分句是一种缩略分句结

22、构，通常在这种结构省略了是一种缩略分句结构，通常在这种结构省略了是一种缩略分句结构，通常在这种结构省略了是一种缩略分句结构，通常在这种结构省略了bebe，因而其深层结构属于因而其深层结构属于因而其深层结构属于因而其深层结构属于SVCSVC句型。句型。句型。句型。久久经经沙沙场场的的将将军军司司马马懿懿迷迷惑惑了了，在在不不能能侦侦查查出出实实情情的的情情况况下下，司司马马懿懿只只好好撤撤退退，以以免免落落入入陷陷阱。阱。Hungry as a wolf,two big bowls of rice did not seem too much.Anxious for a quick decisio

23、n,the chairman called for a vote.The puppy,aware that he had done something wrong,refused to eat.3.3.InInhishiscottagecottageininLongzhongLongzhong thethefar-sightedfar-sightedZhugeZhuge LiangLiangproposedproposed toto LiuLiu BeiBei thatthat hehe shouldshould notnot confrontconfront CaoCaoCaoCao who

24、who hadhad a a million-strongmillion-strong army.army.InsteadInstead,LiuLiu BeiBei shouldshouldallyallywithwithSunSunQuanQuan whowhohadhadoccupiedoccupiedthetheregionregioneastofYangziRiverforgenerations.eastofYangziRiverforgenerations.(Para.13)(Para.13)insteadinstead/insteadinsteadofof的用法区别：的用法区别：的

25、用法区别：的用法区别：insteadinstead是是是是副副副副词词词词，意意意意为为为为代代代代替替替替，顶顶顶顶替替替替，需需需需要要要要在在在在一一一一定定定定的的的的上上上上下下下下文文文文中中中中使使使使用用用用 insteadinsteadofof 是是是是介介介介词词词词短短短短语语语语，意意意意为为为为代代代代替替替替，而而而而不不不不是，后面常接名词，代词，动名词和介词短语。是，后面常接名词，代词，动名词和介词短语。是，后面常接名词，代词，动名词和介词短语。是，后面常接名词，代词，动名词和介词短语。在在隆隆中中的的茅茅屋屋里里，目目光光远远大大的的诸诸葛葛亮亮劝劝刘刘备备不

26、不要要与与拥拥有有十十万万强强大大军军队队的的曹曹操操正正面面交交战战，应应与与数代割据江东的孙权结盟。数代割据江东的孙权结盟。Would you like some tea,please?No,thanks,but I would like some coffee instead.Instead of doing his homework,he went out and played football.instead的作用是它所修饰的句子表达出的物品、人、等代替另一种，即有instead的句子一般都是表示说话人最终的选择 instead of，中文意思与中文意思与insteadinstead

27、相同，但效果完全相反。相同，但效果完全相反。也就是说instead of 后面接的是未被选择的动作、行为或者物品。maxim(Para.18)confrontation(Para.17)station(Para.17)deploy(Para.16)fictitious(Para.16)relief(Para.16)embodiment(Para.15)restoration(Para.15)settlement(Para.15)synonymous(Para.12)in terms of(Para.10)find ones way to(Para.9)circulate(Para.9)exer

28、t influence on(Para.8)fabricate(Para.7)vt.general(Para.6)spare(Para.5)vt.campaign(Para.5)diverse(Para.4)commercial(Para.4)take as:(Para.4)admirable (Para.3)outlook(Para.3)serve as(Para.1)entitle (Para.2)serve as(Para.1)be of service or use,function作为用;担任;起.作用 When you sleep in the open,old newspaper

29、s can serve as a blanket.在野外睡觉时，就报纸可充作毛毯用。He served two terms as President.他担任过两任总统entitle(Para.2)1.Togiveanameortitleto.给给题名或命名题名或命名2.Tofurnishwitharightorclaimtosomething:给给权利或给权利或给资格：资格：The editorial is entitled“.”.这篇社论的题目是.。The coupon entitles the bearer to a 25 percent savings.持券人享有存款总额的百分之二十五。

30、Every citizen is entitled to equal protection under the law.每个公民都有权依法受同等保护outlook(Para.3)1.A point of view;an attitude:观点看法；态度：2.Expectation for the future:展望前景：3.A place where something can be viewed.可以看见一些事物的地方4.The view seen from such a place.景色从这样一个地方看到的景致a positive outlook 一种积极的态度 outlook on li

31、fe人生观a pleasant outlook 悦人的景色the economic outlook经济前景the long-term outlook for economic growth 经济发展的长期展望admirable (Para.3)a.deserving admiration.值得赞美的，令人钦佩的admire v.赞美,钦佩,羡慕admiringly adv.钦佩地,羡慕地admiration n.钦佩,赞美,羡慕admirableness n.美妙admirably adv.极好地,美好地admiring adj.赞赏的,钦佩的take as:(Para.4)consider

32、as;regard as;assume认为；把看作 He was taken as the foremost authority on chemistry.他被认为是化学最高权威。You must take us as you find us.你认为我们是什么样的人，就是什么样的人。commercial(Para.4)a.1.of or relating to commerce:商业的商业的或与商业有关的：2.engaged in commerce:从事商业的：3.a commercial trucker.从事商业的卡车运输业者4.Involved in work that is intend

33、ed for the mass market:迎合大众的，5.of,relating to,or being goods,often unrefined,produced and distributed in large quantities for use by industry.大量生产的6.having profit as a chief aim:以获利为目的的：a commercial artist.迎合大众的艺术家A commercial college teaches things that would be useful in business.商学院教授那些在商业中可能会有用的

34、东西。a commercial television.商业电视台 a commercial company贸易公司 commercial depression商业萧条 a commercial school商业学校 a commercial loan商业贷款 a commercial attach 商务帮办commercial(Para.4)n.An advertisement on television or radio.在电视或无线电上的广告The aim of the repetitions of the same commercial on television is nothing

35、but to brainwash consumers into compulsive consumption.电视上反复地播放同一个广告的目的无非是想宣传得使消费者非用不可。commerce n.商业commercially adv.商业上,通商上commercialese n.,adj.(函件上的)商业用语（的）commercialism n.商业主义，商业精神，商业习惯；商业文体用语commercialist n.商业家，商业主义者；营利主义者diverse(Para.4)1.differing one from another.不同的，相异的2.made up of distinct c

36、haracteristics,qualities,or elements:多种多样的，形形色色的由不同风格、特性或因素组成的Prague.offers visitors a series of excursions into a rich and diverse past 布拉格为旅客提供一连串的短途旅行，带领他们进入丰富多采的历史中”My sister and I have diverse ideas on how to raise children.在怎样养育孩子的问题上，我姐姐与我有迥然不同的看法。区别意义区别意义：different,diverse,divergent,distinct

37、,various 意思都含“不同的”。different 系普通用语,指“事物间的区别或本质上的不同事物间的区别或本质上的不同”,侧重“相异的”:The two boys are different in their tastes.这两个男孩的兴趣是相异的。diverse指“性质、种类十分不同的性质、种类十分不同的”,如:The word is now used in a sense diverse from the original meaning.在某种意义上说,此词现在的含义与最初的含义完全不同。divergent指“分歧的分歧的”、“差异的差异的”,强调“不相容的不相容的”,如:div

38、ergent schools of thought 不同的思想流派。distinct指“两个或更多个东西各自有其特点两个或更多个东西各自有其特点,不容混淆不容混淆”,含有“明显”和“性质上不同”的意思,如:things similar in form but distinct in nature 形式相似,实质不同的东西。various 强调“种类或性质的不同与多样种类或性质的不同与多样”,而“不强调其本质的差别不强调其本质的差别”,如:representatives from various parts of the country 全国各地的代表。campaign(Para.5)vi.&n

39、.1.A series of military operations undertaken to achieve a large-scale objective during a war:战役2.An operation or series of operations energetically pursued to accomplish a purpose:运动计划；措施：Grants Vicksburg campaign secured the entire Mississippi for the Union.格兰特的维克伯格战役为联邦挽救了整个密西西比Jean is campaignin

40、g for equal rights for women.琼在参加争取妇女平等权利的运动。a political campaign政治运动an election campaign竞选活动a campaign to stop people smoking一项阻止人们吸烟的运动an advertising campaign for a new product 一项旨在推出新产品的广告计划 a candidates political campaign 一项候选人的政治计划a fund-raising campaign;一项筹措资金的计划 spare(Para.5)vt.节约,吝惜;不用,省掉,略而

41、不说;抽出,剩下;出让,割爱;放过,饶恕;不杀,饶命;不伤害,使某人免遭(麻烦、痛苦等)spare no efforts pains不遗余力spare no expense 不惜工本=spare sb.his life)饶某人一命Can you spare the time to help me?你能抽出这段时间帮我吗?Can you spare me this book for a while?这本书能让我看一会儿吗?Can you spare me a few litres of petrol?你能匀给我几公升汽油吗?We may meet again if we are spared.如

42、果我们不死,还会见面的。He does not spare himself.他对自已要求很严。He did the work to spare you the trouble.他做了那件事使你免去麻烦。She never spares the butter when baking.她烤东西的时候从不吝惜奶油。Please spare me your opinions,just tell me the facts.请你不要对我讲你的意见,把事实告诉我就行了。general(Para.6)A commissioned rank in the U.S.Army,Air Force,or Marine

43、 Corps that is above lieutenant general.一级上将,美国陆军、空军或海军中在上尉之上一军阶Marine Corps 海军陆战队General 上将Lieutenant General 中将Major General 少将Brigadier 准将 Colonel 上校Lieutenant Colonel 中校Major 少校Captain 上尉 Lieutenant 中尉Second Lieutenant 少尉general(Para.6)a.Affecting or characteristic of the majority of those invol

44、ved;prevalent:普遍的，流行的影响有关事物的大多数的，具有大多数的特征的；流行的：the general opinion 一般舆论general discontent 普遍的不满a matter of general interest 引起公众兴趣的事情general-service adj.通用的,一般用途的general-utility adj.通用的,万用的fabricate(Para.7)vt.1.To make;create.制作,创造;2.To concoct in order to deceive:编造,捏造philosophers fabricating new t

45、heories of the universe 创造新宇宙学说的哲学家们They fabricated evidence and threatened witnesses.他们伪造证据并威胁目击者。fabricate a document 伪造文件fabricated an excuse.编造借口exertinfluenceon(Para.8):have a power to affect persons or events 施加影响 exert v.To put to use or effect 运用使应用或有效力For college students to do a part-time

46、job will exert a profound influence on their personality and life.打工对大学生的个性培养和今后生活都具有深远的影响。That council member has been exerting a lot of pressure on the company to accept the raw material of low quality.那个市议员一直在对这个公司施加很大的压力,要他们接受这批劣质原料。He is a hypocrite and never exerts himself to help anyone.他是个伪君

47、子,从不尽力帮助任何人。circulate(Para.9)1）To spread widely among persons or places;disseminate:散布，传播People who circulate false news are to be blamed.散布流言者该受遣责。The agent of the private enterprise has started to circulate false stories about the union.(喻)这家私营企业的资方代理人开始散布有关工会的流言蜚语。circulate(Para.9)2）To move in or

48、 flow through a circle or circuit:循环进入或沿环路流动：Blood circulates through the body.血液在全身循环。3)To move around,as from person to person or place to place:巡回，穿梭到处走，从人到人或从地区到地区The prince circulated from group to group at the party.王子在宴会中穿梭于人群之间。The politician circulated at the dance party,talking to lots of

49、people.那个政治家在跳舞晚会上到处走动,同许多人交谈。find ones way to(Para.9)arrive or get(there)到达(某地)They found their way to the golden coast at last.He found his way home.in terms of(Para.10):according to a particular point of view or way of thinking根据,按照 It is difficult to express it in terms of science.要用科学的字眼来表达他是很困

50、难的。In terms of stellar distances a journey from the earth to the moon would appear very short.从星际距离的角度来看，从地球到月球的路程是很短的。synonymous(Para.12)n.having the same or a similar meaning:同义的，有相同或类似意思的：There is a widespread impression that.Hollywood was synonymous with immortality 普遍的印象是好莱坞是不朽的同义词antonymous 反义