专业英语之物理化学.pptx

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1、2.What is the first law of thermodynamics?3.What is the second law of thermodynamics?1.What is physical chemistry?Questions?4.What are the state function and path function?第1页/共20页2023/2/21College of Chemistry&Chemical Engineering2 Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic（宏观）,atomic,subatomic,

2、and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of physical laws and concepts.It applies the principles,practices and concepts of physics such as motion,energy,force,time,thermodynamics,quantum chemistry,statistical mechanics and dynamics.What is Physical chemistry?第2页/共20页The first law of th

3、ermodynamics*Energy is neither created nor destroyed,but may change in forms.*Internal energy,work and heat in a closed systemdU=dW+dQOther concepts:enthalpy,heat capacity,isochoric(等体积）,isobaric（恒压）,Processes:reversible,irreversibleIsothermal（恒温）,adiabatic（绝热）,cyclic,free expansion第3页/共20页The secon

4、d law of thermodynamicsClausius statement:It is not possible to construct a devicethat operates in a cycle and whose sole effect is to transferheat from a colder body to a hotter body.Kevin-Planck statement:It is impossible to construct adevice operating in a cycle that results in no effect othertha

5、n the production of work by transferring heat from asingle body.第4页/共20页The third law of thermodynamics*The entropies of all substances in the perfectcrystalline or the perfect liquid state are zero at theabsolute zero of temperature(0 K).*It is impossible to attain a temperature of absolutezero.第5页

6、/共20页Contents of physical chemistryChemical thermodynamics:It concerns with energychange:the routine of energy change,the changetrend of equilibrium,and the equilibrium state.Chemical kinetics:It focuses on the rate of matterchange:reaction rate,reaction mechanisms,reactor,and reactor scale-up.Struc

7、ture chemistry:It concerns about the relation between matter properties and its microstructures.第6页/共20页Branches and related topicsThermochemistry Chemical kinetics Quantum chemistry Electrochemistry Photochemistry Surface chemistry Solid-state chemistry Spectroscopy Biophysical chemistry Materials

8、science Physical organic chemistry Micromeriticsmakrmrtks微晶学 第7页/共20页Extensive property（广度性质）volume weight heat capacity（热容）internal energy (内能)Intensive property（强度性质）temperature pressure density viscosity（粘度）第8页/共20页Process（过程）Isothermal process（等温）Isobaric process（等压）Isochoric process（等容）Adiabati

9、c process（绝热）Reversible process（可逆）Irreversible procesbs（不可逆）Spontaneous process（自发）Nonspotaneous process（非自发）第9页/共20页Enthalpy（焓）H=U+pVp is the pressure of the system and V is its volume.As U,p and V are all state functions,the enthalpy is also a state function.The change of enthalpy,H,between any p

10、air of initial and final states is independent of the path between them.第10页/共20页Entropy（熵）S=SB-SA=(Q/T)R a measure of disorder.a measure of disorder.The disorder in a system is called its entropy,The disorder in a system is called its entropy,S S.A crystal lattice at 0 K has perfect order and A cry

11、stal lattice at 0 K has perfect order and therefore zero entropy.The hotter it gets,the therefore zero entropy.The hotter it gets,the more kinetic energy the particles in it have and more kinetic energy the particles in it have and the more options they have for arranging the more options they have

12、for arranging themselves.themselves.第11页/共20页System（系统）Equilibrium system（平衡）Nonequilibrium system（非平衡）Homogeneous system（均相）Heterogeneous system（非均相）Open system（敞开）Closed system（封闭）Isolated system（弧立）Adiabatic system（绝热）One-compound system（单组分第12页/共20页WorkWork:work is done when an object is moved a

13、gainst an opposing force.HeatHeat:when the energy of a system changes as a result of a temperature difference between it and its surroundings,we say that energy has been transferred as heat.EnergyEnergy:the energy of a system is its capacity to do work.第13页/共20页DefinitionDefinition:changing the rate

14、 of reactions by adding a substance which does:changing the rate of reactions by adding a substance which does not get used up.not get used up.TypeType:homogenous catalysis and heterogeneous catalysis:homogenous catalysis and heterogeneous catalysisAautocatalysis.Aautocatalysis.Homogeneous catalysis

15、:Homogeneous catalysis:Here the catalyst and the reactants are in the same phase.Here the catalyst and the reactants are in the same phase.Heterogeneous catalysisHeterogeneous catalysis The effect of the surface is often so profound that it may be difficult to The effect of the surface is often so p

16、rofound that it may be difficult to remember that this effect is of hastening the approach to an equilibrium remember that this effect is of hastening the approach to an equilibrium state.state.catalysis第14页/共20页 Some Important professional Terms 1.Ideal-Gas Equation 理想气体状态方程2.spontanelty 自发性3.Syste

17、m and Surroundings系统与环境 4.open system-closed system 5.isolated system 6.State and State Functions状态与状态函数7.Process过程8.Law of conservation of energy（能量守恒定律）9.The First Law of Thermodynamics热力学第一定律10.The Second Law of Thermodynamics热力学第二定律第15页/共20页 11.Chemical equilibrium 化学平衡12.Enthalpy 焓13.Enthalpies

18、 of Reactions反应热14.Enthalpies of Formation生成焓15.Reaction Rates反应速率16.Reaction Order反应级数17.Reaction Mechanisms反应机理18.Activation Energy活化能19.Rate Constants速率常数20.Endothermic and Exothermic Processes吸热与发热过程 Some Important professional Terms第16页/共20页21.Homogeneous Catalysis均相催化剂22.Heterogeneous Catalysi

19、s非均相催化剂23.Enzymes酶24.catalyst 催化剂25.The Equilibrium Constant平衡常数26.the Direction of Reaction反应方向27.Effects of Volume,Pressure,Temperature Changes and Catalysts体积，压力，温度变化以及催化剂的影响28.Spontaneous Processes自发过程29.Entropy(Standard Entropy)熵（标准熵）30.Entropy Changes熵变 Some Important professional Terms第17页/共2

20、0页31.Extensive property广度性质32.intensive property强度性质33.molar heat capacity at constant volume恒容摩尔热容34.molar heat capacity at constant pressure恒压摩尔热容35.chemical kinetics 化学动力学36.chemical thermodynamics 化学热力学37.heat and work热与功38.internal energy 内能39.Potential energy 势能40.Kinetic energy 动能41.Standard

21、Free-Energy Changes标准自由能 Some Important professional Terms第18页/共20页物理化学专业期刊杂志物理化学专业期刊杂志：英文杂志：Journal of Physical Chemistry A(from 1896)Journal of Physical Chemistry B(1997)Journal of Physical Chemistry C(2007)Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics(1947)Annual Review of Physical Chemistry(1950)Molecular Physics(1957)Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry(1988)Journal of Chemical Physics Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 中文杂志：物理化学学报，催化学报，高分子学报，中国科学.B辑（化学），结构化学 第19页/共20页2023/2/21College of Chemistry&Chemical Engineering20谢谢您的观看！第20页/共20页