园艺科学学习.pptx

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1、HOMEWORK-1stChooseoneofyourfavoritehorticulturalcropsanddescribeitsclassificationaccordingtoitsscientificname,seasonalgrowthcycle,kindofstem,stemgrowthform.Pleasealsoincludepicturesforillustration.Seetheexampleonthenextslide.E.第1页/共78页荔枝（litchi,lychee）Thelitchi(alsoknownaslychee)isthesolememberofthe

2、genusLitchiinthesoapberry(无患子)family,Sapindaceae(无患子科).ItisatropicalandsubtropicalfruittreenativetosouthernChina,Taiwan,BangladeshandSoutheastAsia,andnowcultivatedinmanypartsoftheworld.scientificname:Litchi chinensisseasonalgrowthcycle:perennialkindofstem:treestemgrowthform:erect第2页/共78页QuestionsTra

3、nslatethefollowingChineseintoEnglish.界门纲目科属种KingdomDivisionClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies第3页/共78页第4页/共78页AnatomyofHorticulturalCropsGlossaryAnnual ringsAnnual ringsEpidermisEpidermisOrganellesOrganellesBarkBark树皮树皮树皮树皮Epigeous germinationEpigeous germinationParenchyma cellsParenchyma cellsCellCellFoli

4、age leavesFoliage leavesParthenocarpyParthenocarpyChromosomeChromosomeHardwoodHardwood阔叶材阔叶材阔叶材阔叶材Plant anatomyPlant anatomy年轮年轮年轮年轮表皮表皮表皮表皮细胞器细胞器细胞器细胞器子叶出土萌发子叶出土萌发子叶出土萌发子叶出土萌发薄壁细胞薄壁细胞薄壁细胞薄壁细胞细胞细胞细胞细胞营养叶营养叶营养叶营养叶单性结实单性结实单性结实单性结实染色体染色体染色体染色体植物形态植物形态植物形态植物形态第5页/共78页Complete flowerComplete flowerPlasma

5、 membranePlasma membraneHeartwoodHeartwoodComplex tissueComplex tissueHypogeous germinationHypogeous germinationPlastidPlastidCompound leavesCompound leavesImperfect flowerImperfect flowerMeristemsMeristemsCompression woodCompression wood应压木应压木应压木应压木Incomplete flowerIncomplete flowerProp rootsProp r

6、oots完全花完全花完全花完全花质膜质膜质膜质膜心材心材心材心材复合组织复合组织复合组织复合组织子叶不出土萌发子叶不出土萌发子叶不出土萌发子叶不出土萌发质体质体质体质体复叶复叶复叶复叶不完全花不完全花不完全花不完全花分生组织分生组织分生组织分生组织不完全花不完全花不完全花不完全花支持根支持根支持根支持根第6页/共78页Tap rootTap rootSimple leavesSimple leavesTension woodTension wood应拉木应拉木应拉木应拉木Vascular plantVascular plantSimple tissueSimple tissueWoodWood

7、木材木材木材木材TissueTissueSoftwoodSoftwood针叶材针叶材针叶材针叶材Turgor pressureTurgor pressureXerophytesXerophytesTotipotencyTotipotencyGenomeGenome直根，主根直根，主根直根，主根直根，主根单叶单叶单叶单叶维管植物维管植物维管植物维管植物简单组织简单组织简单组织简单组织组织组织组织组织膨压膨压膨压膨压旱生植物旱生植物旱生植物旱生植物细胞全能性细胞全能性细胞全能性细胞全能性基因组基因组基因组基因组第7页/共78页Conducting tissueConducting tissueIn

8、florescenceInflorescenceReaction woodReaction wood应力木应力木应力木应力木CulmCulm茎秆茎秆茎秆茎秆DifferentiationDifferentiationSapwoodSapwood边材边材边材边材Sclerenchyma cellsSclerenchyma cellsCollenchyma cellsCollenchyma cellsSecretionSecretionPrimary vegetative bodyPrimary vegetative bodyVascular cambiumVascular cambium疏导组织

9、疏导组织疏导组织疏导组织花序花序花序花序分化分化分化分化厚壁细胞厚壁细胞厚壁细胞厚壁细胞/skli/skli-/-/厚角细胞厚角细胞厚角细胞厚角细胞/k/k-/-/分泌分泌分泌分泌初生营养体初生营养体初生营养体初生营养体维管形成层维管形成层维管形成层维管形成层第8页/共78页WholeplantWholeplantOrgansOrgansTissuesTissuesCellsCellsOrganellesOrganellesMacromoleculesMacromoleculesLevelsoforganizationofplantsLevelsoforganizationofplantsTh

10、estudyofplantsbelowtheleveloforgansThestudyofplantsbelowtheleveloforgansusuallyrequirestheaidofspecialequipmentusuallyrequirestheaidofspecialequipmentsuchasmicroscopestoobserveandsuchasmicroscopestoobserveandmanipulate.manipulate.ThecellisthebasicunitoforganizationofThecellisthebasicunitoforganizati

11、onoflivingthings.livingthings.Cell:Cell:ThebasicstructuralandThebasicstructuralandphysiologicalunitofplantsandphysiologicalunitofplantsandanimals.animals.Plantanatomy:Plantanatomy:ThestudyoftheThestudyofthestructureofcells,tissues,andtissuestructureofcells,tissues,andtissuesystemsofplants.systemsofp

12、lants.第9页/共78页第10页/共78页CellstructureCellstructure针晶簇晶核糖体细胞核核仁大中央液泡淀粉粒细胞壁细胞膜高尔基体叶绿体液泡膜线粒体细胞质粗面型内质网滑面型内质网高尔基小泡第11页/共78页TypesofplantcellsandtissuesTypesofplantcellsandtissuesSimpletissuesSimpletissuesParenchyma:characterizedbythinwall.Parenchyma:characterizedbythinwall.Collenchyma:havingathickprimarywa

13、ll.Collenchyma:havingathickprimarywall.Sclerenchyma:havingtwowalls,primaryandsecondary.Sclerenchyma:havingtwowalls,primaryandsecondary.第12页/共78页第13页/共78页PrimaryandsecondarywallscontainPrimaryandsecondarywallscontaincellulosecellulose,hemicellulosehemicellulose andandpectinpectin,albeitindifferentpro

14、portions.Approximatelyequal,albeitindifferentproportions.Approximatelyequalamountsofpectinandhemicellulosearepresentindicotamountsofpectinandhemicellulosearepresentindicotprimarywallswhereashemicelluloseismoreabundantinprimarywallswhereashemicelluloseismoreabundantingrasses.grasses.Thesecondarywalls

15、ofwoodytissueandgrassesareThesecondarywallsofwoodytissueandgrassesarecomposedpredominantlyofcellulose,lignin,andcomposedpredominantlyofcellulose,lignin,andhemicellulose.Thecellulosefibrilsareembeddedinanetworkhemicellulose.Thecellulosefibrilsareembeddedinanetworkofhemicelluloseandlignin.ofhemicellul

16、oseandlignin.Cross-linkingofthisnetworkisbelievedtoresultintheCross-linkingofthisnetworkisbelievedtoresultintheeliminationofwaterfromthewallandtheformationofaeliminationofwaterfromthewallandtheformationofahydrophobiccompositethatlimitsaccessibilityofhydrolytichydrophobiccompositethatlimitsaccessibil

17、ityofhydrolyticenzymesandisamajorcontributortothestructuralenzymesandisamajorcontributortothestructuralcharacterisiticsofsecondarywalls.characterisiticsofsecondarywalls.第14页/共78页FunctionsFunctionsThemostimportantThemostimportantfunctionofthefunctionoftheparenchymacellsofparenchymacellsofrootsandstem

18、istherootsandstemisthestorageoffood(e.g.storageoffood(e.g.starch)andwater.Thestarch)andwater.Theintercellularairspacesintercellularairspacespermitgaseouspermitgaseousexchange.exchange.薄壁组织第15页/共78页FunctionsFunctionsThecollenchymaserveasThecollenchymaserveassupportingandstrengtheningsupportingandstre

19、ngtheningtissue.Incollenchymawithtissue.Incollenchymawithchloroplasts,photosynthesischloroplasts,photosynthesistakesplace.takesplace.厚角组织第16页/共78页FunctionsFunctionsAnimportantsupportingtissueinAnimportantsupportingtissueinplants,sclereidsareresponsibleforplants,sclereidsareresponsibleforthehardnesso

20、fdateseedsandthethehardnessofdateseedsandtheshellofwalnut.Fibresprobablyshellofwalnut.Fibresprobablyplayaroleinthetransportofwaterplayaroleinthetransportofwaterintheplant.Starchgranulesareintheplant.Starchgranulesarestoredintheyoung,livingfibres.storedintheyoung,livingfibres.厚壁组织第17页/共78页Complextiss

21、uesComplextissuesEpidermis:theoutmostlayeroftheplants.Epidermis:theoutmostlayeroftheplants.Secretorytissues:tissuessecretingmaterial,eitheroutsideorSecretorytissues:tissuessecretingmaterial,eitheroutsideorinside.inside.Conductingtissues:anelaboratesystemofvesselsusedinConductingtissues:anelaboratesy

22、stemofvesselsusedinconductingorganicandinorganicsolutesfromplacetoplaceinconductingorganicandinorganicsolutesfromplacetoplaceintheplant.theplant.Apicalmeristems:areasofactivegrowthlocatedatthetips,Apicalmeristems:areasofactivegrowthlocatedatthetips,wherecellsaredividingrapidly.wherecellsaredividingr

23、apidly.第18页/共78页FunctionsFunctionsTheepidermalcellsprotecttheTheepidermalcellsprotecttheunderlyingcells.Thewaxycuticleunderlyingcells.Thewaxycuticlepreventsthelossofmoisturefromthepreventsthelossofmoisturefromtheleavesandstems.Thetransparentleavesandstems.Thetransparentepidermalcellsallowsunlight(fo

24、repidermalcellsallowsunlight(forphotosynthesis)topassthroughtothephotosynthesis)topassthroughtothechloroplastsinthemesophylltissue.chloroplastsinthemesophylltissue.ThestomataofleavesandstemsallowThestomataofleavesandstemsallowgaseousexchangetotakeplacewhichisgaseousexchangetotakeplacewhichisnecessar

25、yforphotosynthesisandnecessaryforphotosynthesisandrespiration.Watervapourmaybegivenrespiration.Watervapourmaybegivenoffthroughthestomataduringoffthroughthestomataduringtranspiration.Theroot-hairsabsorbtranspiration.Theroot-hairsabsorbwateranddissolvedionsfromthesoil.wateranddissolvedionsfromthesoil.

26、气孔第19页/共78页FunctionsFunctionsxylemisanimportantxylemisanimportantstrengtheningtissue.strengtheningtissue.XylemvesselsandXylemvesselsandtracheidstransportwatertracheidstransportwaterandmineralsalts.andmineralsalts.StarchissometimesStarchissometimesstoredinthexylemstoredinthexylemfibresandxylemfibresa

27、ndxylemparenchyma.parenchyma.木质部管胞导管分子第20页/共78页FunctionsFunctionsSievetubestransportorganiccompounds.CompanionSievetubestransportorganiccompounds.Companioncellshelpstoregulatethemetabolicactivitiesofthesievecellshelpstoregulatethemetabolicactivitiesofthesievetubeelements.Thephloemfibresgivetheplantt

28、ubeelements.Thephloemfibresgivetheplantmechanicalstrength.Thephloemparenchymastoresmechanicalstrength.Tpoundssuchasstarch.韧皮部筛管分子伴胞代谢第21页/共78页CellstructureCellstructure针晶簇晶核糖体细胞核核仁大中央液泡淀粉粒细胞壁细胞膜高尔基体叶绿体液泡膜线粒体细胞膜粗面型内质网滑面型内质网高尔基小泡1 12 23 34 45 56 6第22页/共78页第23页/共78页边缘嵌合体边缘嵌合体 周缘嵌合体周缘嵌合体 扇形嵌合体扇形嵌合体第24页/

29、共78页StemDicotstemDicotstemIndicotstems,vascularIndicotstems,vascularbundles(bundles(维管束维管束)are)arearrangedinacirclenearthearrangedinacircleneartheoutside.Thephloemareoutside.Thephloemarefoundontheoutsideofthefoundontheoutsideofthevascularbundleandthevascularbundleandthexylemareontheinside.xylemareon

30、theinside.Thereisapith(Thereisapith(髓髓)located)locatedinthecentermadeupofinthecentermadeupofmostlyparenchymalcells.mostlyparenchymalcells.第25页/共78页MonocotstemMonocotstemInmostmonocotstheInmostmonocotsthevascularbundlesarevascularbundlesarearrangedthroughoutthearrangedthroughoutthegroundtissuegroundt

31、issue（基本组织）（基本组织）ratherthaninaring;thusitratherthaninaring;thusitisnotpossibletodistinguishisnotpossibletodistinguishpithandcortex(pithandcortex(皮层皮层)regions.regions.第26页/共78页第27页/共78页腋芽顶芽芽痕顶芽（带顶端分生组织）节间节托叶叶片叶缘叶柄第28页/共78页根状茎rhizome匍匐茎runner刺状叶匍匐茎stolon卷须块茎potatoModifiedstems球茎cormWhats the Whats the

32、 difference difference between a between a strawberry strawberry runner and runner and a clover a clover stolon?stolon?There are some adventitious roots on There are some adventitious roots on the strawberry ruuner,however,no the strawberry ruuner,however,no adventitious roots is present on the adve

33、ntitious roots is present on the clover stolon.clover stolon.第29页/共78页AnatomyofHorticulturalCropsLeafRootFlower第30页/共78页LeafExternalAnatomyoftheLeafExternalAnatomyoftheLeaf第31页/共78页Phyllotaxy(Phyllotaxy(叶序叶序)Phyllotaxyisarrangementofleavesalongthelengthofthestematthenodes.TheLeaf:SiteofPhotosynthesi

34、s&TranspirationTheLeaf:SiteofPhotosynthesis&Transpiration互生对生轮生叶序叶序第32页/共78页alternatealternate-oneleafpernode,offsetinoppositedirections,alternating.Typicalofgrasses.oppositeopposite-twoleavespernode,setinoppositedirections.whorledwhorled-multipleleavespernode,setinaspiral.第33页/共78页第34页/共78页角质层栅栏叶肉细

35、胞海绵叶肉细胞InternalanatomyoftheleafInternalanatomyoftheleaf第35页/共78页A real cross section of leaf第36页/共78页Thefunctionsofleaf:1.Foodmanufacture2.Protection:budscales(芽鳞),floralbracts(花苞片),sepals(花萼片)3.StorageFor details,see the textbook(P69).Tips:Tips:Normally,budNormally,budscalesarepresentinscalesarepre

36、sentinthewinterbuds,thewinterbuds,therefore,theplanttherefore,theplantagecanbeagecanbeestimatedaccordingestimatedaccordingtothenumberofthetothenumberoftheringofbudscaleringofbudscalescars.scars.第37页/共78页a)a)Cuticle:Cuticle:Waxylayer,waterproofing,upperleaves.Waxylayer,waterproofing,upperleaves.b)b)U

37、pperepidermis:Upperepidermis:Upperlayerofcells.Nochloroplasts.Protection.Upperlayerofcells.Nochloroplasts.Protection.c)c)PalisadeMesophyll:PalisadeMesophyll:TightlypackedupperlayerofchloroplastcontainingTightlypackedupperlayerofchloroplastcontainingcells.cells.d)d)SpongyMesophyll:SpongyMesophyll:Low

38、erlayerofchloroplastcontainingcells.AirspacesLowerlayerofchloroplastcontainingcells.Airspacesaroundthem.aroundthem.e)e)LowerEpidermis(hypodermis):LowerEpidermis(hypodermis):Lowerexternallayerofcellsinleaf.Lowerexternallayerofcellsinleaf.f)f)VascularBundle:VascularBundle:BundleofmanyvesselsBundleofma

39、nyvessels（导管）（导管）(xylemandphloem)for(xylemandphloem)fortransport.transport.g)g)Xylem:Xylem:Livingvascularsystemcarryingwater&mineralsthroughoutplant.Livingvascularsystemcarryingwater&mineralsthroughoutplant.h)h)Phloem:Phloem:LivingvascularsystemcarryingdissolvedsugarsandorganicLpoundsthroughoutplant

40、.i)i)GuardCells:GuardCells:2cellssurroundingstomatathatcontrolrateofgas&water2cellssurroundingstomatathatcontrolrateofgas&waterexchange.exchange.j)j)Stomata:Stomata:Openingbetweenguardcellsforgas&waterexchange.Openingbetweenguardcellsforgas&waterexchange.第38页/共78页a)Waxylayer,waterproofing,upperleave

41、s.a)Waxylayer,waterproofing,upperleaves.b)Upperlayerofcells.Nochloroplasts.Protection.b)Upperlayerofcells.Nochloroplasts.Protection.c)Tightlypackedupperlayerofchloroplastcontainingcells.c)Tightlypackedupperlayerofchloroplastcontainingcells.d)Lowerlayerofchloroplastcontainingcells.Airspacesaroundd)Lo

42、werlayerofchloroplastcontainingcells.Airspacesaroundthem.them.e)Lowerexternallayerofcellsinleaf.e)Lowerexternallayerofcellsinleaf.f)Bundleofmanyvesselsf)Bundleofmanyvessels（导管）（导管）(xylemandphloem)for(xylemandphloem)fortransport.transport.g)Livingvascularsystemcarryingwater&mineralsthroughoutg)Living

43、vascularsystemcarryingwater&mineralsthroughoutplant.plant.h)Livingvascularsystemcarryingdissolvedsugarsandorganich)Lpoundsthroughoutplant.i)2cellssurroundingstomatathatcontrolrateofgas&wateri)2cellssurroundingstomatathatcontrolrateofgas&waterexchange.exchange.j)Openingbetweenguardcellsforgas&waterex

44、change.j)Openingbetweenguardcellsforgas&waterexchange.角质层角质层上表皮上表皮栅栏叶肉组织栅栏叶肉组织海绵叶肉组织海绵叶肉组织下表皮下表皮维管束维管束木质部木质部韧皮部韧皮部保卫细胞保卫细胞气孔气孔cuticlecuticleupperepidermisupperepidermispalisademesophyllpalisademesophyllspongymesophyllspongymesophylllowerepidermislowerepidermisvascularbundlevascularbundlexylemxylemph

45、loemphloemguardcellguardcellstomastoma第39页/共78页FactorswhichcausestomatatoopenorFactorswhichcausestomatatoopenorcloseclose1.Lightgenerallycausesstomatato1.Lightgenerallycausesstomatatoopenanddarknesstoclose.Insomeopenanddarknesstoclose.Insomesucculentplants,however,thistrendissucculentplants,however,

46、thistrendisreversedandtheplantsopentheirreversedandtheplantsopentheirstomataatnightwhentheycantakestomataatnightwhentheycantakeadvantageofthecoolereveningadvantageofthecoolereveningtemperaturesforgaseousexchange,temperaturesforgaseousexchange,thusreducingwaterloss.thusreducingwaterloss.2.Wiltingorwa

47、terdeficit(2.Wiltingorwaterdeficit(水分亏缺水分亏缺)causesthestomataofaplantto)causesthestomataofaplanttoclose,thuspreventingfurtherwaterlossfromtheleaves.close,thuspreventingfurtherwaterlossfromtheleaves.3.AnincreaseinCO3.AnincreaseinCO2 2(carbondioxidecarbondioxide)causesstomatalclosure.)causesstomatalclo

48、sure.4.Increaseintemperaturecausesstomatatoopen.4.Increaseintemperaturecausesstomatatoopen.stoma:stomata,stomasstoma:stomata,stomas第40页/共78页LeafBlade:LeafBlade:WideflattenedareaofleafforconcentratingsunlightonWideflattenedareaofleafforconcentratingsunlightonphotosyntheticcells.photosyntheticcells.Pe

49、tiole:Petiole:Shortstemthatattachesleaftomainstemorbranch.Shortstemthatattachesleaftomainstemorbranch.Veins:Veins:Vascularbundleswithinleaffortransport.Vascularbundleswithinleaffortransport.Node:Node:Growthregionofstemwhereleavesornewbranchesarise.Growthregionofstemwhereleavesornewbranchesarise.Axil

50、larybud:Axillarybud:Babyleaforstem(nextyearsgrowth).Babyleaforstem(nextyearsgrowth).第41页/共78页SimpleLeaf:OneBladeSimpleLeaf:OneBlade无托叶有托叶无叶柄抱茎第42页/共78页单叶复叶第43页/共78页CompoundLeaf:BladeDividedIntoLeafletsCompoundLeaf:BladeDividedIntoLeafletsPalmatelyCompound(Digitate):NoPalmatelyCompound(Digitate):Nora