新步步高江苏专用高考英语二轮复习任务型阅读.pdf

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1、 任务型阅读阅读量较大，但阅读难度适中，一般原词与推理、归纳词的比例是 55。2013 年能在文中找到原词的共 5 题，需要对原文词性、词形变换的共 1 题，归纳总结得出答案的共 4 题。2014 年推理、归纳题考查比例较大，共 6 题。能在原文中找到原词和需要对原文词性、词形变换的各 2 题。2015 年有 7 题可在原文中找到原词或相对应的词形、词性。任务型阅读将会继续在江苏高考试题中占有较大比重，考题形式还是主要以表格形和树状形为主，文章体裁主要以议论文为主，阅读量大，要求考生具有捕捉信息、组织信息和综合概括信息的能力。(一)(2015江苏)People select news in e

2、xpectation of a reward.This reward may be either of two kinds.One is related to what Freud calls the Pleasure Principle，the other to what he calls the Reality Principle.For want of better names，we shall call these two classes immediatereward and delayedreward.In general，the kind of news which may be

3、 expected to give immediate reward are news of crime and corruption，accidents and disasters，sports，social events，and human interest.Delayed reward may be expected from news of public affairs，economic matters，social problems，science，education，and health.News of the first kind pays its rewards at once

4、.A reader can enjoy an indirect experience without any of the dangers or stresses involved.He can tremble wildly at an axemurder，shake his head sympathetically and safely at a hurricane，identify himself with the winning team，laugh understandingly at a warm little story of children or dogs.News of th

5、e second kind，however，pays its rewards later.It sometimes requires the reader to tolerate unpleasantness or annoyanceas，for example，when he reads of the threatening foreign situation，the mounting national debt，rising taxes，falling market，scarce housing，and cancer.It has a kind of“threat value”It is

6、read so that the reader may be informed and prepared.When a reader selects delayed reward news，he pulls himself into the world of surrounding reality to which he can adapt himself only by hard work.When he selects news of the other kind，he usually withdraws from the world of threatening reality towa

7、rd the dream world.For any individual，of course，the boundaries of these two classes are not stable.For example，a sociologist may read news of crime as a social problem，rather than for its immediate reward.A coach may read a sports story for its threat value：he may have to play that team next week.A

8、politician may read an account of his latest successful public meeting，not for its delayed reward，but very much as his wife reads an account of a party.In any given story of corruption or disaster，a thoughtful reader may receive not only the immediate reward of indirect experience，but also the delay

9、ed reward of information and preparedness.Therefore，while the division of categories holds in general，an individuals tendency may transfer any story from one kind of reading to another，or divide the experience between the two kinds of reward.What news stories do you read？Division of news stories Peo

10、ple expect to get 71._ from reading news.News stories are roughly divided into two classes.Some news will excite their readers instantly while others wont.72._ of the two classes News of immediate reward will seemingly take their readers to the very frightening scene without actual 73._.Readers will

11、 associate themselves closely with what happens in the news stories and 74._ similar feelings with those involved.News of delayed reward will make readers suffer，or present a 75._ to them.News of delayed reward will induce the reader to 76._ for the reality while news of immediate reward will lead t

12、he reader to 77._ from the reality.Unstable boundaries of the two classes What readers expect from news stories are largely shaped by their 78._.Serious readers will both get excited over what happens in some news stories and 79._ themselves to the reality.Thus，the division，on the whole，80._ on the

13、reader.(二)(2014江苏)The expression，“everybodys doing it，”is very much at the center of the concept of peer pressure.It is a strong influence of a group，especially of children，on members of that group to behave as everybody else does.It can be positive or negative.Most people experience it in some way

14、during their lives.People are social creatures by nature，and so it is hardly surprising that part of their selfrespect comes from the approval of others.This instinct(天性)is why the approval of peers，or the fear of disapproval，is such a powerful force in many peoples lives.It is the same instinct tha

15、t drives people to dress one way at home and another way at work，or to answer“fine”when a stranger asks“how are you？”even if it is not necessarily true.There is a practical aspect to this：it helps society to function efficiently，and encourages a general level of selfdiscipline that simplifies daytod

16、ay interaction.For certain individuals，seeking social acceptance is so important that it becomes like an addiction；in order to satisfy the desire，they may go so far as to abandon their sense of right and wrong.Teens and young adults may feel forced to use drugs，or join gangs that encourage criminal

17、behavior.Mature adults may sometimes feel pressured to cover up illegal activity at the company where they work，or end up in debt because they are unable to hold back the desire to buy a house or car that they cant afford in an effort to“keep up with the Joneses.”However，peer pressure is not always

18、negative.A student whose friends are good at academics may be urged to study harder and get good grades.Players on a sports team may feel driven to play harder in order to help the team win.This type of influence can also get a friend off drugs，or to help an adult take up a good habit or drop a bad

19、one.Study groups and class projects are examples of positive peer groups that encourage people to better themselves.Schools try to teach kids about the dangers of negative peer pressure.They teach kids to stand up and be themselves，and encourage them to politely decline to do things that they believ

20、e are wrong.Similarly，it can be helpful to encourage children to greet the beneficial influence of positive peer groups.(三)(2013江苏)Quiet Virtue：The Conscientious The everyday signs of conscientiousness(认真尽责)being punctual，careful in doing work，selfdisciplined，and scrupulous(一丝不苟的)in attending to res

21、ponsibilitiesare typical characteristics of the model organizational citizen，the people who keep things running as they should.They follow the rules，help out，and are concerned about the people they work with.Its the conscientious worker who helps newcomers or updates people who return after an absen

22、ce，who gets to work on time and never abuses sick leaves，who always gets things done on deadline.Conscientiousness is a key to success in any field.In studies of job performance，outstanding effectiveness for almost all jobs，from semiskilled labor to sales and management，depends on conscientiousness.

23、It is particularly important for outstanding performance in jobs at the lower levels of an organization：the secretary whose message taking is perfect，the delivery truck driver who is always on time.Among sales representatives for a large American car manufacturer，those who were most conscientious ha

24、d the largest volume of sales.Conscientiousness also offers a buffer(缓冲)against the threat of job loss in todays constantly changing market，because employees with this quality are among the most valued.For the sales representatives，their level of conscientiousness mattered almost as much as their sa

25、les in determining who stayed on.There is an air around highly conscientious people that makes them seem even better than they actually are.Their reputation for dependability influences managers evaluations of their work，giving them higher evaluations than objective measures of their performance wou

26、ld predict.But conscientiousness in the absence of social skills can lead to problems.Since conscientious people demand so much of themselves，they can hold other people to their own standards，and so be overly judgmental when others dont show the same high levels of model behavior.Factory workers in

27、Great Britain and the United States who were extremely conscientious，for example，tended to criticize coworkers even about failures that seemed unimportant to those they criticized，which damaged their relationships.When conscientiousness takes the form of living up to expectations，it can discourage c

28、reativity.In creative professions like art or advertising，openness to wild ideas and spontaneity(自发性)are scarce and in demand.Success in such occupations calls for a balance，however；without enough conscientiousness to follow through，people become mere dreamers，with nothing to show for their imaginat

29、iveness.一、任务型阅读的解题步骤 1略读。快速浏览全文，理清文章基本结构，了解文章的框架及每段大意。2扫读。扫读图表，分析表格结构和内容，准确定位填空的要求，以便带着问题寻找答案。3细读。深入理解文章内容，分析整合信息，准确表达。归纳概括，转换信息正确表述。4复查。通观全篇，复读检查。二、复习中应注意培养解题能力 1培养词形转换能力，如：用所给词语的适当形式填空。(1)The car rushed down the road at astonishing speed.(astonish)(2)The postal service here is very unreliable.(ser

30、ve)(3)The exam was relatively easy.(relative)常见的词性转换有：说明 举例 动词转化为名词，这类动词变为名词后，常跟 have，make，take 等词搭配表示一个动have a look(talk，wash，swim，rest，dream，laugh，ride，dance，interview，作 etc.)make a study(guess，visit，call，change，answer，reply，promise，request，etc.)take a seat(drive，look，bath，etc.)表具体实物的名词可转化为动词 a dr

31、op of water(水)，water the flowers(浇)；a map of Europe(地图)，map the South Pole(绘制地图)；a bicycle chain(链条)，chain a boat to a tree(拴住)表身体部位或某类人的名词可转化为动词 The stone hit him on the head.(头)Head straight for the factory.(朝向)The nurse on duty is nursing the patient.(护理)表抽象概念的名词可转化为动词 Time is a bird for ever on

32、the wing.(时间)Take a deep breath and Ill time you.(计时)有些形容词可作动词用 Your watch is five minutes slow.(慢的)Slow down your car in the crowded streets.(放慢)Lets sit in the shade and get cool.(凉爽的)Open the windows to cool the room.(使凉爽)2.培养英语释义与概括能力，如：根据提示用意义相同的词完成各句，每空一词。(1)The boy felt uncomfortable with his

33、 new classmates.(not comfortable)(2)If you ignore your diet，trouble will follow.(pay no attention to)(3)At any rate，the medical supplies will reach you within a week.(things such as food，medicines，etc.that are needed by a group of people)3培养逆向思维能力。如：根据提示用意义相反的词完成各句，每空一词。(1)I am unable to cycle to sc

34、hool because my bicycle is broken.(able)(2)There has been a steady decrease in population in this city.(increase)(3)The rough road made the car vibrate.(smooth)4培养语篇结构解读能力。如：利用完形填空和阅读理解的文章，在阅读后，写出文章主题，段落大意，自己动手绘制语篇结构图，以增强语篇结构解读的能力。三、复习建议 学生在做任务型阅读时常遇到的困难是：难以理解文章结构与图表；难以用适当的词或词的适当形式填空；不会概括；方法不当，信心不足等

35、等。因此，在备考复习时要有的放矢地进行训练，特别要在以下几个方面注意积累经验。1学会查读(1)带着问题有意识地在细节处和关键处做标记；(2)留意最醒目的字眼(time，age，number，place.)；(3)依据信息词搜索所需要的内容。如：5WH：who，what，when，where，why，how；时间先后：first，then，after that，next，finally；因果：because，thus，lead to，caused by，as a result of；比较：similarly，differently，like，unlike，but，while，however，in

36、stead，on the contrary。2学会组织、表述信息(1)用名词所有格代替 of。如：the citizens longer living 代替 the longer living of the citizens(2)词性转换。如：原文：Taking a gap year and going to university offer valuable experience in similar ways.转换成表格中：Similarities between taking a gap year and going to university.(3)句子结构转换。如：原文：One li

37、kely development will be a gradual change in the family unit；the other likely development will be a change in the proportion of the nations workforce.转换成三个词以内的名词短语：family unit change；workforce proportion change(注意抓住句子中传达主要信息的关键词)(4)另选其他词来释义。如：原文：.The ministry warned that thefts and robberies inside

38、or near banks rose rapidly，with the victims mostly women and elderly people.It advised people not to take large amount of cash while traveling，especially during the approaching Spring Festival season，which always witnesses a large number of crimes.转换成表格中：Theft and robbery accounted for 80%；women and

39、 elderly people were mostly targeted for；people were advised to avoid taking a large amount of cash.3学会归纳、概括 原文第一段：By the end of this decade，more than half of the worlds population will live in cities.Urbanization brings many problems to almost every country in the world，among which energy is one of

40、 the most serious one.概括成题目：Title：Urbanization and Development 复习时注意积累一些概括性的词汇，它们的特征是：(1)概括性，在最大限度上覆盖栏内信息；(2)针对性，不能太大也不能太小，量体裁衣，大小适度；(3)醒目性，注意措词。如：reason(s)，cause(s)，result(s)，effect(s)，consequence(s)，advice，suggestion(s)，opinion(s)，problem(s)，measure(s)，solution(s)，way(s)，form(s)，feature(s)，charact

41、eristics，type(s)，advantage(s)，disadvantage(s)，difference(s)，similarities，name(s)，age，time，costs，event(s)，purpose(s)等。提醒：完成作业 强化练(二十三)(二十四)二轮专题强化练 强化练(二十三)强化练(二十三)任务型阅读(1)(建议用时：13 分钟/篇)1 (2015南京市高三三模)The emotional bond a child secures with its parents has a greater impact on its education than previo

42、usly thought，a report suggests.The Sutton Trust study says childrens early attachment to parents has farreaching consequences for their ability to speak，learn and think.Parents who are insecure themselves find it harder to provide children with security，it says.And the report calls for more help so

43、parents can develop such crucial bonds.The study focuses on the application of the theory of attachmenta key theory in childrens development and psychology.This says the degree to which children are secure and resilient as they grow up depends on their own early experiences with their mothers and fa

44、thers and how they have bonded.The report from the Sutton Trust education charity，entitled Baby Bonds，makes the case that it has an important impact on childrens future educational chances as well as their emotional wellbeing.It is based on an analysis of more than 100 studies on the issue，including

45、 home visits and assessments and observations of children in a range of countries.The Trust argues that although psychologists have been aware of attachment theory，it has not been seen by policy makers as a key influence on educational attainment.And it asks them to take this into account.The report

46、 says when babies and toddlers do not form these strong parental bondsknown as secure attachmentthey are more likely to exhibit poor language and poor behavior before they reach school.And it cites international studies which suggest this continues late into life，with insecure children more likely t

47、o leave school early or duck out of employment or training.They are also more likely to suffer from aggression，defiance and hyperactivity later in life.The Sutton Trust says its analysis of the research suggests that about 40%of children in the UK lack a secure attachment with their parents.Lead aut

48、hor Sophie Moullin said that when her team looked at large scale representative studies in a number of countries they all found，from their observations，that between 38%and 42%of children suffered from poor attachment in all the different study locations.She added，“Secure attachment really helps chil

49、dren with emotional and social development and at school it really helps them to manage their behavior.Shouting，looking out of the window，hitting each other.These are the things that teachers will tell you that are stopping children from learning.Its really only as we understand more about these beh

50、avior problems that we have decided that a lot of it goes back to this early bonding with parents.”Research director at the Trust Conor Ryan said，“Better bonding between parents and babies could lead to more social mobility，as there is such a clear link to education，behavior and future employment.Th