血流动力学监测-PICCO.ppt

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1、危重病患者的血流动力学监测危重病患者的血流动力学监测focus on PiCCO血流动力学监测增加患者病死率血流动力学监测增加患者病死率Connors AF Jr,Speroff T,Dawson NV,Thomas C,Harrel FE Jr,Wagner D,Desbjens N,Goldman L,Wu AW,Califf RM,Fulkerson WJ Jr,Vidaillet H,Broste S,Bellamy P,Lynn J,Knaus WA.The effectiveness of right heart catheterization in the initial car

2、e of critically ill patients.SUPPORT Investigators.JAMA 1996;276(11):889-897 血流动力学监测为何不能改善预后血流动力学监测为何不能改善预后不恰当的适应症PAC的副作用或并发症获得数据的方法不正确n仪器定标错误,或传感器位置错误获得的数据不能反映血流动力学状态错误使用数据(对数据的解读错误)作出治疗决定前未考虑其他相关因素nCXR,尿量,血清白蛋白采用的治疗措施无效或有害无需血流动力学监测时未及时拔除PACPAC的使用减少的使用减少:Illinois,USA2000年年2001年年降低降低%出院患者数1,636,0461

3、,684,089PAC使用数5,9695,02215.8PAC使用率(/1000)3.652.98年龄0 17岁2195765 74岁1,7391,37521 75岁1,9171,62015.5性别男性3,4922,97015女性2,4732,05217Appavu S,Cowen J,Bunyer M.The use of pulmonary artery catheterization has declined.Critical Care 2005;9(Suppl 1):P69(DOI 10.1186/cc3132)临床评价临床评价 vs.血流动力学血流动力学目的:评价肺动脉导管(PAC)

4、得到的血流动力学指标是否能够改变患者的治疗设计:前瞻性观察患者:103例留置PAC的患者方法:n插管前,请医生对一些血流动力学指标的范围,诊断及治疗方案进行预测n插管后,复习患者病例,记录插管时及置管8小时内的血流动力学Eisenberg PR,Jaffe AS,Schuster DP.Clinical evaluation compared to pulmonary artery catheterization in the hemodynamic assessment of critically ill patients.Crit Care Med 1984;12(7):549-553临床

5、评价临床评价 vs.血流动力学血流动力学Eisenberg PR,Jaffe AS,Schuster DP.Clinical evaluation compared to pulmonary artery catheterization in the hemodynamic assessment of critically ill patients.Crit Care Med 1984;12(7):549-553临床评价临床评价 vs.血流动力学血流动力学结果留置PAC后n计划治疗方案需要改变58%u应用未预计到的治疗方案30%Eisenberg PR,Jaffe AS,Schuster DP

6、.Clinical evaluation compared to pulmonary artery catheterization in the hemodynamic assessment of critically ill patients.Crit Care Med 1984;12(7):549-553临床评价临床评价 vs.血流动力学血流动力学结论单纯根据临床表现难以准确预测血流动力学指标PAC监测数据通常能够改变治疗方案Eisenberg PR,Jaffe AS,Schuster DP.Clinical evaluation compared to pulmonary artery

7、catheterization in the hemodynamic assessment of critically ill patients.Crit Care Med 1984;12(7):549-553血流动力学参数改变治疗决定血流动力学参数改变治疗决定Squara P,Bennett D,Perret C.Pulmonary artery catheter:does the problem lie in the users?Pulmonary artery catheter:does the problem lie in the users?Chest 2002;121:2009-2

8、015ICU患者的输液治疗患者的输液治疗输液治疗的决定因素临床经验中心静脉压或肺动脉楔压Boldt J,Lenz M,Kumle B,Papsdorf M.Volume replacement strategies on intensive care units:results from a postal survey.Intensive Care Med 1998;24:147-151临床判断缺乏准确性临床判断缺乏准确性:PAWP01015191915100预计预计PAWP(mmHg)测定测定PAWP(mmHg)Eisenberg PL,Jaffe AS,Schuster DP.Clinic

9、al evaluation compared to pulmonary artery catheterization in the hemodynamic assessment of critically ill patients.Crit Care Med 1984;12(7):549-553No change in planned therapy after catheterizationChange in planned therapy after catheterization0临床判断缺乏准确性临床判断缺乏准确性:CO04.57.0预计预计CO(L/min)测定测定CO(L/min)

10、Eisenberg PL,Jaffe AS,Schuster DP.Clinical evaluation compared to pulmonary artery catheterization in the hemodynamic assessment of critically ill patients.Crit Care Med 1984;12(7):549-5534.57.0临床判断缺乏准确性临床判断缺乏准确性Eisenberg PL,Jaffe AS,Schuster DP.Clinical evaluation compared to pulmonary artery cathe

11、terization in the hemodynamic assessment of critically ill patients.Crit Care Med 1984;12(7):549-553参数参数判断正确数目判断正确数目/测定数目测定数目正确率正确率(%)PAWP31/10230CO49/9751SVR39/8844RAP54/9855How good are our clinical skills?Cardiac outputWedge pressureConnors(NEJM 83)ICU pts44%42%Eisenberg(CCM 84)ICU pts50%33%Bayli

12、ss(BMJ 83)CCU pts71%62%临床重要的血流动力学参数临床重要的血流动力学参数所有医生所有医生(n=417)心内科医生心内科医生(n=27)CO330(79%)21(75%)PAWP285(68%)27(100%)SvO2220(53%)10(38%)MPAP120(37%)10(38%)SV100(24%)3(13%)RAP20(5%)RVEF20(5%)RVEDV18(4%)Squara P,Bennett D,Perret C.Pulmonary artery catheter:does the problem lie in the users?Pulmonary art

13、ery catheter:does the problem lie in the users?Chest 2002;121:2009-2015心脏手术后患者的血流动力学监测心脏手术后患者的血流动力学监测问卷调查(39个问题)n血流动力学监测n容量替代n正性肌力药物/升压药物n输血德国的80个ICU主任问卷回收率69%Kastrup M,Markewitz A,Spies C,Carl M,Erb J,Groe J,Schirmer U.Current practice of hemodynamic monitoring and vasopressor and inotropic therapy

14、 in post-operative cardiac surgery patients in Germany:results from a postal survey.Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2007;51(3):347-358.心脏手术后患者的血流动力学监测心脏手术后患者的血流动力学监测血流动力学监测血流动力学监测比例比例(%)基本监测100肺动脉导管(PAC)58.2经食道超声(TEE)38.1PICCO13.0Kastrup M,Markewitz A,Spies C,Carl M,Erb J,Groe J,Schirmer U.Curre

15、nt practice of hemodynamic monitoring and vasopressor and inotropic therapy in post-operative cardiac surgery patients in Germany:results from a postal survey.Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2007;51(3):347-358.英格兰与威尔士英格兰与威尔士ICU的的CO监测技术监测技术Esdaile B,Raobaikady R.Survey of cardiac output monitorin

16、g in intensive care units in England and Wales.Critical Care 2005;9(Suppl 1):P68(DOI 10.1186/cc3131)英格兰与威尔士英格兰与威尔士ICU的的CO监测技术监测技术CO监测技术 2种69%首选经食道多普勒监测CO41%常规监测ScvO220%Esdaile B,Raobaikady R.Survey of cardiac output monitoring in intensive care units in England and Wales.Critical Care 2005;9(Suppl 1

17、):P68(DOI 10.1186/cc3131)Are We Using PAC Correctly?PAWP测定中的技术问题测定中的技术问题Morris AH,Chapman RH,Gardner RM.Frequency of technical problems encountered in the measurement of pulmonary artery wedge pressure.Crit Care Med 1984;12(3):164-170N(%)measurements%of technical problemsNo problem1868(69)Technical

18、problems843(31)Criterion 1(total)(12)(38)Unable to obtain an“atrial waveform”1238Criterion 2(total)156(6)19WP waveform intermediate between the phasic PA and atrial waveforms100(4)12Spontaneous variation of WP56(2)7Criterion 3(total)381(14)45Poor dynamic response184(7)22Damped tracing65(2)8Overinfla

19、tion42(2)5Cannot aspirate blood with the catheter in the PA36(1)4Cannot aspirate blood with the catheter in the wedge position54(2)6PAWP测定中的技术问题测定中的技术问题Morris AH,Chapman RH,Gardner RM.Frequency of technical problems encountered in the measurement of pulmonary artery wedge pressure.Crit Care Med 1984

20、;12(3):164-170WPTechnical ProblemCorrected byInitialConfirmed228OverinflationDeflated balloon812Venous bloodAdvance 2 cm308Venous bloodWithdrawn156Venous bloodNothing812Poor dynamic responseWithdrawn 4 cm248Poor dynamic responseDeflated and inflated balloon2313Poor dynamic responseWithdrawn128Poor d

21、ynamic responseFlushed3618Partial WPPatient coughed214Partial WPRepositioned720Partial WPNothing1420?RepositionedWP initial WP confirmed=11 6 mmHgRange(-13,+22)ICU医生缺乏医生缺乏PAC的相关知识的相关知识目的:评价欧洲国家ICU医生对PAC相关知识的了解程度设计:调查问卷背景:86个欧洲大学及非大学医院ICU对象:从两个欧洲危重病医学会目录中选取134个ICU.其中86个ICU的535名医生参加问卷调查干预:在每个ICU中,所有医生

22、均被要求同时完成一项调查问卷,包括31个多选题,涉及床旁留置PAC的所有方面Gnaegi A,Feihl F,Perret C.Intensive care physicians insufficient knowledge of right-heart catheterization at the bedside:time to act?Crit Care Med 1997;25:213-220ICU医生缺乏医生缺乏PAC的相关知识的相关知识Gnaegi A,Feihl F,Perret C.Intensive care physicians insufficient knowledge o

23、f right-heart catheterization at the bedside:time to act?Crit Care Med 1997;25:213-220PAC相关知识调查问卷的内容分类1压力或心输出量测定的技术问题2相关指标的计算3血流动力学指标的解读4留置导管5导管相关并发症的识别,预防及治疗6应用PAC指导治疗7其他ICU医生缺乏医生缺乏PAC的相关知识的相关知识In-TrainingPostgraduate Training CompletedPrimary Medical SpecialtyAnesthesiology69.9 13.777.0 12.6Intern

24、al Medicine67.9 14.378.3 11.5Others62.4 16.369.8 15.2Opinion of Respondents on Their Knowledge of PACsInadequate57.6 15.355.0 17.3Minimal65.7 14.371.9 14.1Adequate73.2 13.179.2 10.7Superfluous-83.3 0Gnaegi A,Feihl F,Perret C.Intensive care physicians insufficient knowledge of right-heart catheteriza

25、tion at the bedside:time to act?Crit Care Med 1997;25:213-220Is There an Easy Alternative to This Dilemma?Central venous catheterInjectate temperature sensor housing PV4046 Arterial thermodilution catheter Injectate temperature sensor cablePC80109 PULSION disposable pressure transducer PV8115PCCIAP1

26、3.03 16.28 TB37.0AP 140117 92(CVP)5SVRI 2762PCCI 3.24HR 78SVI 42SVV 5%dPmx 1140(GEDI)625 DPT Monitor cablePMK-206Interface cablePC80150 Connection cableto bedside monitorPMK-XXX AUX adaptercable PC81200 PiCCO的技术原理的技术原理PiCCO技术由下列两种技术组成,用于更有效地进行血流动力和容量治疗,使大多数病人不必使用肺动脉导管:a.经肺热稀释技术经肺热稀释技术b.动脉脉搏轮廓分析技术动脉脉

27、搏轮廓分析技术心输出量的测定心输出量的测定:经肺热稀释技术经肺热稀释技术中心静脉内注射指示剂后,动脉导管尖端的热敏电阻测量温度下降的变化曲线通过分析热稀释曲线,使用Stewart-Hamilton公式计算得出心输出量(CO)Tb注射注射t心输出量的测定心输出量的测定:经肺热稀释技术经肺热稀释技术经肺热稀释测量只需要在中心静脉内注射冷(8C)或室温(24C)生理盐水中心静中心静脉注射脉注射右心右心左心左心肺肺PiCCO导导管如插在管如插在股动脉内股动脉内热稀释法测定热稀释法测定CO:PiCCO vs.PACPCCO动脉热稀释动脉热稀释测量位置测量位置静脉注射静脉注射RAEDVPBVEVLWLAE

28、DVLVEDVEVLWRVEDV常规热稀释常规热稀释测量位置测量位置s010203040500,00,20,40,6C-D DT注射注射热热稀稀释释测测量量曲曲线线Tb=血流温度血流温度Ti =注射指示剂温度注射指示剂温度Vi =注射指示剂容积注射指示剂容积 Tb.dt=热稀释曲线下面积热稀释曲线下面积K=校正系数校正系数动脉脉搏轮廓分析动脉脉搏轮廓分析动脉脉搏轮廓分析通过动脉压力波型的形状获得连续的每搏参数通过经肺热稀释法的初始校正后,该公式可以在每次心脏搏动时计算出每搏量(SV)t sP mm HgSV连续心输出量测定连续心输出量测定:PiCCO压力曲线压力曲线下面积下面积压力曲线型压力曲

29、线型状状PCCO=cal HR SystoleP(t)SVR+C(p)dPdt()dt动脉顺应动脉顺应性参数性参数心率心率与病人有关的校与病人有关的校正因子正因子 t sP mm HgPCCO is displayed as last 12s mean心输出量的测定心输出量的测定:PiCCO vs.热稀释热稀释AuthorPt/ObsCOTDa COTDpaBias SDrVon Spiegel,et al.Anaesthesist 1996;45(11)21/48-4.7 1.5%.97McLuckie,et al.Acta Paediatr 1996;859/?0.19 0.21 L/mi

30、n/m2Goedje,et al.Chest 1998;113(4)30/1500.16 0.31 L/min/m2.96Goedje,et al.Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;4630/8100.26 0.71 L/min.96Zoolner,et al.Anaesthesist 1998;47(11)18/1600.03 1.04 L/min.91Goedje,et al.Crit Care Med 1999;27(11)24/216-0.29 0.66 L/min.93Sakka,et al.Intensive Care Med 1999;2537/4490.6

31、8 0.62 L/min.97Sakka,et al.J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2000;14(2)12/510.73 0.38 L/min.96Zoolner,et al.J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2000;14(2)19/760.21 0.73 L/min.96Bindels,et al.Crit Care 2000;445/2830.49 0.45 L/min/m2.95PiCCO的技术原理的技术原理PiCCO技术由下列两种技术组成,用于更有效地进行血流动力和容量治疗,使大多数病人不必使用肺动脉导管:a.经肺热稀释技术经肺热稀释技术

32、b.动脉脉搏轮廓分析技术动脉脉搏轮廓分析技术PiCCO容量参数容量参数全心舒张末期容积GEDV胸腔内血容积ITBV血管外肺水EVLW通过对热稀释曲线的分析,可以得到这些容量参数ln c(I)注射注射At再循环再循环MTtte-1DStc(I)全心舒张末期容积全心舒张末期容积(GEDV)全心舒张末期容积(GEDV)是心脏4个腔室内的血容量胸腔内血容积胸腔内血容积(ITBV)胸腔内血容积(ITBV)是心脏4个腔室的容积+肺血管内的血液容量血管外肺水血管外肺水(EVLW)血管外肺水(EVLW)是肺内含有的水量,可以在床旁定量判断肺水肿的程度容量的测量原理容量的测量原理ln c(I)注射注射At再循环

33、的影响再循环的影响MTtte-1DStc(I)MTt:Mean transit time平均传输时间平均传输时间 half of the indicator passed the point of detection DSt:Downslope time下降时间下降时间 exponential downslope time of TD curve容量的测量原理容量的测量原理Vall=V1+V2+V3+V4 =MTt x FlowMeier et al.J Appl Physiol.1954V3=最大腔的容积最大腔的容积 =DSt x FlowNewman et al.Circulation.1

34、951指示剂由注射点到检测点的平均传输指示剂由注射点到检测点的平均传输时间时间MTt由两点间的总容积决定由两点间的总容积决定下降时间下降时间DSt由其中最大的腔室决由其中最大的腔室决定定(比其它腔至少大比其它腔至少大 20%成立成立!)flowV3V4V2V1注射注射检测检测胸腔内的容积组成胸腔内的容积组成GEDVPTVRAEDVPBVLAEDVLVEDVRVEDVEVLWEVLWITTVPTV=肺内热容积肺内热容积,在一系列混合腔室中具有最大的热容积在一系列混合腔室中具有最大的热容积(DSt 容积容积)ITTV=胸腔内总热容积胸腔内总热容积,从注射点到测量的热容积之和从注射点到测量的热容积之

35、和(MTt 容积容积)GEDV=全心舒张末期容积全心舒张末期容积=ITTV PTV容量的测量原理容量的测量原理RAEDVPTVLAEDVLVEDVRVEDV胸腔总热容积胸腔总热容积(ITTV)ITTV=CO x MTtTDa肺内总热容积肺内总热容积(PTV)PTV =CO x DStTDa全心舒张末期容积全心舒张末期容积GEDV=ITTV PTVRAEDVRVEDVLAEDVLVEDVRAEDVRVEDVLAEDVLVEDVPTVPTVITBV的测量原理的测量原理Sakka et al,Intensive Care Med 2000;26:180-187ITBV=1.25*GEDV 28.4

36、mlr=0.96ITBVTD(ml)GEDVST(ml)GEDV vs.ITBV in 57 intensive care patientsITBV准确性的临床验证准确性的临床验证Sakka et al,Intensive Care Med 26:180-187,2000n=209r=0.97Bias=-7.6 ml/m2SD=57.4 ml/m2ITBVIST vs.ITBVITD in 209 intensive care patients容量测量小结容量测量小结ITTV=CO x MTtTDaPTV =CO x DStTDaITBV=1.25 x GEDVGEDV=ITTV PTVRAE

37、DVRVEDVLAEDVLVEDVRAEDVRVEDVLAEDVLVEDVPBVRAEDVRVEDVLAEDVLVEDVPTVPTVPiCCO前负荷指标前负荷指标在反映心脏前负荷的敏感性和特异性方面,已经证实ITBV和GEDV不但优于CVP及PAWP,也优于RVEDVITBV和GEDV最主要的优点是不受机械通气的影响而产生错误,因此能够在任何情况下提供前负荷情况的正确信息经由GEDV和SV计算得到的全心射血分数(GEF),在一定程度上反映了心肌收缩功能nGEF=4 x SV/GEDV容量负荷反应组与无反应组的容量负荷反应组与无反应组的CVP扩容治疗前的肺动脉楔压扩容治疗前的肺动脉楔压PAOP(

38、mmHg)有反应者有反应者无反应者无反应者Calvin et al8 17 2Schneider et al10 110 1Reuse et al10 410 3Diebel et al14 77 2 Diebel et al16 615 5Wagner and Leatherman10 314 4 Tavernier et al10 412 3Tousignant et al12 316 3 Michard et al10 311 2 p 100%时,胸片才会发生改变Bongard FS,Surgery 1984胸片对EVLW的改变并不敏感Helperin BD,Chest 1984确定患者

39、是否符合ARDS影像学表现时,医生之间存在非常明显的差异Rubenfeldet al,Chest 1999容量测量小结容量测量小结ITTV=CO x MTtTDaPTV =CO x DStTDaITBV=1.25 x GEDVEVLW=ITTV ITBVGEDV=ITTV PTVRAEDVRVEDVLAEDVLVEDVRAEDVRVEDVLAEDVLVEDVPBVRAEDVRVEDVLAEDVLVEDVPTVPTVEVLWEVLWEVLW:PiCCO vs.重力法测定重力法测定Sturm,In:Practical Applications of Fiberoptics in Critical

40、Care Monitoring,Springer Verlag Berlin-Heidelberg-NewYork 1990,pp 129-139血管外肺水的临床验证血管外肺水的临床验证Sakka et al,Intensive Care Med 26:180-187,2000Bias=-0.2 ml/kgSD=1.4 ml/kgn=209r=0.96EVLWIST vs.EVLWITD in 209 intensive care patients减少血管外肺水减少血管外肺水:临床试验临床试验Mitchell et al,Am Rev Resp Dis 145:990-998,1992血管外肺

41、水血管外肺水血管外肺水(EVLW)通过经肺热稀释法得到,已被染料稀释法和重量法证实已证实血管外肺水(EVLW)与ARDS的严重程度,病人机械通气的天数,住ICU的时间及死亡率明确相关,其评估肺水肿远远优于胸部X线肺血管通透性指数(PVPI)一定程度上反映了肺水肿形成的原因nPVPI=EVLW/PBV隐匿性肺水肿的检测隐匿性肺水肿的检测指标指标EVLW增加增加临床症状100 200%胸片100 200%氧合(机械通气时)300%EVLW(PiCCO)10 15%原发性与继发性原发性与继发性ARDS/ALI的鉴别的鉴别患者人群(n=10)n原发性ARDS/ALI(n=4):肺炎,误吸n继发性ARD

42、S/ALI(n=6):全身性感染评价指标nITBVInEVLWInPVPI(EVLW/ITBV)Morisawa K,Taira Y,Takahashi H,Matsui K,Ouchi M,Fujinawa N,Noda K.Do the data obtained by the PiCCO system enable one to differentiate between direct ALI/ARDS and indirect ALI/ARDS?Critical Care 2006,10(Suppl 1):P326(doi:10.1186/cc4673)原发性与继发性原发性与继发性AR

43、DS/ALI的鉴别的鉴别Morisawa K,Taira Y,Takahashi H,Matsui K,Ouchi M,Fujinawa N,Noda K.Do the data obtained by the PiCCO system enable one to differentiate between direct ALI/ARDS and indirect ALI/ARDS?Critical Care 2006,10(Suppl 1):P326(doi:10.1186/cc4673)直接直接ARDS/ALI间接间接ARDS/ALIP值值ITBVI984 331.71279 312.10

44、.0001EVLWI13.2 4.716.8 6.50.014PVPI0.59 0.270.44 0.220.006SIRS及及ARDS:肺血管通透性与肺水肿肺血管通透性与肺水肿PVPISIRS组(n=31)2.37 1.0ARDS组(n=13)3.2 1.10非ARDS组(n=18)1.7 0.44非SIRS组(n=10)1.2 0.21Tagami T,Kushimoto S,Atsumi T,Matsuda K,Miyazaki Y,Oyama R,Koido Y,Kawai M,Yokota H,Yamamoto Y.Investigation of the pulmonary vas

45、cular permeability index and extravascular lung water in patients with SIRS and ARDS under the PiCCO system.Critical Care 2006;10(Suppl 1):P352(doi:10.1186/cc4699)血管外肺水的测定血管外肺水的测定胸片,氧合障碍及PAWP与EVLW之间的相关性很差床旁测定EVLW为危重病患者的诊断,随访及治疗评估提供了新的方法PiCCO技术问题热稀释法测定心输出量热稀释法测定心输出量目的:确定热稀释法一次测定心输出量是否准确方法:n回顾分析18名神经外

46、科ICU患者n共417次测定,1465次操作nANOVA分析Wolf S,Plev D,Schrer L,Lumenta C.The repeatability of transpulmonary thermodilution measurements.Critical Care 2004;8(Suppl 1):P57(DOI 10.1186/cc2524)热稀释法测定心输出量热稀释法测定心输出量差值中位数差值中位数两次测定两次测定95%可重复系数可重复系数相当于正常相当于正常值百分比值百分比CI(L/min)0.30.7248%ITBVI(ml/m2)80270180%EVLWI(ml/kg

47、)13.587%Wolf S,Plev D,Schrer L,Lumenta C.The repeatability of transpulmonary thermodilution measurements.Critical Care 2004;8(Suppl 1):P57(DOI 10.1186/cc2524)热稀释法测定心输出量热稀释法测定心输出量目的:确定热稀释法测定心输出量时2次测定与3次测定的准确性方法:n回顾分析2年期间PiCCO监测的所有数据n共25名感染性休克患者n共249次心输出量测定n比较前2次(M1)与3次测定心输出量(M2)的平均值Alaya S,Abdellatif

48、 S,Nasri R,Ksouri H,Ben Lakhal S.PiCCO monitoring are two injections enough?Critical Care 2007;11(Suppl 2):P293热稀释法测定心输出量热稀释法测定心输出量Alaya S,Abdellatif S,Nasri R,Ksouri H,Ben Lakhal S.PiCCO monitoring are two injections enough?Critical Care 2007;11(Suppl 2):P293CI(L/min/m2)M13.28 1.07M25.74 1.0743%热稀释

49、法测定心输出量热稀释法测定心输出量结论采用PiCCO进行监测时,2次热稀释法显然不足以可靠地测定心输出量Alaya S,Abdellatif S,Nasri R,Ksouri H,Ben Lakhal S.PiCCO monitoring are two injections enough?Critical Care 2007;11(Suppl 2):P293中心静脉插管部位的影响中心静脉插管部位的影响Schmidt S,Westhoff TH,Hofmann C,Schaefer J-H,Zidek W,Compton F,van der Giet M.Effect of the venou

50、s catheter site on transpulmonary thermodilution measurement variables.Crit Care Med 2007;35:783-786颈内静脉vs.股静脉中心静脉插管部位的影响中心静脉插管部位的影响人口统计学资料人口统计学资料M SD范围范围性别男8,女3年龄,岁58.7 17.521 74身高,cm174.9 7.9165 185体重,kg75.5 10.265 90体表面积,m21.90 0.151.73 2.14SAPS II51.3 10.136 61Schmidt S,Westhoff TH,Hofmann C,Sch