英语长、难句子翻译指导.ppt
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1、英语长、难句子翻译技巧英语长、难句子翻译技巧虚拟语气(SubjunctiveMood)虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式,表示所说的虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式,表示所说的话不是一个事实,而只是一种假设,愿望,建议,话不是一个事实,而只是一种假设,愿望,建议,怀疑,猜测或不大可能实现的空想。怀疑,猜测或不大可能实现的空想。I.虚拟语气用在条件状语从句中虚拟语气用在条件状语从句中虚拟语气用在条件状语从句中,通常从句由连词if引导,通常表达三种含义:1.与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句2.与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句3.与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句注意:在条件状语从句中,如果有were,should,had,可以
2、把连词if省去,把were,should,had提前放在句首,构成条件意义。1.与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句条件状语从句:If+主语+动词过去式(be的过去式用were)主句:主语+would/should/could/might+原形动词E.g.IfIfeareddeath,Iwouldntbeacommunist.怕死就不做共产党员。Iftherewerenoair,wecouldntlive.如果没有空气,我们就不能生活。1.与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句条件状语从句:If+主语+动词过去式(be的过去式用were)主句:主语+would/s
3、hould/could/might+原形动词E.g.IfIfeareddeath,Iwouldntbeacommunist.怕死就不做共产党员。Iftherewerenoair,wecouldntlive.如果没有空气,我们就不能生活。Exercise:IwouldaskGeorgetolendusthemoneyifI_him.A.hadknownB.knewC.haveknownD.knowI_ittohimifIthoughthewouldunderstand.A.shallexplainB.willexplainC.wouldexplainD.explain2.与过去事实相反的虚拟条件
4、句与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句条件状语从句:If+主语+动词过去完成式主句:主语+would,should,could,might+have+过去分词E.g.Ifyouhadcomeafewminutesearlier,youwouldhavemethim.如果你早来几分钟,你就会碰上他。Iftherehadbeennoairinthetube,theresultoftheexperimentwouldhavebeenmoreaccurate.如果试管中没有空气,实验结果就会更精确。Exercise:IfyouhadntgonewithTomtothepartylastnight,_.A.you
5、wouldmeetJohnalreadyB.youwonthavemissedJohnC.youwillhavemetJohnD.youwouldhavemetJohn3.与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句条件状语从句:If+主语+should+原形动词,或If+主语+were+不定式+原形动词主句:主语+would/should/could/might+原形动词E.g.Ifheweretocometomorrow,thingswouldbeeasier.假如他明天会来,事情就容易办了。Ifthesandshouldbebrokenup,itwouldgiveoutmuche
6、nergy.如果沙子能被分解,它会释放出大量的能量。注:在表示与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句中,从句中的should有时可以省略。E.g.Ifhemakethedesign,hemightdoitinsomeotherway.要是他来搞这个设计,他可能用另外的方法设计。Exercise:Ifthesea_torise50feet,Indiawouldbecomeanisland.A.willB.isC.wasD.wereIfyou_toseeMary,whatwouldyoutellher?A.areB.willbegoingC.mustD.were错综时间的虚拟语气错综时间的虚拟语气在一些含有虚
7、拟语气的句子中,如果主句与从句的谓语表示不同的时间,虚拟语气可有不同形式,即主句与从句各自按自己的时间构成虚拟形式。E.g.IfIhadmethimbefore,Icouldrecognizehim.要是我以前遇见过他,我就能认出他了。(从句表示与过去事实相反,主句表示与现在或将来事实相反)Ifweweredrivingataspeedof100Lianhour,wewouldhavearrivedthere2hoursago.如果我们的行车速度每小时100里,两小时以前我们就会到达那里了。(从句与现在事实相反,主句与过去事实相反)省略连词省略连词if在条件状语从句中,如果有were,shou
8、ld,had,可以把连词if省去,把were,should,had提前放在句首,构成条件意义。E.g.Shoulditraintomorrow,whatwouldyoudo?万一明天下雨,你怎么办?Weretherenofriction,wecouldnotwalk.要是没有摩擦力,我们就不能行走。Hadweknownaboutthenewmethod,weshouldhaveapplieditearlier.如果我们过去知道这种新方法,我们早就应用了。Exercise:HadAlicebeenmorehardworking,she_.A.hadnotfailedB.wouldnotfailC
9、.couldnotbefailedD.wouldnothavefailed_today,hewouldgettherebyFriday.A.WouldheleaveB.WasheleavingC.WerehetoleaveD.Ifheleaves_difficulties,wewouldbesuccessful.A.ShouldweovercomeB.WouldweovercomeC.MightweovercomeD.CouldweovercomeII.虚拟语气用在虚拟语气用在 wish 后的宾语从句中后的宾语从句中虚拟语气用在wish后的宾语从句中,(常常省去连词that),表示不可能实现的
10、愿望。1.表示与现在事实相反的愿望2.表示与过去事实相反的愿望3.表示将来不大可能实现的愿望1.表示与现在事实相反的愿望表示与现在事实相反的愿望主语+wish(that)+从句主语+动词过去式(be一律用were)E.g.IwishIkneweverythingintheworld.Iwishthattheexperimentwereasuccess.Wewishwehadwings.我们希望有翅膀。Exercise:Iwishit_notsocoldoutside.A.shallbeB.beC.wereD.isIwishI_youbetter.A.knowB.knewC.willknowD.
11、haveknown2.表示与过去事实相反的愿望表示与过去事实相反的愿望主语+wish(that)+从句主语+would/could+have+过去分词或had+过去分词E.g.Iwishthatyouhadcalledyesterday.IwishthatIcouldhavegonewithyoulastnight.Ididntgototheparty,butIdowishIhadbeenthere.Exercise:Iwishyou_suchagreatdealoffuss.A.werenotcausedB.hadnotcausedC.havenotcausedD.arenotcausedI
12、wishthatyou_suchabadheadachebecauseImsurethatyouwouldhaveenjoyedtheconcert.A.hadnthadB.hadntC.didnthaveD.hadnthave3.表示将来不大可能实现的愿望表示将来不大可能实现的愿望主语+wish(that)+从句主语+would/should/could/might+原形动词E.g.Iwishthathecouldtryagain.IwishthatsomedayIshouldliveonthemoon.Wewishthattheywouldcomesoon.Exercise:Iwishth
13、atwe_withmybrotherwhenhefliestoEnglandnextweek.A.couldgoB.hadgoneC.willgoD.aregoingIII.虚拟语气用在其它名词从句中虚拟语气用在其它名词从句中1.虚拟语气用在suggest,demand,insist,ask,move,advise.desire,order,propose,require,recommend,request,maintain,vote等表示建议,命令,请求的动词后的宾语从句中,从句的谓语用should+原形动词,但美国英语中常要省去should。E.g.Isuggestwestartatonc
14、e.Theyproposethatyou(should)readtherulescarefully.Thecommanderorderedthatthesoldierfireattheenemy.Heinsistedthathegothereonfoot.2.虚拟语气用在Itis+形容词(或过去分词)+that.的主语从句中,表示要求,建议,提议,命令,请求等,英国英语中从句的谓语用“should+原形动词(或完成式)构成”,而美国英语中则要求用原形动词。该句型中常用的形容词或过去分词有:advisable,desirable,essential,important,better,keen,n
15、atural,necessary,probable,possible,strange,vital,desired,demanded,requested,suggested,recommended,required等。E.g.Itisnecessarythatthemachine(should)beoiledonceaweek.Itisimportantthateveryone(should)obeythelaw.Itissuggestedthatyoutakeawalkaftersupper.3.虚拟语气用在与表示建议,要求,提议,命令,请求等意思有关的同位语从句和表语从句中,英国英语中要求从
16、句谓语用“should+原形动词”,而美国英语中则要求用原形动词,但在asif,asthough引导的表语从句中,从句中谓语用动词过去式或过去完成式,表示对现在或过去的虚拟。E.g.Hecompliedwiththerequirementthattheexperiment(should)bedonetomorrow.他同意明天再做实验的要求。Helooksasifheweretired.他面带倦容。Weagreetothesuggestionthatthey(should)workonnightshiftsinturn.我们同意轮流值夜班的建议。Hisorderisthatyou(should
17、)sendthematerialstotheworksiteatonce.他的命令是你们要把材料立即送到工地。4.虚拟语气用在Itis(high,about)time(that)句型中,定语从句中谓语用动词过去式,意指将来。E.g.Itistime(that)wewenthome.Itishightimewehadthemeeting.Itistimeyouleft.ItistimethatIwasoff.注:如果主语是单数第一,三人称,动词be常用was。IV.虚拟语气用在其它状语从句中虚拟语气用在其它状语从句中1.虚拟语气用在由asif/asthough引导的方式或让步状语从句中,一般情况
18、下,如果主谓语动词为现在时,从句谓语多用过去时;如果主句谓语为过去时,从句谓语多用过去完成时。虚拟语气用在evenif,eventhough,whatever引导的状语从句中,从句谓语可参照由if引导的虚拟条件从句的谓语,一般用过去时或过去完成时。E.g.Thisoldmachinerunsasifitwereanewone.Theoldworkerworksasthoughhewereayoungman.Eventhoughshehadbeenhereverysoon,shewouldnotcatchthetrain.2.虚拟语气用在sothat,lest(唯恐),incase(万一),un
19、less,inorderthat(为了,以便),that(为了,以至于),forfearthat(生怕,以免),onconditionthat(如果)等引导的目的,条件状语从句中,从句谓语may或might+原形动词,也有用should,can,could+原形动词构成的。E.g.Theteacherexplainedthelawoncemoreinorderthatwemightunderstanditbetter.Somepeopleeatsothattheymaylive.Othersseemtoliveinorderthattheymayeat.一些人吃是为了生存,而另一些人似乎是活着
20、就是为了吃。Ilefthimanotewithmyaddressonforfearthatheshouldnotknowwheretoseeme.Theheroesgavetheirlivesthatwemightliveahappylife.为了我们过上幸福生活,英雄们献出了自己的生命。倍数的翻译倍数的翻译 倍数的减少倍数的减少倍数的减少倍数的减少 倍数的增加倍数的增加常见的倍数的翻译有倍数的增加和倍数的减少常见的倍数的翻译有倍数的增加和倍数的减少常见的倍数的翻译有倍数的增加和倍数的减少常见的倍数的翻译有倍数的增加和倍数的减少 Exercises1.1.n n times times+名名词
21、词或或+that+that of,of,n n times times as as asas或或v+v+n n timestimes等等可可译译成成“是是的的n n倍倍”或或“比比增加增加n n 1 1倍倍”。e.g.e.g.The The output output of of cars cars of of this this year year is is about about three three times times as as great great as as that that of of last last year.year.今年的汽车产量大约是去年的三倍。今年的汽车
22、产量大约是去年的三倍。(或:今年的汽车产量比去年多两倍左右。)(或:今年的汽车产量比去年多两倍左右。)2.2.n n times times+“增增加加”意意义义的的比比较较级级 +thanthan可可译译成成“净增加净增加或或倍倍”。e.g.e.g.The The irrigated irrigated area area in in this this prefecture prefecture is four times bigger than in 1998.is four times bigger than in 1998.这个辖区的灌溉面积是这个辖区的灌溉面积是19981998年的
23、年的4 4倍。倍。倍数的增加倍数的增加3.“增加“意义的动词+by可译成“增加了倍”;“增加”意义的动词+byafactorof可译成“增加了n1倍”;增加意义的动词+to可译成“增加到或倍”或“增加了n1倍”。e.g.The value of our industrial output this year has increased five times as compared with that of ten years ago.今年我们的工业产值比10年前增加了四倍。The rate of inflation has increased by 3%.通货膨胀率增长了3%。4Double,
24、treble,quadruple,n+fold等表示的倍数可译成“是的n倍”或“增加了n1倍”。e.g.The efficiency of the machine has been more than trebled.这台机器的效率增加了二倍多。倍数的增加倍数的增加1.1.n n times times as“as“减减少少”意意义义的的原原级级 as,as,n n times times“减减少少”意意义义的的比比较较级级 than than ,“减减少少”意意义义的的动动词词+n n timestimes等等,可可 译译 成成“比比 减减 少少(n-1)/n”(n-1)/n”、“减减 少少
25、 了了(n-n-1 1)/n”/n”、“是是 1/n”1/n”、“减减少少到到1/n”(1/n”(若若n n中中有有小小数数点点,则要换算成不带小数点的分数或百分数则要换算成不带小数点的分数或百分数)。e.g.e.g.The The length length of of the the laser laser tube tube was was reduced reduced ten ten times.times.激光管的长度缩短到激光管的长度缩短到1/10.1/10.(或:激光管的长度缩短了(或:激光管的长度缩短了9/109/10。)。)This This kind kind of of
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