英语专业本科词汇学教师ppt课件cha.ppt

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1、Word Meaning and Semantic FeaturesConventionality and MotivationRelationship between sound-symbol and its sense:Arbitrariness Arbitrariness ConventionalityConventionalityMotivation:Motivation:Definition:Definition:the connection between word-symbol and the connection between word-symbol and its sens

2、e.its sense.Three major types of motivationThree major types of motivation:Phonetic motivationPhonetic motivation:Words motivated phonetically are called:Words motivated phonetically are called echoic words or onomatopoeic words,whose pronunciation suggests echoic words or onomatopoeic words,whose p

3、ronunciation suggests the meaning.the meaning.pingpongpingpong,bang,buzzbang,buzz,hisshiss,bleat,jinglebleat,jingle Morphological motivationMorphological motivation:A word is morphologically motivated:A word is morphologically motivated when a direct connection can be observed between the morphemic

4、when a direct connection can be observed between the morphemic structure of the word and its meaning.structure of the word and its meaning.handbag,internationalhandbag,international Semantic motivationSemantic motivation:Semantic motivation refers to the mental:Semantic motivation refers to the ment

5、al associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.It associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.sense of the word.the foo

6、t of the mountainthe foot of the mountain the leg of a tablethe leg of a table Main Types of Word MeaningGrammatical meaning:Grammatical meaning:Grammatical meaning refers Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates to that part of the meaning of the word which

7、 indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words,singular and plural meaning of nouns,speech of words,singular and plural meaning of nouns,tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms.tense meaning of verbs an

8、d their inflectional forms.Lexical meaning:Lexical meaning:Lexical meaning is related to the Lexical meaning is related to the notion that the word conveys.notion that the word conveys.Lexical meaning vs.grammatical meaningLexical meaning vs.grammatical meaning:The lexical meaning of a word is the s

9、ame in all the forms of one The lexical meaning of a word is the same in all the forms of one and the same word while the grammatical meaning varies from one and the same word while the grammatical meaning varies from one word-form to another.word-form to another.forget,forgets,forgot,forgotten,forg

10、ettingforget,forgets,forgot,forgotten,forgetting Every word has a different lexical meaning,whereas the Every word has a different lexical meaning,whereas the grammatical meaning is the same in identical sets of individual grammatical meaning is the same in identical sets of individual forms of diff

11、erent words.forms of different words.tables,men,potatoestables,men,potatoesTypes of lexical meaningTypes of lexical meaning:Denotative meaning(conceptual meaning)Denotative meaning(conceptual meaning):The:The denotative meaning of a word is its definition given in a denotative meaning of a word is i

12、ts definition given in a dictionary.dictionary.mothermother whitewhiteConnotative meaningConnotative meaning:Connotative meaning refers to:Connotative meaning refers to the emotional association which a word or a phrase the emotional association which a word or a phrase suggests in ones mind;it is t

13、he supplementary value suggests in ones mind;it is the supplementary value which is added to the purely denotative meaning of a which is added to the purely denotative meaning of a word.word.mothermother whitewhiteSocial meaning(stylistic meaning)Social meaning(stylistic meaning):Social:Social meani

14、ng is that which a piece of language meaning is that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its conveys about the social circumstances of its use.use.chamber/room,respond/answerchamber/room,respond/answerCollocative meaning:Collocative meaning:the association a word the

15、association a word acquires in its collocation.acquires in its collocation.pretty,handsome(girl,boy,woman,man,flower,pretty,handsome(girl,boy,woman,man,flower,overcoat,car,garden,color,airline,typewriter,village)overcoat,car,garden,color,airline,typewriter,village)a piece of,a chunk of,a cake of,a b

16、ar of,a slice of a piece of,a chunk of,a cake of,a bar of,a slice of(meat,paper,chocolate,soap,wood)(meat,paper,chocolate,soap,wood)tremble,quiver(with excitement,with fear)tremble,quiver(with excitement,with fear)Affective meaning:Affective meaning:Affective meaning is Affective meaning is concerne

17、d with the expression of feelings and concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer.attitudes of the speaker or writer.slim/skinny,famous/notoriousslim/skinny,famous/notoriousTwo kinds of words in terms of affective meaning:Two kinds of words in terms of affective

18、meaning:Purr wordsPurr words:Purr words express the speakers approval of the:Purr words express the speakers approval of the person or thing he is talking about.person or thing he is talking about.Snarlwords:Snarlwords:Snarlwords show disapproval or contempt on the part Snarlwords show disapproval o

19、r contempt on the part of the speaker.of the speaker.Affective meaning and context:Affective meaning and context:He is bright and He is bright and ambitious.ambitious.One who is filled with One who is filled with ambitionambition usually works hard.usually works hard.Knowledge of inequality has stim

20、ulated envy,Knowledge of inequality has stimulated envy,ambitionambition and greed.and greed.The reactionarys chief The reactionarys chief ambitionambition is to become the emperor.is to become the emperor.Componential analysis and semantic featuresSemantic features:minimal components of the sense o

21、f a word.manman:adult,male,human being:adult,male,human beingwomanwoman:adult,female,human being:adult,female,human beingA AB BC C1 1manmanwomanwomanchildchild2 2bullbullcowcowcalfcalf3 3ramrameweewelamblamb4 4boarboarsowsowpigletpigletABC1 1manmanwomanwomanchildchildhumanhuman2 2bullbullcowcowcalfc

22、alfbovinebovine3 3ramrameweewelamblambovineovine4 4boarboarsowsowpigletpigletporcineporcinemale;male;adultadultfemale;female;adultadultnon-non-adultadultmanman:+Human+Adult+Male:+Human+Adult+Malewomanwoman:+Human+Adult Male:+Human+Adult Malechildchild:+Human:+Human+Adult Adultbullbull:+Bovine+Adult+

23、Male:+Bovine+Adult+Malecowcow:+Bovine+Adult Male:+Bovine+Adult Malecalfcalf:+Bovine:+Bovine+Adult Adultramram:+Ovine+Adult+Male:+Ovine+Adult+Maleeweewe:+Ovine+Adult Male:+Ovine+Adult Malelamblamb:+Ovine:+Ovine+Adult Adultboarboar:+Porcine+Adult+Male:+Porcine+Adult+Malesowsow:+Porcine+Adult Male:+Por

24、cine+Adult Malepigletpiglet:+Porcine:+Porcine+Adult AdultAdvantages and disadvantages of componential Advantages and disadvantages of componential analysis:analysis:Advantages:Advantages:Componential analysis enables us to have an exact knowledge of the Componential analysis enables us to have an ex

25、act knowledge of the conceptual meaning of words.It has proved its usefulness in characterizing conceptual meaning of words.It has proved its usefulness in characterizing meaning relations such as synonymy,antonymy,and polysemy.meaning relations such as synonymy,antonymy,and polysemy.Synonymy:Synony

26、my:mothermother:+Human+Adult+Female+Married:+Human+Adult+Female+Married female parentfemale parent:+Human+Adult+Female+Married:+Human+Adult+Female+Married Antonymy:Antonymy:mothermother:+Human+Adult+Female+Married:+Human+Adult+Female+Married fatherfather:+Human+Adult+Male/Female+Married:+Human+Adult

27、+Male/Female+Married Polysemy:Polysemy:manman:+Human+Adult+Male:+Human+Adult+Male manman:+Human:+Human A knowledge of the semantic features of words helps us to choose the right A knowledge of the semantic features of words helps us to choose the right word or collocation.word or collocation.*The Ol

28、ympic Games was born one hundred years.*The Olympic Games was born one hundred years.*Let us catch time together to study.*Let us catch time together to study.Disadvantages:Disadvantages:We cannot find a set of features that capture what is We cannot find a set of features that capture what is commo

29、n in meaning across lexical mon in meaning across lexical items.The analysis of word meaning into its sense components The analysis of word meaning into its sense components is not enough.is not enough.manman:+Human+Adult+Male:+Human+Adult+Male Be a manBe a man.Although a knowledge of semantic featu

30、res may help Although a knowledge of semantic features may help one to make an acceptable sentence,yet it does not one to make an acceptable sentence,yet it does not always work,because many words are often used always work,because many words are often used figuratively without observing the normal usage rules.figuratively without observing the normal usage rules.to threaten ones enemy/securityto threaten ones enemy/security bird/time fliesbird/time flies