学术英语科技文写作概论.ppt

《学术英语科技文写作概论.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《学术英语科技文写作概论.ppt（51页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、Scientific WritingGeneral KnowledgeOverview What is a scientific paper?A scientific paper is a written report describing original research results.Papers are a central part of research.Structure of a Scientific Paper A scientific paper should have,in proper order:Title,Authors name,Abstract and Key

2、words,BodyAcknowledgements(selective)ReferencesAppendix(selective)BodyIntroduction,BackgroundMaterials and Methods(Experiments),Results,Discussion,ConclusionsTitle and Authors NameTitleThe title should contain three elements:1.the name of the organism studied;2.the particular aspect or system studie

3、d;3.the variables manipulated.Tips for writing a Titleless than ten words The title is written in the middle of the first line,also can be written in two or three lines if it is longer.The title should be noun phrase or noun expressionUsing v.ing for necessary uses of Verbs.Should reflect the factua

4、l content of the paperBe StraightforwardLet the Titles first word be a key word if you can The Title should be short,it also should not be general.Compare:“Study on Anti-microbial Agents.Effects of a Variety of Anti-microbial Agents on Four Bacterial CulturesExamplesTHE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON GERM

5、INATION OF CORN DOES TEMPERATURE AFFECT GERMINATION OF CORN?TEMPERATURE AND CORN GERMINATION:IMPLICATIONS FOR AGRICULTUREAuthors NameFormat for foreign journals:Given Name+Family NameChinese requirement:follow the order of Pingyin e.g.Li Xue More than one people:one space/comma between the two names

6、AbstractIt should contain these four elements:1.Background the purpose of the study(the central question or principal purpose);2.a brief statement of what was done(Methods);3.a brief statement of what was found(Results);4.a brief statement of what was concluded(Conclusions and Recommendation).The Le

7、ngth of the Abstract 100-250 words(say about 15 sentences)for a paper with 1000-5000 words.No paragraph separation,except long abstract for degree dissertations.Three kinds of abstracts:informative abstract descriptive abstract constructive abstractconcise restatement of the main point,not including

8、 detail methods and results sentence style:is studied,is investigated,is discussed Present tense Short and concise,100-150 wordsDescriptive Abstract(说明性摘要）Influence of English Loan Words on German Abstract：Historically，German has been greatly influenced by foreign culturesEnglish，which has been the

9、most influential forces in the 20th century has made tremendous impact on many other languages，including GermanThe influence of English can be found not only in GermanSamplevocabulary，but also in its spelling，pronunciation，morphology and grammarA great many words in English have been borrowed into G

10、erman，which has enlarged German vocabulary and also engendered disorderMany linguists are working hard to purify German Keywords：German；loanwords；EnglishInformative Abstract（摘要）Usually for studying paper or experiment report.Include simple content of the paper,especially points out the methods,resul

11、ts,and conclusions.Longer than the descriptive abstract,words between 150-500.Follow the IMRAD format.IMRAD(Introduction,Methods,Results and Discussion)is a common format used for academic or scientific research papers.Include：(1)the purpose of the study (2)methods (3)a brief statement of results (4

12、)a brief statement of conclusions and recommendationBased on experiments,a semi-empirical model(经验模型)is proposed for the elastic-plastic contact of ellipsoids.(椭圆体)The model predicts the total contact area of two separated parts,namely,the plastic and elastic parts.The prediction of the plastic area

13、 is,in terms of the plastic contact area,in the form of a power law(冥次值).SampleThe power index,satisfying the relation between the representative contact stress(应力)and the plastic contact area,is obtained with the flattened areas(平面面积)of a contacting body completely unloaded(完全卸载)from specified load

14、s in the experiment.The power index is also called the work-hardening index.The elastic part of the contact area is obtained from the Hertzain contact result(赫兹接触问题解).With such a model,or the normal load on the contact(压作用力)is known,all other quantities,such total order to confirm the model,a series

15、 of contact experiments for different Metallic ellipsoids was conducted.It was found that the results from the model agree very well with those by experiments.Constructive Abstract(结构性摘要)To conclude the main points with Phrase,then give information with sentencesFormat:Object.To propose a simple.Des

16、ign.Main Results.Conclusion.BodyBody 5 main parts:Introduction/OverviewTheoretical BackgroundMaterials and experimentsResultsDiscussionConclusionIntroduction In the part of Introduction,You need to mention:Why did you do the work?What were the central motivations and hypotheses?1-3 paragraphs are su

17、itable lengthBackgroundshould include:Definition or explanation of your predecessors to the study objectCurrent research situationDisadvantages of related researchTheoretical basis,experimental backgroundUseful Expression Background definitions and theoremsRelated workTheoretical analysisTheoretical

18、 backgroundExperimental backgroundPreliminaries(前期准备工作)Some general prerequisites(基本前提条件)Project descriptionCurrent work onLiterature addressing(研究的相关文献)Theoretical and experimental backgroundMaterial and Experiments1.Explain why each procedure was done,i.e.,what variable were you measuring and why?

19、2.Experimental procedures and results are narrated in the past tense(what you did,what you found,etc.)whereas conclusions from your results are given in the present tense.Example:Difficult to understand:First,I removed the frog muscle and then I poured Ringers solution on it.Next,I attached it to th

20、e kymograph.Improved:I removed the frog muscle and poured Ringers solution on it to prevent it from drying out.I then attached the muscle to the kymograph in order to determine the minimum voltage required for contraction.3.Mathematical equations and statistical tests should be described in this sec

21、tion along with the actual experimental work.4.Use active rather than passive voice when possible.Throughout the paper,avoid contractions,e.g.did not vs.didnt.Useful expressions:Experimental detailsResearch procedureModel and methodology medldiImplementation issuesDesign issuesThe field studyCase st

22、udy description(个案研究介绍)Experiment designThe measurement processResults1.All results should be presented,including those that do not support the hypothesis.2.Statements made in the text must be supported by the results contained in figures and tables.3.The results of statistical tests can be presente

23、d in parentheses following a verbal description.ExampleIncorrect:The results are given in Figure 1.Correct:Temperature was directly proportional to metabolic rate（新陈代谢率）(Fig.1).Useful ExpressionsNumerical resultsTheoretical resultsExperimental resultsSimulation results(模拟结果)Measured performanceLesso

24、ns learntPerformanceVisual observationDiscussionContain at least:the relationship between the results and the original hypothesis.an integration of your results with those of previous studies in order to arrive at explanations for the observed phenomena.possible explanations for unexpected results a

25、nd observations.Tips：Do not repeat detailed descriptions of the data and results in the Discussion.In some journals,Results and Discussions are joined in a single section.End the Discussion with a summary of the principal points you want the reader to remember.Useful ExpressionsResults and discussio

26、nEvaluation of resultsAnalysisGrowth arguments(引发的论题)Application and analysisPerformance analysisConclusionIn your conclusions,address the following:reach conclusions about the initial objectivesshow advantages of your method over previously published methods state open problemsidentify needed next

27、steps in research on the problem Useful ExpressionSummary and conclusionsConcluding remarksConclusions and future workConclusions and further researchConclusions and open problemsConclusions and future directionsAcknowledgementsSentence StyleThanks-giverThanks-receiverReasonsJ.Wu is very gratefulto

28、the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NNSFC)for the support.The Authors gratefully acknowledgeS.Lunafor his layout of the test board andThe authors also thankthe reviewersfor their helpful commentsReferences Referencescite all references in the text reference order is dependent on publish

29、er,usually it is alphabetically,include all necessary information for others to locate the reference usually it is not a good idea to reference web pages be consistent Format of ISO5966-19821 N.Nguyen.“Monolithic microwave oscillators and amplifiers.”Ph.D.Dissertation UCB/ERL M91/36,Univ.California,

30、Berkeley,May 1991 2 Author Title Publication(italic)Publishing place Publishing House Year Volume Page numberMLA FormatExample:Body:The result of graph grammars(Engelfriet and Osstrom 489)is for Reference:Engelfriet,James,and Victor Van Oostrom.“Logical Decription of Context Free Graph Languages.”J.

31、Comut Systems Sci.55(1997):489-503APA FormatBody:The result of graph grammars(Engelfriet and Oostrom,1997)is for NR,butReference:Engelfriet,J.,&Oostrom,V.Van.(1997)Logical Decription of Context Free Graph Languages.J.Comut Systems Sci.55,489-503Appendix/Note Sometimes interesting but not necessary information about a paper(e.g.,a rather lengthy proof)is included within an appendix.Usually,it is not necessaryThanks for Your Attention!