研究生学术综合英语.pptx
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1、Part A Section A Pre-listening-Background InformationToll Road A toll road(or tollway,turnpike,pike,toll highway or an express toll route)is a privately or publicly built road for which a driver pays a toll(a fee)for use.Structures for which tolls are charged include toll bridges and toll tunnels.No
2、n-toll roads arefinanced using other sources of revenue,most typically fuel tax or general tax funds.The building or facility in which a toll is collected may be called a toll booth,tollPre-listeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart BListening第1页/共137页Section A Pre-listening-
3、Background Informationplaza,toll station,toll bar or toll gate.This building is usually found on either side of a bridge and at exits.Three systems of toll roads exist:open(with mainline barrier toll plazas);closed(with entry/exit tolls)and all-electronic toll collection(no toll booths,only electron
4、ic toll collection gantries at entrances and exits,or at strategic locations on the mainline of the road).Toll roads have been criticized as being inefficient in three ways:1.They require vehicles to stop or slow down,manual toll collection wastes time and raises vehicle operating costs.Pre-listenin
5、gNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart BListening第2页/共137页Section A Pre-listening-Background Information 2.Collection costs can absorb up to one-third of revenues,and revenue theft is considered to be comparatively easy.3.Where the tolled roads are less congested than the paralle
6、l“free”roads,the traffic diversion resulting from the tolls increases congestion on the road system and reduces its usefulness.Pre-listeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart BListening第3页/共137页Section A toll bridgestoll bridges:a bridge over which traffic may pass upon paymen
7、t of a toll,or feePart APart B第4页/共137页Section A fuel taxfuel tax:(also known as a petrol,gasoline or gas tax,or as a fuel duty)an excise tax imposed on the sale of fuelPart APart B第5页/共137页Section A.New Words and Expressionsbooming trade兴旺的贸易immigrant外来移民link together连接起来turnpike收费路fee费vehicle车辆,机动
8、车Pre-listeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart BListening第6页/共137页Section A Listen Task 1Listen to the lecture and try to get its main ideas by taking notes.Fill in the blanks according to your notes.1.The lecture is mainly about .2.The two important agricultural products ar
9、e and .3.In the East they .In the South they .4.Advantages of roads:and .5.Purpose for road building:the relationship between road building and economic developmentgrain _cotton_grew grain_grew cotton_fast_convenient_to transport grain and cotton_Pre-listeningTask 1 Listen and Take NotesTask 2 Liste
10、n for DetailsPart APart BListening第7页/共137页Task 2.1Listen to the lecture again and try to answer the following questions.1.About 300 years ago,what helped the United States economy grow rapidly?A booming trade in grain and cotton.2.Why was there a big demand for grain during the period from 1700 to
11、1800?Because of the rapidly growing population and the large number of immigrants from Europe.Pre-listeningListeningTask 1 Listen and Take NotesTask 2 Listen for DetailsPart APart B第8页/共137页Task 2.23.How was cotton output increased in the South at that time?The farmers got laborers from Africa.4.Why
12、 did trading first take place along the coast,and near rivers and lakes?Because it was easy and cheap to transport goods from one place to another.5.What did some private companies do as far as road building was concerned?They built roads and collected fees.Pre-listeningListeningTask 1 Listen and Ta
13、ke NotesTask 2 Listen for DetailsPart APart B第9页/共137页ScriptRoad Building Good morning,everyone.Today Ill be talking about the relationship between road building and the development of the American economy during the 18th century.About 300 years ago,the United States economy was growing rapidly,main
14、ly because of a booming trade in two important agricultural products:grain and cotton.Grain output in the eastern part of America increased quickly at that time due to the rapidly growing population and the large number of immigrants from Europe.As a result,the demand for grain almost doubled.Part A
15、Part B第10页/共137页ScriptFor this reason,the trade in grain first developed in this part of the country.At the same time,the road system was gradually built up in order to transport the grain from the rural areas to various cities.The road building clearly helped develop the economy quickly in these ar
16、eas and in the cities as well.During the same period,farmers in the South could get a large amount of laborers from Africa,and they started to grow cotton.As the cotton output increased,the farmers needed to sell it in other places.As a result,many roads were built to link the rural areas to the cit
17、ies.Part APart B第11页/共137页ScriptAt first,this trade of grain and cotton took place along the coast,or near rivers and lakes.It took place there because it was easy and cheap to transport goods from one place to another.Before 1700,it was very expensive to move the goods by road.So,farmers had to rel
18、y mainly on rivers to move their crops to markets.At that time,there was only one continuous road that existed in the US.It ran from north to south along country roads,which were linked together to make one long road.Within a short time,the first east-to-west roads were built.They were called turnpi
19、kes.Private companies built these roads and collected fees from all vehicles that traveled on them.Part APart B第12页/共137页ScriptEventually,because of the booming trade of grain and cotton,a network of roadways was completed that connected some major cities and towns.Although traveling was still costl
20、y for farmers,they soon preferred to move their crops to cities and other areas on roadways rather than by boat because it was faster and more convenient.So here we can see a rather clear picture of road building in the United States and its impact on economic development during that period.Part APa
21、rt B第13页/共137页Script2Road Building Good morning,everyone.Today Ill be talking about the relationship between road building and the development of the American economy during the 18th century.About 300 years ago,the United States economy was growing rapidly,mainly because of a booming trade in two im
22、portant agricultural products:grain and cotton.Grain output in the eastern part of America increased quickly at that time due to the rapidly growing population and the large number of immigrants from Europe.As a result,the demand for grain almost doubled.Part APart B第14页/共137页ScriptFor this reason,t
23、he trade in grain first developed in this part of the country.At the same time,the road system was gradually built up in order to transport the grain from the rural areas to various cities.The road building clearly helped develop the economy quickly in these areas and in the cities as well.During th
24、e same period,farmers in the South could get a large amount of laborers from Africa,and they started to grow cotton.As the cotton output increased,the farmers needed to sell it in other places.As a result,many roads were built to link the rural areas to the cities.Part APart B第15页/共137页ScriptAt firs
25、t,this trade of grain and cotton took place along the coast,or near rivers and lakes.It took place there because it was easy and cheap to transport goods from one place to another.Before 1700,it was very expensive to move the goods by road.So,farmers had to rely mainly on rivers to move their crops
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