英语语言学chaptersyntax学习.pptx

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1、I.Definitionnstudies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.(Transformational syntax to be introduced in the book.)II.Word-level categoriesn syntactic category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in

2、a particular language.Traditionally,category is termed as“parts of speech”.第1页/共45页nMajor lexical categories and minor lexical categories Examples of some lexical categoriesMajor lexical categoriesExamplesNoun(N)Verb(V)Adjective(A)Preposition(P)book,boy,love,sheeprun,read,playhappy,tall,clearabout,o

3、ver,on Minor lexical categories Examples Determiner(Det)Degree word(Deg)Qualifier(Qual)Auxiliary(Aux)Conjunction(Con)the,a,this,thosequite,very,more,sooften,always,seldom,almostmust,should,can,mightand,but,or 第2页/共45页III.Phrase categoriesIV.Phrases:syntactic units that are built around a certain wor

4、d category are called phrases.phrase category is determined by the word category around which the phrase is built.Types:Noun phrase(NP):the pretty girl Verb phrase(VP):often dream Adjective phrase(AP):very pessimistic Prepositional phrase(PP):in the house Adverbial phrase(ADVP):very quickly(Wen,p.11

5、8)Whether formed of one or more than one word,they consist of two levels:phase level and word level第3页/共45页Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements:Head(中心语),specifier（标志语）and complement（补足语）The word around which a phrase is formed is head.The words on the

6、 left side of the heads are specifiers.One the right are complements.第4页/共45页Phrase structure rule(PS rule)A certain word can only concur with certain other words.There must be certain grammatical mechanism that ensures the appropriate positions that specifiers,heads and complements occupy in phrase

7、 structure.Such special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule.第5页/共45页Rule 1:S-NP+VPRule 2:NP Det+N(Pron)Rule3:Vp Be PredVT npViVlcomp第6页/共45页Rule 4:Aux tRule 5:t past pres 第7页/共45页IV.Phrase structure rule(Com

8、binational rules:Xp rule)Introduction:S NP (Det)(Adj)N(PP)VP (Adv)V (NP)AP (Adv)A (PP)PP (Adv)P (NP)(Note:“”means“consist of”;()means“can be omitted”;“”means other complement options are available)第8页/共45页An NP can consist of a determiner,an N head and a PP compliment.How to read the three others?My

9、 best friend(NP)Always forget something?Ready for a fight?Mainly about the village?第9页/共45页XP rule The XP rule:XP (specifier)X(complement)simlificationX Theory a.XP (specifier)X b.X X(complement)It is capable of reducing the redundancies of individual phrases structure rules and may capture certain

10、basic properties shared by all phrasal categories across the languages of the world.第10页/共45页Phrase elementsSpecifier:specify the meaning of head,top level of phrase structures,syntactic category may be different depending on the category of the head.Complements:provide information about entities an

11、d locations,a words complement is included in the headA certain lexical item requires a certain type of complement.第11页/共45页Sentence structure The structural approach:started by Saussure.The boy kicked the ball.The words are not of the same degree of closeness to each other.The relation between the

12、and boy is closer than that between boy and Kicked.The boy is a word group while boy kicked is not.第12页/共45页IC analysis_ proposed by BloomfieldSentences are divided into their principal parts of immediate constituents,each of these is then subdivided until the ultimate constituents of the sentence a

13、re reached.The boys/shyly touched the puppy.The boys/shyly touched/the puppy.The/boys/shyly/touched/the/puppy.第13页/共45页 adavatages and problems of IC analysis1.it can explain the ambiguity of some sentences.A/pretty/young woman.(pretty and young)A/pretty young/woman(very young)2.can show different c

14、ommunicative values which the sentence may have.The tiger climbed the tree.第14页/共45页The tiger/climbed the tree.(what climbed?)The tiger climbed/the tree.(what did the tiger climb?)The tiger/climbed/the tree.(what have you got tell me?)第15页/共45页3.we can see that a sentence is not only linear but also

15、 hierarchical.A pretty young woman (young and pretty)第16页/共45页A pretty young woman(the woman is very young)第17页/共45页Problems He turned the light on.1.It cant explain constructions with discontinuous constituents.2.It can not reveal structural ambiguities in sentence“a photo of John”第18页/共45页T-G Gram

16、mar-ChomskyVisiting friends can be tiresome.A.To visit friends can be tiresome.B.Friends who visit us can be tiresome.第19页/共45页V.Sentences(The S rule)The S rule S NP VP(does not have an internal structure)SNPVPDetNVNNPDetTheboyfoundthebook第20页/共45页Sentences have their own heads,the abstract category

17、 inflection(Infl)as their heads,NP(subject)as its specifier,and VP as its compliment.InflP(=S)(following the XP rule,with an internal structure)第21页/共45页InflP(=S)NPNPInflVP第22页/共45页Infl realized by a tense labelInflP(=S)NPVPNDetNVDetNAboypastfoundthe bookInfl第23页/共45页Infl position realized by an aux

18、iliaryInflP(=S)NPVPInflDetNwillVDetNAboyfindthe book第24页/共45页transformationsThe phrase structure rule had provided explanations of how different phrases are formed but can not describe sentences such as yes-no question,wh-question and passive voice.These language phenomena involve a syntactic moveme

19、nt.第25页/共45页VI.Transformations1.Auxiliary movement(1)yes-no questionInversion:Move Infl to the left of the subject NPCPCSVPNPDetNwillInflthetrainVarrive第26页/共45页Inversion(revised):Move Infl to C第27页/共45页CPCSInflNPInflVPWillDetNVthe trainarrivee第28页/共45页If both complimentizers and inverted auxiliarie

20、s occupy the head C position of CP,we would expect to find that a clause can be introduced by either a complementizer or an inverted auxiliary,but not by the two at the same time.There should be no room for the moved auxiliary under the C lable.第29页/共45页So,the sentence is ungrammatical.*The teacher

21、wonders CP if should his student _ stay.(Note:complementizers and auxiliaries are mutually exclusive)Auxiliary unchanged,trace and head movement2.Do insertion第30页/共45页CPCSInflNPInflVPNeVflybirdsDo第31页/共45页2.Deep structure and surface structureDeep structure:XP rule which determines the internal stru

22、cture of the phrasal categories第32页/共45页Further illustration The XP rule DEEP STRUCTURE Transformations (Subcategorization restricts choice of complements)SURFACE STRUCTURE (Note:When transformations are not necessary,the representations of these two levels are the same)第33页/共45页Deep structureWe ana

23、lyze some sentences with the help of two distinct types of mechanisms_the XP rule and transformations.This analysis suggests that there are two levels of syntactic structure.The first formed by the XP rule in accordance with the heads subcategorizaion properties,is called deep structure第34页/共45页The

24、second,corresponding of the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations,is called surface structureWill the train arrive?第35页/共45页D-structureSNPVPDetNVInflThe trainwillarrive第36页/共45页S-structureWill the train _arrive?第37页/共45页4.Wh Movement Move the wh phrase t

25、o the beginning of the sentence.What language can you _speak_?Wh movementinversion第38页/共45页 Wh movement(revised):Move a wh phrase to the specifier position under CPAn example in which wh occupies the subject positionAn example sentence with a relative clause She has finally found the man whom she lo

26、ves.D-structure S-structure第39页/共45页5.Move and constrains on transformationsReferencesDai,W.D&He,Z.X.(2002).A new concise course on linguistics for students of English.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.第40页/共45页TaskDo the following as required in groups of four or five:1.The followi

27、ng sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb,an adjective,a preposition or a noun.Draw a tree structure for each sentence.a)You know that I hate war.b)He said that Tom asked whether the class was over.c)Gerry cant believe the fact that Anna flunked the English exa

28、m.d)Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.e)The children argued over whether bats had wings.第41页/共45页2.Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause.Draw the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of these sentences.a)The essay that he wrote was too l

29、ong.b)The dog that he keeps bitesc)Herbert found the man she loved.d)The girl whom he often quarrels with majors in linguistics.第42页/共45页3.The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation.Give the deep structure and the surface structure of each of these sentences.a)Would you come tomorrow?b)Can you pass me the newspaper?c)Should the student report the incident?d)What did you eat for lunch?e)Who should this be reported to?f)What was Helen bringing to the party?第43页/共45页第44页/共45页感谢您的观看！第45页/共45页