英语语法句型结构.pptx

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1、句型-按照英语中的动词的类型(五种，即：不及物动词、系动词、单宾动词、双宾动词和复合动词)可以把英语句型划分为五种基本的句型。一、1.主语+不及物动词(SV句型)=主谓结构：本结构是由主语加不及物的谓语动词构成,常用来表示主语的动作。如：Thesunrises.Tomhasalreadyleft.谓语可有修饰语-状语。Theyhadtotravelbyairorboat.第1页/共26页2.主语+系动词+主补(SVC句型）=主系表结构：本结构是由主语+系动词+表语组成，主要用以说明主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等。系动词有:1.表示特征和存在状态的be,seem,feel,appear,look

2、,smell,taste,sound;2.表示状态延续的remain,stay,keep,continue,stand;3.表示状态变化的become,get,turn,go,run,fall,come,grow;eg:OurEnglishteacheristhirtyyearsold.Thecaketastesdelicious.Thepotatoeswentbadinthefields.Deepwaterstaysstill.Sheisingoodhealth.第2页/共26页3.主语+动词+宾语(SVO句型)=主谓宾结构:本结构是由主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语构成。如：1.Tomhasma

3、deamistake.2.Idontknowifhecancometomorrow.3.Theyhaventdecidedwheretogonext.4.ShestoppedteachingEnglishtwoyearsago.第3页/共26页4.主语+双宾动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(SVOO句型)=双宾语结构：此结构由“主语+及物谓语动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（事物）”组成。如:介词to或for.Hebringscookiestomeeveryday.Shemadeabeautifuldressforme.用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。用for侧重指动作的受益者，表示为

4、了某人，替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：(需借助to的）bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write,ask等(需借助for的）buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing,save,spare 等。第4页/共26页5.主语+复合动词+宾语+宾补(SVOC句型)复合宾语结构:此结构由“主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”构成。宾语补足语用来补充和说明宾语的性质和特点。可以用做宾补的有：名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词

5、等。如：Thesunkeepsuswarm.Iheardhimsinging.TheymadeTommonitor.Heusedtodohishomeworkwithhisradioon.Mymotheraskedmetocleanmyroom.Theteachermadeallstudentsfinishtheirhomeworkontime.用it做形式宾语，即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如：Ifounditverypleasanttobewithyourfamily.第5页/共26页6.Therebe句型：此句型是由“there+be+主语+状语”构成，用以表达存在关系可以称“有

6、”。它其实是全倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词be之后，there仅为引导词，并无实际语意。此句型有时不用be动词，而用live,stand,come,go,lie,remain,exist,arrive等，但一般不用have。如:Therestandsahillinthemiddleofthepark.Onceuponatimetherelivedanoldkinginthetown.Be与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如:thereis/aretherewas/weretherewillbethereis/aregoingtobe.therehas/havebeenthe

7、remightbetheremustbethereusedtobetherehappen/happens/happenedtobe第6页/共26页二1.并列句。并列句由两个或两个以上的简单句并列在一起构成，一般由并列连词、连接副词或逗号、分号、冒号等将各分句连接起来。1.由分号连接。eg.Letsstartearly;wehavealongwaytogo.2.由并列连词及词组连接-and/but/or/so/however/still/therefore/yet/while/otherwise/for/bothand/notonlybutalso/aswellas/orelse/eithero

8、r/neithernor/notbut等。eg:Idliketo,butIhavelotsofhomeworktodo.Bothmyfatherandmotherareteachers.Itsverygood,yetIdontlikeit.Shewasverytired,neverthelessshekeptonworking.第7页/共26页2.复合句构成：由一个逐句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句和从句都有完整的主谓结构，但主句是全局的主体，从句只是全句中的一个成分，不能独立存在。从句通常是用引导词来引导的，引导词起连接主句和从句的作用。分类：名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位

9、语从句），形容词性从句（定语从句），副词性从句（状语从句）。第8页/共26页主语从句主语从句-定义：用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。引导主语从句的关联词有三类：（1）从属连词that.如：Thattheywereintruthsisterswasclearfromthefacialresemblancebetweenthem.（2）从属连词whether.如：Whetherhellcomehereisntclear.他是否会来这里还不清楚。（3）连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever；连接副词where，when，how，w

10、hy.如：Whatshedidisnotyetknown.Howthishappenedisnotcleartoanyone.Whoevercomesiswelcome.第9页/共26页主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有：A.It+be+形容词（obvious，true，natural，surprising，good，wonderful，funny，possible，likely，certain，probable，etc.）+that从句。如：Itiscertainthatshewilldowellinherexam.B.It+be+名词词组（nowonder，anho

11、nor，agoodthing，apity，nosurprise，etc.）+that从句。如：Itsnosurprisethatourteamshouldhavewonthegame.C.It+be+过去分词（said，reported，thought，expected，decided，announced，arranged，etc.）+that从句。如：ItisreportedthatChinahassentanotherman-madeearthsatelliteintoorbit.第10页/共26页D.It+seem，appear,happen等不及物动词及短语+that从句。如：Itse

12、emsthatAliceisnotcomingtothepartyatall.E.It+doesntmatter（makesnodifference，etc.）+连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。如：Itmakesnodifferencewhereweshallhavethemeeting.2.注意连接代词whoever，whatever，whichever等引导主语从句的含义。Whoevercomeswillbewelcome.Whateverhedidwasright.Whicheverofyoucomesinwillreceiveaprize.第11页/共26页宾语从句宾语从句：用作宾语

13、的从句叫宾语从句。构成：关联词+简单句。引导宾语从句的关联词有三类：（1）从属连词that.如：Hetoldusthathefeltill.注：that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下，that不能省略。1.EverybodycouldseewhathappenedandthatTomwasfrightened.（and连接两个宾语从句，that宾语从句放在and的后面时，that不能省略。）2.Iknownothingabouthimexceptthatheisfromthesouth.（that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略。）3.Thatheeve

14、rsaidsuchathingIsimplydontbelieve.（that从句位于句首时，that不可省略。）4.Wedecided，inviewofhisspecialcircumstances，thatwewouldadmithimforaprobationaryperiod.（主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，that不可省略。）第12页/共26页（2）从属连词if/whether.如：Idoubtwhetherhewillsucceed.Idontknowifyoucanhelpme.（3）连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whate

15、ver，whichever；连接副词where，when，how，why.如：Iwonderwhatheswritingtomeabout.IlltellyouwhyIaskedyoutocome.Youmaydowhatyouwill.第13页/共26页（4）介词宾语从句-宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语。如：Hewasdeeplydispleasedbywhathadoccurredthatday.有时介词可以省略。如：Idontcare（for）whomarrieshim.连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在except，but，in后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that

16、引导，则需用it先行一步，作形式宾语。如：Heisagoodstudentexceptthatheiscareless.YoumayrelyonitthatIshallhelpyou.介词宾语不可以用which来引导，而要用what来引导。如：Areyousorryforwhatyouvedone？第14页/共26页某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句，这类形容词或过去分词有sure，glad，certain，pleased，happy，afraid，surprised，satisfied等，连词that可省略。如：IamnotsurewhatIoughttodo.Imafraidyoudont

17、understandwhatIsaid.4.连词whether（ornot）或if引导的宾语从句if和whether引导的宾语从句可以互换使用，但whether常和ornot连用，if一般不与ornot连用。如：用if引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义，应避免使用if而用wheter.试比较：Pleaseletmeknowifyouwanttogo.Pleaseletmeknowwhetheryouwanttogo.宾语从句的否定转移。在think，believe，suppose，expect等动词后的宾语从句，有时谓语尽管是否定意思，却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否定形式。如：Idontt

18、hinkyouareright.Idontbelievetheyhavefinishedtheirworkyet.Idontsupposehecares，doeshe？第15页/共26页表语从句表语从句：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。（1）从属连词that.如：ThetroubleisthatIhavelosthisaddress.（2）从属连词whether，as，asif.如：Helookedjustashehadlookedtenyearsbefore.Thequestioniswhethertheywillbeabletohelpus.注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但asif却

19、可引导表语从句，如：Allthiswasovertwentyyearsago，butitsasifitwasonlyyesterday.能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be，seem，look等。如：Itlookedasifitwasgoingtorain.（3）连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever;连接副词where，when，how，why.如：Theproblemiswhowecangettoreplaceher.第16页/共26页同位语从句同位语从句：用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。同位语从句的先行词多为fa

20、ct，news，idea，thought，question，reply，report，remark等，关联词多用从属连词that.如：Theywereallverymuchworriedoverthefactthatyouweresick.注：同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。如：Ihavenoideawhetherhellcomeornot.连接代词who，which，what和连接副词where，when，why，how亦可引导同位语从句。Thequestionwhoshoulddotheworkrequiresconsideration.Wehaventyetsettledth

21、equestionwherewearegoingtospendoursummervacation.第17页/共26页定语从句:就是一个句子作定语从属于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当，所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外，定语从句是由关系代词(that.which,who,whom,whose)或关系副词(when,where,why)引导的，故又称作关系从句。who代替人，是主格，在定语从句中作主语。例如：Anyonewhowantstoapplyforthisjobmustsendustheresumebyemailfirst.whom代替人，是宾格，在定语从句作宾语，在非正式英语常可省略。例如

22、：Doyouknowthegentlemanwhomwemetintheschoollibraryyesterday?whose一般代替人，有时亦可代替物，是所有格，在定语从句作定语。例如：Thegirlstudentwhosefatherisaseniorengineerusedtostudyabroad.Doyouknowthenameofthehotelwhosewindowwecanseehere?第18页/共26页（二）关系代词which的用法which代替物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。例如：Idonotlikestorieswhichhaveunhappyendin

23、gs.(which可以换成that）三、关系副词引导的定语从句常用的关系副词只有三个：when,where,why，在定语从句中充当时间、地点和原因状语。它们的用法大家不妨记住一个口诀：thetimewhentheplacewherethereasonwhy（一）关系副词when的用法关系副词when代替的先行词表示的是时间，when在定语从句作时间状语。例如：IhaventseenhersincetheyearwhenIleftTokyo.（when先行词是year，同样when可以用that代替）第19页/共26页关系副词where代替的先行词表示的是地点，where在定语从句作地点状语。

24、例如：DuringtheSpringFestivalIwentbacktothetownwhereIwasbroughtup.（where的先行词是town）关系副词why代替的先行词表示的是原因，why在定语从句作原因状语。例如：ThereasonwhyIamphoningyouistoaskyouwhetheryouhavegotmyemail.第20页/共26页状语从句:状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。1.时间状语从句常用引导词：when,as,while,assoonas,while,before,a

25、fter,since,till,until特殊引导词：theminute,themoment,thesecond,everytime,theday，theinstant,immediately,directly,nosoonerthan,hardlywhen,scarcelywhenIdidntrealizehowspecialmymotherwasuntilIbecameanadult.WhileJohnwaswatchingTV,hiswifewascooking.Thechildrenranawayfromtheorchard(果园)themomenttheysawtheguard.No

26、soonerhadIarrivedhomethanitbegantorain.EverytimeIlistentoyouradvice,Igetintotrouble第21页/共26页2地点状语从句常用引导词：where特殊引导词：wherever,anywhere,everywhereGenerally,airwillbeheavilypollutedwheretherearefactories.Whereveryougo,youshouldworkhard.3原因状语从句常用引导词：because,since,as,since特殊引导词：seeingthat,nowthat,inthat,

27、consideringthat,giventhat,consideringthat,MyfriendsdislikemebecauseImhandsomeandsuccessful.Nowthateverybodyhascome,letsbeginourconference.Thehigherincometaxisharmfulinthatitmaydiscouragepeoplefromtryingtoearnmore.Consideringthatheisnomorethan12yearsold,hisheightof1.80misquiteremarkable.第22页/共26页4目的状

28、语从句常用引导词：sothat,inorderthat特殊引导词：lest,incase,forfearthat，inthehopethat,forthepurposethat,totheendthatThebossaskedthesecretarytohurryupwiththeletterssothathecouldsignthem.Theteacherraisedhisvoiceonpurposethatthestudentsinthebackcouldhearmoreclearly.5结果状语从句常用引导词：sothat,sothat,suchthat,特殊引导词：suchthat,t

29、othedegreethat,totheextentthat,tosuchadegreethat,Hegotupsoearlythathecaughtthefirstbus.Itssuchagoodchancethatwemustnotmissit.Tosuchandegreewasheexcitedthathecouldntsleeplastnight.第23页/共26页6条件状语从句常用引导词：if,unless,特殊引导词：as/solongas,onlyif,providing/providedthat,supposethat,incasethat,onconditionthatWel

30、lstartourprojectifthepresidentagrees.Youwillcertainlysucceedsolongasyoukeepontrying.Providedthatthereisnoopposition,weshallholdthemeetinghere.7让步状语从句常用引导词：though,although,evenif,eventhough特殊引导词：as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while(一般用在句首)，nomatter，inspiteofthefactthat,while,whatever,whoever,wherever,whenever,ho

31、wever,whicheverMuchasIrespecthim,Icantagreetohisproposal.尽管我很尊敬他，我却不同意他的建议。Theoldmanalwaysenjoysswimmingeventhoughtheweatherisrough.Nomatterhowhardhetried,shecouldnotchangehermind.Hewontlistenwhateveryoumaysay.第24页/共26页8比较状语从句常用引导词：as(同级比较),than(不同程度的比较)特殊引导词：themorethemore;justas，so;AistoBwhat/asXi

32、stoY;nomorethan;notAsomuchasBSheisasbad-temperedashermother.Thehouseisthreetimesasbigasours.Themoreyouexercise,thehealthieryouwillbe.Foodistomenwhatoilistomachine.食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。9方式状语从句常用引导词：as,asif,how特殊引导词：thewayWheninRome,doastheRomando.Shebehavedasifsheweretheboss.Sometimesweteachourchildrenthewayourparentshavetaughtus.第25页/共26页感谢您的观看！第26页/共26页