懂你英语笔记LU.pdf

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1、懂你英语笔记 LU Revised by BETTY on December 25,2020L4U21/4listeningEarth forms and extinctionA1.The earth was formed about four point six billion(46 亿)years ago.2.The first life appeared about a billion(10 亿)years later.3.The first plant-like didnt appear until around two billion(20 亿)years ago.4.Until a

2、bout five hundred eighty million(五亿八千万)years ago lifeforms were small and microscopic(极小的，微小的).5.Since that time,life has evolved(进化)into many different types orspecies.6.However scientists estimate(估计)that more than ninety nine percent（99%）of them are now extinct(灭绝的).B1.There have been several ext

3、inction(绝种)events in the history of theearth.2.In an extinction events many life forms or species of life die out.3.The causes of mass extinction events are unsolved mysteries(未解之谜).4.These events are not predictable(预告)and can happen at any time.5.Scientists think that some of them were started by

4、asteroid impacts(影响，碰击或者装机)or volcanic eruptions(火山爆发).6.Events like this,can change the global conditions that life depends on.C1.One major extinction event happened about sixty-six million(6600 万)years ago.2.That event may have been started by a large asteroid that hit the earth.3.As a result,the

5、dinosaurs and about half of all species(物种，种类，类型)on the planet die out.4.When the asteroids hit the earth,it started a chain of events.5.A chain of events is a series of events linked together like a chain.D1.This particular chain of events happened over a period of months andyears.2.When the astero

6、id hit the earth,it caused a huge cloud of dust toenter the atmosphere.3.This cloud of dust blocked the Sun and darkened the Earth for manymonths.4.Without enough sunlight,plants and plant-eating animals quickly died.5.With the deaths of so many plants and animals,the food chain collapsed.6.This led

7、 to the deaths of many more species.E1.Mass extinction events have played an important part in the evolution(演变，发生，进化论)of life.2.In fact,some extinction events have helped to accelerate(加快，加速)evolution.3.For example,some mammals(哺乳动物)lived through the age of thedinosaurs,but they couldnt compete(竞争)

8、.4.When the dinosaurs were removed,the mammals were able to compete moresuccessfully.5.Once they could compete,mammals evolved to a higher state.6.Without extinction events,perhaps we wouldnt be here today.Existence(存在)F1.Scientists estimate(估计，预测)that there have been at least five massextinctions(五

9、次大灭绝)in the last five hundred forty million years.2.They also believe that we have entered a new extinction events.3.Species are becoming extinct at a much faster rate than before.4.Instead of asteroids or volcanic eruptions the current(最近的)eventsis the result of human activities.5.Human activities

10、for example have led to global warming.G1.global warming is the result of an increase in carbon gases(含碳气体)in our atmosphere.2.These gases trap heat(阻碍热量排放)from the sun,so the Earth isgetting warmer.3.As a result,sea levels are rising and weather patterns(气候模式)arechanging.4.In addition(另外),we humans

11、 are destroying the habitats(动物的栖息地)of many plants and animals.5.Cutting down forests and polluting rivers destroy the habitats of manyforms of life.H1.There is no longer any doubt that this is happening.2.Species(物种，类型)of life are disappearing at an increasing rate.3.Global temperatures are rising

12、and weather patterns are changing.4.Scientists are warning us that fast action is necessary to save ourfuture.5.If we dont act,we may go the way of the dinosaurs.练：1.(读)this new extinction event is caused by humans.2.Its when an asteroid collides with something.3.An asteroid hit the Earth and starte

13、d a chain of events.4.With the rise in temperature.The polar icecaps are melting.L4U21/4vocabularyBody organ 2 and human being evolution(进化)A1.The bodys circulatory(循环的)system includes the heart and bloodvessels(血管).2.The heart pumps blood to all parts of the body through a network(网络，网状物)of arterie

14、s(动脉)and veins(静脉).3.The digest system(消化系统)breaks down(分解)and absorbed(吸收)foodinto the body.4.It supplies the energy that the body needs for growth and repair.5.After digestion,excess(超重，超量)food is turned into waste andeliminated(排除，消除)from the body.6.The nervous systems include the brain,spinal(脊柱

15、的)cord(脊髓)andnerves.7.This is your bodies control system.8.It controls your muscles(肌肉)and organs(器官)including yourcirculatory(循环)and digest(消化)system.9.The respiratory(呼吸的)system includes the nose and lungs.10.It brings air and oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide(二氧化碳).11.The lungs are

16、where oxygen enters the bloodstream(血流，体内循环的血液)and(二氧化碳)carbon dioxide(二氧化物)is removed.12.The immune(免疫的)system protects the body against infections(传染，感染，传染病)and diseases.13.Sneezing(打喷嚏)and fever are example of how the immune systemworks.14.If an infection invades(侵入)the body the immune system att

17、acks(攻击)it.练：1.The blood vessels(血管)that carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart arecalled arteries(动脉).2.The nervous system regulates(控制，管理，调节)your heartbeat anddigestion.3.For some diseases,the immune system uses white blood cells andantibodies(抗体)to attack it.4.The digest system is where food is b

18、roken down and absorbed into thebody.B1.The controlled use of fire allowed people to cook food and survive incolder climates.2.Fire provided light so that people could work and socialize for longerhours.3.With the invention of agriculture(农耕，农业)people could grow food insettle into communities.4.By g

19、rowing food,people can spend less time hunting(打猎)and more timefor other things,such as art.5.The domestic(家庭的，家的，国内的，驯养的)action of animals allowedpeople to raise and use animals for food and work.6.By raising herds(放牧)of animals such as sheep,humans had a regularsupply of meat and clothing.7.The st

20、rength of animals such as horses or oxen was used for work andtransportation.8.The development of tools and machines has resulted in more efficient(有效率的)manufacturing(制造业)and construction(建筑物，建造业).9.With better tool and machines,work can be done with fewer people andat much lower cost.10.The develop

21、ment of sciences and engineering has approved(经核准的，被认可的)many things,including communications.11.With understanding of electricity,telephones and radios allowpeople to communicate over long distances.练：1.(听)the use of machines has reduced the number of people needed tomake things.2.(听)Science and eng

22、ineering have changed the way we communicate witheach other.3.(听)science and engineering breakthroughs are rapidly changing the waywe live our lives.4.(听)with the development of agriculture(农耕，农业),people had moretime for other activities.5.(填)The ability to raise herds of animals such as sheep human

23、s had aregular supply of meat and clothing.6.The ability to raise herds of animals gave humans a regular supply ofmeat and clothing.L4U21/4dialogueAbout smartphoneA1.I took a vacation last night.2.What are you talking about?3.Where did you take your vacation?4.I didnt go anywhere.5.I just spend an e

24、vening without my smartphone.6.How was it?7.It was great!I got a real magazine and read it with no interruption.8.It was very peaceful.9.Yes,I havent done that in a long time.B1.You know what?2.Im beginning to hate smartphones.3.Really,but you cant live without one,right?4.Yes,thats the problem.5.Th

25、ese things are changing the way people live.C1.Yes,I just saw a documentary about that.2.A husband was complaining to his wife that she was spending too muchtime on her smart phone.3.What happened Did they get a divorce(离婚)4.You guessed it.In the end,they got a divorce.D1.Its big I running,dont you

26、think?2.Smartphones were supposed to bring people together,but they arepulling people apart.3.Yes,you are right.4.Hi,just a minute,I have got a message on my smartphone and it cantwait.E1.Hey,wake up and get back to work.2.Whats wrong with you?3.Im on my break,sir.And I have a bad headache.4.Well,we

27、re not paying you to sleep.5.If you going to sleep,sleep some places else.6.Yea,sir.Sorry,it wont happen again.7.It had better not.F1.Just a minute.2.Dont talk to me like that.3.What did you say4.You hurt me,you dont have a treat people like that.5.Well,if you dont like it.I suggest you leave.6.Ok,I

28、 will.Ive had enough of you.7.Ill get a job somewhere else.练：1.If someone is interrupted,they have to stop what they are doing.2.Instead of bringing people together,they are pulling them apart.L4U22/4listeningSee things from different point of viewA1.This man is holding a piece of fruit in his hand.

29、2.The piece of fruit is either an orange or an apple.3.We cant see which it is because we cant see inside the box.4.The probability that it is an orange is equal to the probability thatit is an apple.5.It may be an apple and it maybe an orange6.Its got to be one or the other.7.It cant be anything el

30、se.B1.Now,lets look at it from the mans point of view.2.From his point of view the probabilities is different.3.From his point of view,the probability that is an orange is onehundred percent or zero percent.4.Thats because he knows what he has.5.For him,there is no uncertainty(不确定性).6.If he has an o

31、range,the probability is one hundred percent.7.If he doesnt have an orange,the probability is zero percent.8.He either has it or he doesnt.C1.From our point of view the probability that he has an orange is fiftypercent.2.From his point of view,the probability that theres an orange is onehundred perc

32、ent or zero percent.3.So the probability depends on your point of view.D1.People see things from different points of view.2.This often leads to arguments between people.3.Here are some examples.4.From this mans point of view,he is relaxing.5.He needs to relax,because he has been working too hard.6.H

33、e hasnt been getting enough sleep.E1.His wife sees things differently.2.She isnt aware of how hard he has been working.3.From her point of view,he is doing nothing.4.However,she knows what needs to be done around the house.5.It isnt fair that she has to work while he does nothing.F1.When people see

34、things from different points of view,they often cometo different conclusions.2.These differences can cause real communication problems.练：1.Shell be angry because it isnt fair that she does all the work.2.It may be an apple but it cant be a banana.3.If his wife shouts at him and tells him to get up a

35、nd do something,hemay shout back and refuse to help her.4.It may be an apple and it may be an orange.5.If his wife asks him to get up and help her he probably wontbe happy.6.If he refuses to get up and help her,she will be angry at him.7.If he gets up and helps her she may not appreciate his help.8.

36、The probability depends on your point of view,or how much you know.9.If his wife doesnt ask him to get up and help her,he will appreciateher understanding.L4U22/4vacabularySerious event and religion(宗教)A1.Earthquakes are caused by forces deep within the earth.2.When the earth shake,buildings can col

37、lapse and people can be buriedinside.3.An explosion is a rapid violent release(释放)of energy.爆炸是一种快速的猛烈的能量释放4.Explosion can be caused by chemical reactions such as inside an engine.5.A spark can ignite(着火，燃烧，点燃)a mixture of gases and releasesenergy for good or destructive(有害的，破坏性的)purposes(目的).一个火花可以

38、点燃一种气体的混合物，并释放能量，以达到良好或破坏的目的6.Accidents are often caused by people doing foolish things or by notbeing careful.7.One major cause of accidents is driving too fast.8.Accidents with fire can be very serious and can result in very painfulinjuries.9.Epidemics(流行病)are the rapid spread(传播)of a disease such

39、 as theflu or Ebola(埃博拉病毒).10.11.Throughout history,epidemics have killed millions of people.Storms are caused by changes in the atmosphere,resulting(导致，应.而发生)in high winds and heavy rain.12.Thunderstorms are caused by electric charges in the atmosphere thatproduce lightning,which can cause forest f

40、ires.13.Some storms cause flooding and major damage to homes and cities.练习：1.To reduce the danger of an explosion,its important to prevent gasleaks(漏出，渗透)inside the home.2.Epidemics have killed more people than all wars and natural disasters.3.Many forest fires are caused by lightning.B1.Followers o

41、f Islam(伊斯兰)religion are called Muslims（穆斯林，回族）.2.This Muslims are praying inside a mosque(清真寺).3.Muslims are called to prayer five times a day,beginning just beforesunrise.4.Christianity(基督教义)is based on the teaching of Jesus(耶稣)Christ(基督)who live more than two thousand years ago.5.Christians(基督教徒)

42、believe that Jesus is the son of God.6.Christians often gather in churches or cathedrals(总教堂，大教堂)toworship.7.Followers of Judaism(犹太教)are called Jews(犹太教徒).8.This Jews are meeting inside synagogue(犹太人教堂，犹太集会)which is aplace of worship(敬奉，信奉)in study.9.Judaism was founded over thirty-five hundred yea

43、rs ago in the middleeast.犹太人的象征：白色、蓝色、大卫王之星，是广泛分布于世界各国的一个族群。犹太人引历史始于公元前第二个一千年的头五百年，始祖是亚伯拉罕、其子和其孙雅各。一场遍及全国的饥荒迫使雅各和他的儿子们，即以色列十二个部落的祖先移居埃及，在那里他们的后代沦为奴隶。几个世纪之后，(Moses)率众人出埃及，摆脱奴役，奔向自由，最终击败迦南人，占领迦南人的故地。他们在西奈(Sinai)沙漠上流浪了 40年，在那里形成了一个民族，并接受了包括十诫在内的摩西律法，他们的始祖们所创立的从此初具规模。犹太人的民族、文化和宗教信仰之间具有很强的关联性，是维系全体犹太人之间认

44、同感的传统宗教。10.Judaism is based on the teaching of Moses(摩西)who labeled(标签)the most important prophet(先知书).11.Buddhism(佛教)began in India and is based on the teachings of theBuddha.佛陀（对佛教的创始人乔答摩悉达多公元前约 563约 460的尊称；他原是印度王子，放弃家产、与家人断绝关系后成为一名苦行者，通过默想达到了大彻大悟的境界后，开始向所有前来求道的人传播思想）12.13.The religion(宗教)is about

45、 twenty five hundred years old.Some Buddhists(佛教徒)practice a form of meditation(沉思，冥想)inwhich they empty their minds of any thought.一些佛教徒练习一种冥想的形式，他们清空了他们的思想。14.Hinduism(印度教)is the worlds third most popular religion and isthe main religion of India.15.Hinduism has no founder and is a mixture of many

46、 beliefs.印度教源于韦陀教及，是世界主要宗教之一，主要流行于印度16.Some Hindus believe in the cycle of birth,life,death andrebirth(重生，再生).练习：1、Jews believe that Moses is the most important prophet.L4U22/4dialogueAbout the missing aircraftA1.Do you any more information about the location(位置)of the missingaircraft.2.No,we dont t

47、he only information we have is that it disappeared.3.What about the last communication with the aircraft.4.The last communication was about fifteen minutes before it disappeared.5.Was there anything unusual in the communication6.No,there wasnt anything unusual.7.Nothing pointed to any kind of proble

48、m.B1.Anyway,we are confident that we will find it.2.Its a larger aircraft,so it shouldnt be difficult to find.3.How many countries are helping with the search.4.Right now,we have search teams from three countries during the search.5.Its a big area to search so can you give us an estimate(估计)abouthow

49、 long it will take?6.Yes,its a big area so might take a long time.7.But we wont give up.8.We will search until we find it.C1.Have they found the wreckage(失事，残骸)yet.2.What are you talking about?3.You know the airplane that disappear last year?4.Oh,yes,now I know what youre referring to.5.Yes,theyve f

50、ound some pieces of it.D1.What about the black boxes.2.No,they still havent found the black boxes.3.Its hard to believe that they still dont know of what happened.4.Perhaps theyll never know especially if they dont find the blackboxes.5.Whatever happened to it,there is no good reason why a modern ai