阅读理解主旨大意.pdf

《阅读理解主旨大意.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《阅读理解主旨大意.pdf（13页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、 阅读理解-主旨大意 第 2 页 阅读理解精读与泛读一 题型分类 阅读理解的题型千变万化；但同样也源于最初即文章本身。所以在这里可以负责任的说，所有题目的答案全部来自于这约 350 字的文章中。不论这篇文章关于什么领域，不需要你有任何的背景知识，就能答对（事实上，很多时候背景知识反而成为你的作祟鬼）。就像游戏“找你妹”一样，目标明明就在那里，睁开你的钛合金狗眼锁定目标选中，过关！把浩瀚的英语知识海洋比作无极，把高考英语比作太极，那么我们就可以把阅读理解的题型分出两仪主旨题与细节题。而这两仪又可分四象大主旨题、小主旨题、文章细节题、词汇细节题。对于这千万种的题型，本文选择从四象开始讲。大主旨题

2、小主旨题 文章细节题 词汇细节题 第 3 页 常见的提问方式 主旨大意类 命题趋势 主旨题只要是考察学生对文章中心思想、文章要点的归纳与概括能力。要求学生分析文章篇章结构，抓住文章开头或者结尾的主题句、结论句。从近几年高考来看，主旨题的考察比较稳定，全国各地高考卷，每年平均有 2 道主旨题的考察。常见的提问方式 1)The main idea(The general idea)of the passage is _.文章的大概意思是什么 2)The conclusion we can get from the story is_.我们能从本故事得到的结论是什么 3)The main purpo

3、se of the story is to tell us _.本故事的主要目的是为了告诉我们什么 4)The passage is mainly concerned about _.文章主要是关心什么 5)What is the main point made in the passage?文章的主要观点是什么 6)Which of the following best states the main idea/the theme of the passage?下面哪一个最好的陈述了文章的主题 7)The passage suggests that _.文章表明了什么 8)In this p

4、assage the author discusses primarily_.作者在文中主要讨论什么 9)Which of the following is the best title?以下哪一个是最好的标题 10)The headline for the passage is most likely_.文章的标题最像是哪个 11)The passage can be entitled_.文章可被命名为什么 12)The passage is focused on_.本文着重讲什么 13)The writer wants to tell us that_.作者想告诉我们什么 第 4 页 解题

5、思路 解主旨题关键之处当然在于找到文章的主旨，而高考文章的一大特点就是，在所节选的文段里，通常有一个主旨句能概括全文的中心思想（注：这些文章不是由出题人写的，而是在某些报刊读物上节选的）。OK，那么找到这个主旨句便是至关重要的大事。解题时，必须先做两个准备步骤方可做题：第一步是粗读文章明大意；第二步是找主旨。在这里为了讲解方便，先讲找主旨再讲粗读文章明大意。找主旨 怎么找？告诉大家，所有考题的主旨只存在两种情况，如下：常见情况：主旨句位置分布 1.首段首句 2.首段末句（最常见）3.次段首句，如果本句对上文转折 4.次段次句，如果本句对上文转折 5.末段末句（常见）6.自行总结（记叙文常见）粗

6、读文章明大意 找到文章的主旨句，未必就能准确的理解文章的意思。正所谓一个好汉三个帮，一个主旨句，也需要他的帮手。因此需要结合必要的补充信息方能理解文章主旨。不过也不用太担心，在找主旨的路上，阅读量并不大。以下是粗读文章明大意的必读信息：1.首段首末句 2.中间段首句（当段落太多太短时，可实当省略）3.末段首末句 经典例题一 2019 重庆 B In ancient Egypt,a shopkeeper discovered that he could attract customers to his shop simply by making changes to its environmen

7、t.Modern businesses have been following his lead,with more tactics（策略）.One tactic involves where to display the goods.For example,stores place fruits and vegetables in the first section.They know that customers who buy the healthy food first will feel happy so that they will buy more junk food（垃圾食品）

8、later in their trip.In department stores,section is generally next to the womens cosmetics(化妆品)section：while the shop assistant is going back to find the right size shoe,bored customers are likely to wander over cosmetics they might want to try later.Besides,businesses seek to appeal to customers se

9、nses.Stores notice that the smell of baked goods encourages shopping,they make their own bread each morning and then fan the bread smell into the store throughout the day.Music sells goods,too.Researchers in Britain found that when French music was played,sales of French wine went up.第 5 页 When it c

10、omes to the selling of houses,businesses also use highly rewarding tactics.They find that customers make decision in the first few second upon walking in the door,and turn it into a business opportunity.A California builder designed the structure of its houses smartly.When entering the house,the cus

11、tomer would see the Pacific Ocean through the windows,and then the poll through an open stairway leading to the lower level.The instant view of water on both levels helped sell these$10 million houses.43.What is the main purpose of the passage?A.To explain how businesses turn people into their custo

12、mers.B.To introduces how businesses have grown from the past.C.To report researches on customer behavior.D.To show dishonest business practices.【解析】1.分析文章结构，总-分。第一段：现代商人吸引顾客的策略。第二段：策略一，如何展示商品。第三段：策略二，吸引顾客的感觉。第四段：策略三，如何卖房子。既然是总分结构，文章的中心主旨自然在第一段。根据后面极端的每一句话分析，文章主旨应该是最后一句话。首段的结构是进行前后对比的结构，采用对比是为了强调后者，因

13、此中心应该是最后一句。2.长难句分析：In ancient Egypt,a shopkeeper discovered that he could attract customers to his shop simply by making changes to its environment.3.选项分析：三个其他选项明显在文中没有提及，与文章主旨句无任何关系。这种题目难度较小，利用排除法可以快速做题。经典例题三 When her five daughters were young,Helene An always told them that there was strength in u

14、nity(团结).To show this,she held up one chopstick,representing one person.Then she easily broke it into two pieces.Next,she tied several chopsticks together,representing a family.She showed the girls it was hard to break the tied chopsticks.This lesson about family unity stayed with the daughters as t

15、hey grew up.Helene An and her family own a large restaurant business in California.However,when Helene and her husband Danny left their home in Vietnam in 1975,they didnt have much money.They moved their family to San Francisco.There they joined Dannys mother,Diana,who owned a small Italian sandwich

16、 shop.Soon afterwards,Helene and Diana changed the sandwich shop into a small Vietnamese restaurant.The five daughters helped in the restaurant when they were young.However,Helene did not want her daughters to always work in the family business because she thought it was too hard.Eventually the girl

17、s all graduated from college and went away to work for themselves,but one by one,the daughters returned to work in the family business.They opened new 第 6 页 restaurants in San Francisco and Los Angeles.Even though family members sometimes disagreed with each other,they worked together to make the bu

18、siness successful.Daughter Elisabeth explains,Our mother taught us that to succeed we must have unity,and to have unity we must have peace.Without the strength of the family,there is no business.Their expanding business became a large corporation in 2019,with three generations of Ans working togethe

19、r.Now the Ans corporation makes more than$20 million each year.Although they began with a small restaurant,they had big dreams,and they worked together.Now they are a big success.63.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A.How to Run a Corporation B.Strength Comes from Peace C.

20、How to Achieve a Big Dream D.Family Unity Builds Success【解析】1.分析文章结构，时间顺序。第一段：孩子小的时候，告诉孩子们要团结。第二段：在加州做生意的经历。第三段：女儿们长大后回到家族里经营生意。第四段：生意成功发展为大公司。这边文章是属于有中心主旨的记叙文类型。文章的核心关键词是家庭团结，以此为线索展开。在第一段提出中心主旨，后面几段利用一个故事用来证明中心主旨。2.长难句分析：Eventually the girls all graduated from college and went away to work for them

21、selves,but one by one,the daughters returned to work in the family business.3.选项分析：正确选项的角度来说，文章的中心词是家族团结，没有家族团结的选项，直接可以排除。其次，A 选项中的 Corporation 在文章有出现，但只是文章的细节。或者说是一个例子。主旨是观点而不能是例子。B、C 在文章并无提及，在文中找不到同义替换的句子，这种选项是打死也不能选的。TIPS：阅读理解高分之路：一定要知道选项为什么对，为什么错。争议选项，为何哪个最佳。每个选项都定位回原文，找到出处，了解出题的思路和方式。经典例题三 Our

22、eyes may be playing tricks on us.New research shows that sometimes people physically see what they want to see.Cornell University social psychologist（心理学家）David Dunning carried out experiments to test whether wishful thinking can actually affect our seeing.“Its well proved from what is experienced i

23、n everyday life,and from the laboratory as well,that people think what they want to think,”he says.“Were taking this a step further.Were asking if desires and fears can actually affect what people physically see.”Dunning and his assistants told volunteers that a computer game would show them either

24、a letter or number to decide whether they would drink fresh orange juice or boring fruit syrup 第 7 页（果子露）.As they wrote in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,the computer would flash an ambiguous picture,which could be seen as the letter“B”or the number“13”.Volunteers who were told tha

25、t a letter would get them orange juice most often reported seeing“B”.Those who were told that a number would get them the orange juice most often saw“13”.The researchers also used a hidden camera to track volunteers eye movements,particularly the first eye movement.“We dont control them,”Dunning say

26、s,“and they dont even know that we are doing them,so that honestly mirrors what a person is seeing.”“What this research suggests is that the brain is doing a lot of work between the eye and the awareness（意识）to affect our thinking,even before anything reaches awareness,”Dunning says.“Before we even s

27、ee the world,our brain has decided to keep what we want to see and avoid what we dont want to see.”72.The passage is mainly about _.A.the eye movements of some volunteers B.an experiment by the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology C.a social psychologist Dunning and his assistants D.new find

28、ings on what may affect what we see【解析】1.分析文章结构，提出问题-解决问题（分析实验）-得出结论。第一段：提出问题：所想是否会影响所见。第二段：提出观点：是的。第四段：实验内容一。第五段：实验内容二。第六段：总结：大脑决定我们能看见什么不能看见什么。本文是典型的议论文，逻辑清晰有条理。这种题最好做。分析本文的关键在于：a.对于这种部分段落特别短的，不需要去看，跳过不会影响把握整体的意义，看太多又浪费时间。比如 Dunning and his assistants told volunteers that a computer game would sho

29、w them either a letter or number to decide whether they would drink fresh orange juice or boring fruit syrup（果子露）.这句话特别长，专有名词多，看起来巨痛苦。可事实是，看懂了也没有多一点帮助，无非就是在讲解实验的具体操作过程。b.对于第四、五段，如果没有办法读懂句子的具体意义，不用方。只需要大概了解，此段是讲实验怎么做，这已经能够很大程度上帮助理解主旨了。其他的事情遇到细节题再去慢慢啃。万一细节题也不考那句话，读了也只是浪费时间。浪费时间事小，万一信息量太多，做题时还会造成干扰，总觉得

30、某选项很眼熟好像是对的。2.长难句分析：Its well proved from what is experienced in everyday life,and from the laboratory as well,that people think what they want to think.3.选项分析：如果把握了文章的中心主旨，这篇文章是非常好做的。如果没有把握到，其他干扰项也是非常有诱惑力的。例如 A、C 都在文中有出现，是文章的细节但不是主旨。而 B 选项，由于本文大篇幅在讲这个实验，非常容易误选。但仔细思考，实验不过是个例子，例子是为了证明论点，那例子能够用来说明主旨吗？D

31、 选项跟文章最后一句话对应，再一次证明，正确选项与答案句同义替换。第 8 页 经典例题四 2019 天津 C One day when I was 12,my mother gave me an order:I was to walk to the public library,and borrow at least one book for the summer.This was one more weapon for her to defeat my strange problem inability to read.In the library,I found my way into t

32、he“Childrens Room.”I sat down on the floor and pulled a few books off the shelf at random.The cover of a book caught my eye.It presented a picture of a beagle.I had recently had a beagle,the first and only animal companion I ever had as a child.He was my secret sharer,but one morning,he was gone,giv

33、en away to someone who had the space and the money to care for him.I never forgot my beagle.There on the books cover was a beagle which looked identical to my dog.I ran my fingers over the picture of the dog on the cover.My eyes ran across the title,Amos,the Beagle with a Plan.Unknowingly,I had read

34、 the title.Without opening the book,I borrowed it from the library for the summer.Under the shade of a bush,I started to read about Amos.I read very,very slowly with difficulty.Though pages were turned slowly,I got the main idea of the story about a dog who,like mine,had been separated from his fami

35、ly and who finally found his way back home.That dog was my dog,and I was the little boy in the book.At the end of the story,my mind continued the final scene of reunion,on and on,until my own lost dog and I were,in my mind,running together.My mothers call returned me to the real world.I suddenly rea

36、lized something:I had read a book,and I had loved reading that book.Everyone knew I could not read.But I had read it.Books could be incredibly wonderful and I was going to read them.I never told my mother about my“miraculous”(奇迹般地)experience that summer,but she saw a slow but remarkable improvement

37、in my classroom performance during the next year.And years later,she was proud that her son had read thousands of books,was awarded a PhD in literature,and authored his own books,articles,poetry and fiction.The power of the words has held.50.Which one could be the best title of the passage?A.The Cha

38、rm of a Book B.Mums Strict Order C.Reunion with My Beagle D.My Passion for Reading【解析】1.分析文章结构，时间顺序。第一段：不喜欢读书，但母上大人逼我去图书馆。第二段：进了图书馆的儿童阅览室。第三段：找到一本书，吸引了我。第四段：开始读书。第五段：读完了。第六段：总结：我爱上了读书。本文是典型的没有中心主旨的记叙文。遇到这种文章，主旨一定是要自行总结的。往往这种文 第 9 页 章的主旨题不会太难而且比较容易总结。但此文是属于这种类型里面比较难的类型。做这种题目的关键在于：a.找到文章的中心词，或者是线索类的词。

39、通过这些词迅速排出无关的选项。b.整理文章的写作结构。前文讲到作者不爱看书，中间因为那本封面有猎犬的书，后来喜欢上了看书。整个事情是有那本书而发生转变，前后作者态度转折，因此书就是线索，是故事发展的关键。这种关键字眼，往往是标题的最佳搭档。有启发和升华意义。c.总结：学好语文是很重要的。2.长难句分析：And years later,she was proud that her son had read thousands of books,was awarded a PhD in literature,and authored his own books,articles,poetry an

40、d fiction.3.选项分析：B、C 选项在文章均有出现，但不是中心词，迅速排除。Book 和 Reading 都可以作为中心词，最佳选项中，书是作为线索和转折的关键，因此选 A。经典例题五 Whats delicious,healthy to eat and comes in various colors?Eggplant!And no,it has nothing to do with chickens!This strangely named vegetable is,however,as versatile as an egg.It can be steamed,fried or

41、baked.It can be eaten by itself or combined with meats and other vegetables.Eggplant was first grown in India during the 5th century B.C.Its popularity soon spread to China and then throughout Asia.Finally,during the Middle Ages the vegetable made its way to Europe.At that time,eggplant was not the

42、shiny purple vegetable most people know today.Instead,it was like a white egg.Due to this egg-like appearance,eggplant got its name.In its early days,the vegetable was so bitter that people often called it a“mad apple”.This nickname started because people believed its bitterness was bad for ones hea

43、lth.People actually thought eggplant could cause insanity(精神错乱)and cancer.Fortunately,today people know that eggplant doesnt cause insanity or cancer.In fact,eggplant is so healthy that it may prevent cancer.In addition,the brain and the heart benefit from this supper vegetable.Since it is high in f

44、iber,eggplant can also improve digestion.Italy,Turkey,Egypt,China and Japan are the leading growers of eggplant in the world today.Depending on its location,eggplant may be purple,green,orange or yellow-white.And it can be as small as a tomato or as large as a cucumber.Dish diversities range from si

45、mple to complex,with all of them being delicious!Today,thousands of people are gathering in Loomis,Calif,for the 23rd annual Loomis Eggplant Festival.The main activity at the festival is eating delicious eggplant dishes.There is plenty more to do and see,though.Recipe contests,arts and crafts,perfor

46、mers,races and childrens activities all“egg-cite”festival-goers.Most people at the festival would agree eggplant is an“egg-cellent”vegetable!10.The passage mainly tells us about _.A.the 23rd annual Loomis Eggplant Festival B.the general introduction of eggplant C.the origin of eggplant D.the benefit

47、s of eggplant【解析】第 10 页 1.分析文章结构，总-分。第一段：引出主角：茄子。第二段：茄子的起源。第三段：茄子的好处或价值。第四段：茄子的种植地。第五段：与茄子有关的节日。本文是典型的没有中心主旨的说明文。往往这种文章的最大优点是，结构清晰。基本上可以通过每一段的第一句话，就可以概括出文章的主要意思。从本文的每段第一句话，可以发现本文就是在说茄子的方方面面。没有具体针对哪一方面，喜欢说啥就说啥。那主旨就选一个含糊的能概括方方面面的词即可。2.长难句分析：无难句，基本短句。3.选项分析：会发现此题的 A、C、D 完美地对应第二、三、五段的段落主旨。三个选项都在文章出现，但都是

48、其中一方面。B 中的 general 是大概的意思，因此选 B。随堂训练 1 There are quite a few advantages of wearing school uniforms.The idea may seem disagreeable at first,but considering all the positive effective coming from wearing uniforms you would be more likely to enjoy them.Teachers love school uniforms because it helps pro

49、vide an orderly learning environment.Having students dressed in uniforms may teach them how to present themselves in a neat（整洁的）and professional manner.It gives students the opportunity to learn how to dress like young ladies and gentleman.And they can focus their attention on academics rather than

50、style.Purchasing school uniforms is easy and needs less hesitation(犹豫)and consideration.No matter what the schools policy is,there are only specific essential(基本的)pieces to the wardrobe（服装）that are necessary,so it wont break the bank.A few wardrobe items can last a long time.Parents could also enjoy