高考英语《语法》专题复习04词义猜测技巧.ppt

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1、猜测词义类试题猜测词义类试题 解题技巧解题技巧 猜猜词词技技巧巧是是一一种种很很重重要要的的应应试试技技巧巧。在在诸诸多多的的英英语语测测试试中中，几几乎乎都都包包含含有有判判断断生生词词或或关关键键词词词词义义的的题题目目。考考试试中中经经常常作作为为考考点点的的词词汇包括以下几种：汇包括以下几种：常用词在特殊语言环境中的特殊意义；常用词在特殊语言环境中的特殊意义；专业化程度较高的词；专业化程度较高的词；生僻词。生僻词。常见提问形式常见提问形式 1)According to the author,the word“”means _.2)The word “”most likely means

2、 _.3)The word “”in Line.probably means _.4)By the word “”,the author means_.5)In Line.,the word “”refers to _.6)Which of the following is nearest/closest in meaning to“”?7)In Line,the word “”could best be replaced by which of the following?A.利用上下文中的同义关系猜测词义利用上下文中的同义关系猜测词义 B利用上下文中的反义关系猜测词义利用上下文中的反义关系

3、猜测词义 C.利用构词法猜测词义利用构词法猜测词义 D.利用逻辑推理猜测词义利用逻辑推理猜测词义 E.根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测F 根据上下文语境进行猜测根据上下文语境进行猜测 猜猜 词词 技技 巧巧1.like,as.as,the same as 等；等；2.to be，mean，refer to 等；等；3.be defined as，be known as，be called，be termed 等；等；4.and 和和 or；5.以同位语、定语从句为线索猜测词义；以同位语、定语从句为线索猜测词义；6.以标点符号为线索猜测词义。以标点符号为线索猜测词义。1.

4、like(像像一样一样),as.as(如同如同一样一样)，the same as(与与相同相同)等。等。【例】Mother was tall,fat and middle-aged.The principal of the school was an older woman,almost as plump as mother,and much shorter.1.like(像像一样一样),as.as(如同如同一样一样)，the same as(与与相同相同)等。等。【例】Mother was tall,fat and middle-aged.The principal of the schoo

5、l was an older woman,almost as plump as mother,and much shorter.【解】“圆胖的圆胖的,丰满的丰满的”译文：母亲是身材高大、肥胖的中年妇女。学校的校长年龄译文：母亲是身材高大、肥胖的中年妇女。学校的校长年龄 稍大些，几乎跟母亲一样肥胖，不过个子要矮得多。稍大些，几乎跟母亲一样肥胖，不过个子要矮得多。2.to be(是是)，mean(意指意指)，refer to(指的是指的是)等。等。【例1】Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting

6、 it cool very slowly.2.to be(是是)，mean(意指意指)，refer to(指的是指的是)等。等。【例1】Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.【解】“退火退火”2.to be(是是)，mean(意指意指)，refer to(指的是指的是)等。等。【例1】Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool ve

7、ry slowly.【解】“退火退火”【例2】Ventilation,as you know,is a system or means of providing fresh air.It plays a very important part in the field of engineering.2.to be(是是)，mean(意指意指)，refer to(指的是指的是)等。等。【例1】Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.【解】“退火退火”【

8、例2】Ventilation,as you know,is a system or means of providing fresh air.It plays a very important part in the field of engineering.【解】“通风通风”译文：译文：正如你所知道的，通风是一种提供新鲜空气的方式正如你所知道的，通风是一种提供新鲜空气的方式 或手段。它在工程领域里起着十分重要的作用。或手段。它在工程领域里起着十分重要的作用。3.be defined as(被定义为被定义为)，be known as(被称为被称为)，be called(被称为被称为)，be t

9、ermed(被定义为被定义为)等。等。【例1】A mosquito is a small flying pest that thrusts the skin and then drinks blood.3.be defined as(被定义为被定义为)，be known as(被称为被称为)，be called(被称为被称为)，be termed(被定义为被定义为)等。等。【例1】A mosquito is a small flying pest that thrusts the skin and then drinks blood.【解】“蚊子蚊子”3.be defined as(被定义为被

10、定义为)，be known as(被称为被称为)，be called(被称为被称为)，be termed(被定义为被定义为)等。等。【例1】A mosquito is a small flying pest that thrusts the skin and then drinks blood.【解】“蚊子蚊子”【例2】A person who is skilled at making or repairing wooden objects is called a carpenter.3.be defined as(被定义为被定义为)，be known as(被称为被称为)，be called

11、(被称为被称为)，be termed(被定义为被定义为)等。等。【例1】A mosquito is a small flying pest that thrusts the skin and then drinks blood.【解】“蚊子蚊子”【例2】A person who is skilled at making or repairing wooden objects is called a carpenter.【解】“木匠木匠”4.and和和or。【例1】Children often try to emulate or copy the behavior that they see o

12、n television.4.and和和or。【例1】Children often try to emulate or copy the behavior that they see on television.【解】“仿效仿效”译文：小孩经常试着去仿效他们在电视里所看到的行为。译文：小孩经常试着去仿效他们在电视里所看到的行为。4.and和和or。【例1】Children often try to emulate or copy the behavior that they see on television.【解】“仿效仿效”译文：小孩经常试着去仿效他们在电视里所看到的行为。译文：小孩经常试

13、着去仿效他们在电视里所看到的行为。【例2】At forty-two he was in his prime and always full of erergy.4.and和和or。【例1】Children often try to emulate or copy the behavior that they see on television.【解】“仿效仿效”译文：小孩经常试着去仿效他们在电视里所看到的行为。译文：小孩经常试着去仿效他们在电视里所看到的行为。【例2】At forty-two he was in his prime and always full of erergy.【解】从从

14、“年龄年龄42岁岁”以及与以及与prime具有同等关系的具有同等关系的full of energy,可以猜出可以猜出prime的意思是的意思是“盛年时期盛年时期”。5.以同位语、定语从句为线索猜测词义。以同位语、定语从句为线索猜测词义。【例1】The herdsman,who looks after sheep,earns about 650 yuan a year.5.以同位语、定语从句为线索猜测词义。以同位语、定语从句为线索猜测词义。【例1】The herdsman,who looks after sheep,earns about 650 yuan a year.【解】“牧人牧人”5.以

15、同位语、定语从句为线索猜测词义。以同位语、定语从句为线索猜测词义。【例1】The herdsman,who looks after sheep,earns about 650 yuan a year.【解】“牧人牧人”【例2】I told him I was a mason,a person whose job is cutting stone into shape for building.5.以同位语、定语从句为线索猜测词义。以同位语、定语从句为线索猜测词义。【例1】The herdsman,who looks after sheep,earns about 650 yuan a year

16、.【解】“牧人牧人”【例2】I told him I was a mason,a person whose job is cutting stone into shape for building.【解】“石匠石匠”5.以同位语、定语从句为线索猜测词义。以同位语、定语从句为线索猜测词义。【例3】His uncle is a zoologist,an expert who does research on animals.5.以同位语、定语从句为线索猜测词义。以同位语、定语从句为线索猜测词义。【例3】His uncle is a zoologist,an expert who does rese

17、arch on animals.【解】“动物学家动物学家”5.以同位语、定语从句为线索猜测词义。以同位语、定语从句为线索猜测词义。【例3】His uncle is a zoologist,an expert who does research on animals.【解】“动物学家动物学家”【例4】He was a prestidigitator who entertained the children by pulling rabbits out of his hats,swallowing fire,and other similar tricks.5.以同位语、定语从句为线索猜测词义。以

18、同位语、定语从句为线索猜测词义。【例3】His uncle is a zoologist,an expert who does research on animals.【解】“动物学家动物学家”【例4】He was a prestidigitator who entertained the children by pulling rabbits out of his hats,swallowing fire,and other similar tricks.【解】“变戏法者变戏法者”译文：他是一个变戏法的人，通过从他的帽子里拉译文：他是一个变戏法的人，通过从他的帽子里拉 出兔子、吞火和玩其他类

19、似的把戏来逗孩子们开心。出兔子、吞火和玩其他类似的把戏来逗孩子们开心。6.以标点符号为线索猜测词义（括号、冒号、破折号等）以标点符号为线索猜测词义（括号、冒号、破折号等）【例1】It will be very hard but also very brittle that is,it will break easily.6.以标点符号为线索猜测词义（括号、冒号、破折号等）以标点符号为线索猜测词义（括号、冒号、破折号等）【例1】It will be very hard but also very brittle that is,it will break easily.【解】“脆脆”6.以标点符

20、号为线索猜测词义（括号、冒号、破折号等）以标点符号为线索猜测词义（括号、冒号、破折号等）【例1】It will be very hard but also very brittle that is,it will break easily.【解】“脆脆”【例2】We are on the nightshift from midnight to 8 am this week.6.以标点符号为线索猜测词义（括号、冒号、破折号等）以标点符号为线索猜测词义（括号、冒号、破折号等）【例1】It will be very hard but also very brittle that is,it will

21、 break easily.【解】“脆脆”【例2】We are on the nightshift from midnight to 8 am this week.【解】“夜班夜班”6.以标点符号为线索猜测词义（括号、冒号、破折号等）以标点符号为线索猜测词义（括号、冒号、破折号等）【例1】It will be very hard but also very brittle that is,it will break easily.【解】“脆脆”【例2】We are on the nightshift from midnight to 8 am this week.【解】“夜班夜班”【例3】Th

22、ey are good diggers,and in Ranthambhore (a wildlife park in Northern India)are nocturnal：they only come out at night.阅读中应多注意带有阅读中应多注意带有 but,yet,however,otherwise,Nevertheless，in contrast，on the other hand，rather than，although，while,unlike，whereas 等表示转折等表示转折意义的词或是有分号的句子。这类句子前后存在明显意义的词或是有分号的句子。这类句子前后存

23、在明显的对比关系，根据已知内容，通过对比很容易猜出生的对比关系，根据已知内容，通过对比很容易猜出生词的意义。词的意义。【例1】Our maths professor claims that all the problems he gives us are simple ones，however，we feel that they are intricate and hard to solve【例1】Our maths professor claims that all the problems he gives us are simple ones，however，we feel that t

24、hey are intricate and hard to solve【解】“复杂的复杂的”【例1】Our maths professor claims that all the problems he gives us are simple ones，however，we feel that they are intricate and hard to solve【解】“复杂的复杂的”【例2】John usually wastes a lot of money on such useless things；his wife,however,is very thrifty.【例1】Our ma

25、ths professor claims that all the problems he gives us are simple ones，however，we feel that they are intricate and hard to solve【解】“复杂的复杂的”【例2】John usually wastes a lot of money on such useless things；his wife,however,is very thrifty.【解】“节俭的节俭的”中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀super-（超），（超），inter-（在（在之间），之

26、间），-able（能（能的），的），mini-（极少的，微型的），（极少的，微型的），micro-（极微小的），（极微小的），re-（再，（再，反复），反复），sub-（分支的，底下），（分支的，底下），co-（共同），（共同），post-(后后)，pre-（前），（前），trans-（超越；转换），（超越；转换），under-（在（在之下；之下；低于低于；不足），；不足），-hood（状态；性质；时期），（状态；性质；时期），-ish（如（如的；有点儿的；有点儿的）；的）；-proof（防（防的；的；不不能穿透的），能穿透的），-scope（景），（景），-ship（身份；资格；权力；（身份

27、；资格；权力；性质），性质），-some（易于（易于的），的），-wards（向），（向），mis-（误；（误；恶），恶），un-（不；非），（不；非），in-（不；非），（不；非），im-（不；（不；非），非），dis-（不），（不），non-（不；非），（不；非），-less（不；（不；无），无），anti-（反；（反；防）防），sino-（中国）（中国）【例1】Dont listen to his nonsense.【例1】Dont listen to his nonsense.【解】sense 有有“心智健全、意识心智健全、意识”之意，之意，non-构成它的反义词，故构成它的反义词，故

28、 nonsense有有 “胡言乱语，胡说八道胡言乱语，胡说八道”之意。之意。【例1】Dont listen to his nonsense.【解】sense 有有“心智健全、意识心智健全、意识”之意，之意，non-构成它的反义词，故构成它的反义词，故 nonsense有有 “胡言乱语，胡说八道胡言乱语，胡说八道”之意。之意。【例2】Jason is a language specialist.【例1】Dont listen to his nonsense.【解】sense 有有“心智健全、意识心智健全、意识”之意，之意，non-构成它的反义词，故构成它的反义词，故 nonsense有有 “胡言

29、乱语，胡说八道胡言乱语，胡说八道”之意。之意。【例2】Jason is a language specialist.【解】“Special”是是“unusual”（不寻常的）（不寻常的）之之 意；后缀意；后缀“-ist”指人。指人。“Specialist”就是就是 “不寻常的人不寻常的人”；也就是；也就是“专家专家”之意。之意。1以因果关系为线索以因果关系为线索 2以列举的事例为线索以列举的事例为线索 3.运用生活经验及普通常识进行推理运用生活经验及普通常识进行推理 4.联想法联想法【例1】She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit be

30、cause it was too long.【例1】She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long.【解】“修剪修剪”【例1】She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long.【解】“修剪修剪”【例2】The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken.Sometimes the weakness was permanent.So the player

31、 could never play the sport again.【例1】She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long.【解】“修剪修剪”【例2】The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken.Sometimes the weakness was permanent.So the player could never play the sport again.【解】“永远的，永久的永远的，永久的”【例1】You can take any o

32、f the periodicals:The World of English,Foreign Language Teaching in Schools,or English Learning.【例1】You can take any of the periodicals:The World of English,Foreign Language Teaching in Schools,or English Learning.【解】“期刊期刊”【例1】You can take any of the periodicals:The World of English,Foreign Language

33、 Teaching in Schools,or English Learning.【解】“期刊期刊”【例2】Apply(涂抹涂抹)an antiseptic,such as alcohol(酒精酒精),on the skin.【例1】You can take any of the periodicals:The World of English,Foreign Language Teaching in Schools,or English Learning.【解】“期刊期刊”【例2】Apply(涂抹涂抹)an antiseptic,such as alcohol(酒精酒精),on the sk

34、in.【解】“酒精酒精”可以防毒；可以防毒；“antiseptic”准是准是“消毒药消毒药”了。了。【例1】If you are riding a bike when a small child suddenly appears in front of you,youll have to use the front and hind(back)brakes to make your bike stop at once.【例1】If you are riding a bike when a small child suddenly appears in front of you,youll ha

35、ve to use the front and hind(back)brakes to make your bike stop at once.【解】车闸车闸【例1】If you are riding a bike when a small child suddenly appears in front of you,youll have to use the front and hind(back)brakes to make your bike stop at once.【解】车闸车闸【例2】Birds fly with their wings,and they pick up their

36、 foods,and then eat them with their beaks and they use their claws for tearing,seizing,pulling or holding objects.【例1】If you are riding a bike when a small child suddenly appears in front of you,youll have to use the front and hind(back)brakes to make your bike stop at once.【解】车闸车闸【例2】Birds fly with

37、 their wings,and they pick up their foods,and then eat them with their beaks and they use their claws for tearing,seizing,pulling or holding objects.【解】wings是“翅膀翅膀”；beaks是“喙喙”；claws是“爪子爪子”。【例1】If you are riding a bike when a small child suddenly appears in front of you,youll have to use the front an

38、d hind(back)brakes to make your bike stop at once.【解】车闸车闸【例2】Birds fly with their wings,and they pick up their foods,and then eat them with their beaks and they use their claws for tearing,seizing,pulling or holding objects.【解】wings是“翅膀翅膀”；beaks是“喙喙”；claws是“爪子爪子”。【例3】Most of the roses are beginning

39、to wither because of the cold.【例1】If you are riding a bike when a small child suddenly appears in front of you,youll have to use the front and hind(back)brakes to make your bike stop at once.【解】车闸车闸【例2】Birds fly with their wings,and they pick up their foods,and then eat them with their beaks and the

40、y use their claws for tearing,seizing,pulling or holding objects.【解】wings是“翅膀翅膀”；beaks是“喙喙”；claws是“爪子爪子”。【例3】Most of the roses are beginning to wither because of the cold.【解】“枯萎枯萎”【例1】To write,you need a sharp tool and a quick mind(the first of which can be easily got from a shop).【例1】To write,you n

41、eed a sharp tool and a quick mind(the first of which can be easily got from a shop).【解】“笔笔”【例1】To write,you need a sharp tool and a quick mind(the first of which can be easily got from a shop).【解】“笔笔”【例2】On entering the room,he began to measure his legs on the floor.【例1】To write,you need a sharp too

42、l and a quick mind(the first of which can be easily got from a shop).【解】“笔笔”【例2】On entering the room,he began to measure his legs on the floor.【解】译文：他一进屋就摔了个大跟头。他一进屋就摔了个大跟头。例例1 Chicken becomes rotten very quicklyIt can go bad in a refrigerator if it is left there for more than a week.If you have any

43、 1）suspicion that the meat is bad,dont eat it.Instead 2）inspect it very carefully；Check the smell，how it looks and feelsThe first sign that the chicken is rotten is the smellIf the chicken has a bad 3）odor，you should throw it outThe second sign that chicken is rotten is the lookIf the meat is black，

44、throw it outThe third sign is the feel of the chickenIf the meat is very soft，it might be rotten.4)Discard it if it isIf only part of the chicken is bad，remove the rotten 5）Portion and keep the rest（1）“Suspicion”means ADoubt Bidea CExample（2）The word“inspect”means Aexamine carefully Bvisit Csmell（3）

45、“Odor”means Asound Bpicture Csmell（4）The word“discard”means AKeep Bthrow out Ccook it again（5）“Portion”here means Awhole Bpart Chalf AACBB 例例2 The largest player-Shanghai Tourism Car Rental Center offers a wide variety of choices-deluxe sedans,minivans,station wagons,coaches,Santana sedans are the b

46、ig favorite.56.The words“deluxe sedans”,“minivans”and “station wagons”used in the text refer to _.A.cars in the making B.car rental firms C.cars for rent D.car makers(NMET 2001)C例例3 Last November the two groups started Dog Day Afternoon in the children s department of the main library.About 25 child

47、ren attended each of the four Saturday-afternoon classes,reading for half an hour.Those who attended three of the four classes received a pawgraphed book at the last class.The program was so successful that the library plans to repeat it in April,according to Dana Thumpowsky,public relations manager

48、.62.A pawgraphed book is most probably _.A.a book used in Saturday classes B.a book written by the children C.a prize for the children D.a gift from parents (NMET 2003)C代词one，it，that，he，him或them等在英语文章中使用频繁，可以指上文提到的人或事物。有时代词与指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事。例4.(2005年全国卷，C篇)Demands for pig

49、eon-delivered money stopped as soon as the press reported the story.And even if they start again，Chen holds little hope of catching the criminal.“We have more important things to do，”he said.52.The underlined word“they”in the last paragraph refers to_.A.criminalsB.pigeonsC.the stolen carsD.demands f

50、or money分分析析：从从文文中中最最后后一一句句可可知知，they应应当当对对应应该该段段前前面面的的“Demands for pigeon-delivered money”。该该部部分分大大意意为为“媒媒体体报报道道这这些些事事件件之之后后，发发案案率率有有所所下下降降。即即使使demands for money的的势势头头有有所所上上升升，陈陈表表明明，捉捉住住罪罪犯犯也也没没什什么么希希望望，因因为为他他们们(警警察察)有有更更重重要要的的事事要要做做”。故答案故答案为为D。一个单词或词组的确切含义是和它所处的上下文语境分不开的，所以我们可借助上下文语境对需要猜测的词或短语进行合乎