高考英语非谓语动词的运用与比较.ppt

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1、非谓语动词的运用与比较非谓语动词的运用与比较不定式不定式动名词动名词分词分词非谓语动词非谓语动词1 非谓语动词的词性非谓语动词的词性 及句法功能及句法功能a.动词：动词：To run fast 状语状语To smoke a cigarette 宾语宾语Feeling hungry 表语表语1。非谓语动词的词性及非谓语动词的词性及 句法功能句法功能2。句法功能的区别：。句法功能的区别：3。非谓语动词的形式。非谓语动词的形式4。非谓语动词的复合结构。非谓语动词的复合结构b.其它词性：其它词性：词性词性在句中成分在句中成分名名形形副副主主宾宾表表宾补宾补定定状状不定式不定式分词分词动名词动名词XXX

2、X2.句法功能的区别：句法功能的区别：1 主语主语动名词动名词不定式不定式In many countries,shaking ones head means“no”and nodding means“yes”.To write a science fiction is his wish.Its dangerous to play/playing with fire.1.两者作主语一般可以通用，意义没有多大差别。两者作主语一般可以通用，意义没有多大差别。2.不定式一般表示特定的，具体的行为，特别是不定式一般表示特定的，具体的行为，特别是表将来的一次行为；动名词常表示抽象的，一般表将来的一次行为；

3、动名词常表示抽象的，一般的行为。的行为。It is no use _(argue)with him about that.arguing3.在含有在含有no,-less，常用动名词短语作主语。，常用动名词短语作主语。Eg.It is no use doing.;It is useless doingIt is no good doing;It is no help doing2.表语表语不定式不定式动名词动名词分词分词The story is moving.A way of saying“I am hungry”is patting the stomach before a meal.My t

4、ask this class is to teach you how to grasp the grammar.1.现在分词作表语表示主语的特征，相当于形容词，因此现在分词作表语表示主语的特征，相当于形容词，因此2.它前面可用它前面可用very,quite 或表示比较意义的或表示比较意义的more,most 来来3.修饰；动名词作表语说明主语的内容，可以与句中的修饰；动名词作表语说明主语的内容，可以与句中的主语交换位置。由于动名词具有明显的名词特征，故不主语交换位置。由于动名词具有明显的名词特征，故不能用以上表示程度或比较意义的词修饰。不定式则表示能用以上表示程度或比较意义的词修饰。不定式则表

5、示某一次具体的行为，类似于作主语。某一次具体的行为，类似于作主语。His hobby is playing football.Or:Playing football is his hobby.The volleyball match we watched was very exciting.2.动名词作表语时，该句的主语有很大的局限性，动名词作表语时，该句的主语有很大的局限性，主要是主要是job,work,task,duty,wish,happiness,等；等；现在分词作表语时的主语范围广泛得多。现在分词作表语时的主语范围广泛得多。He The The scientific novelTo

6、read a novel at the momentWhat he saidis interesting.3.宾语宾语动名词动名词不定式不定式根据习惯搭配和语义区分根据习惯搭配和语义区分习惯接动名词作宾语的有：习惯接动名词作宾语的有：mind,finish,enjoy,avoid,risk,consider,practise,suggest,advise,miss,appreciate,imagine,put off,keep(on),give up,insist,be used to,look forward to,stickto,devote ones life to,be busy,be

7、 worth,canthelp,excuse,escape,admit(承认承认)，delay,keep,risk,object to（反对）（反对）,pay attention to,etc.习惯于后接动词不定式而不接动名词作宾语的习惯于后接动词不定式而不接动名词作宾语的动词有：动词有：want,wish,hope,expect,promise,pretend,decide,manage,refuse,learn,agree,plan,offer,long,demand,help,manage,prepare,learn,determine,prefer,intend,etc.动名词与不定式

8、的不同含义：动名词与不定式的不同含义：be afraid to do 不敢、害怕、胆怯去做某事不敢、害怕、胆怯去做某事be afraid of doing 担心、恐怕出现担心、恐怕出现We are never afraid to lay down our lives for the right cause.为了正义的事业我们绝不怕牺牲自己的生为了正义的事业我们绝不怕牺牲自己的生命。命。She was afraid of waking her husband up.2)forget to do sth.忘记去做某事（未做）忘记去做某事（未做）forget doing sth.忘记做过了某事（已做

9、）忘记做过了某事（已做）The light in the office is off.It was she who turned it off,but she herself forgot _(turn)it off.The light in the office is still on.She forgot _(turn)it off.3)remember to do sth.记着去做某事（未做）记着去做某事（未做）remember doing sth.记着做了某事（已做）记着做了某事（已做）Do you remember _(meet)me at a partylast year?You

10、must remember _(leave)tomorrow.4)regret to do sth.遗憾地说遗憾地说/告诉告诉 regret doing sth.后悔做了后悔做了I regret _(go)to his home town.I regret _(tell)you the truth.5)stop to do sth.stop doing sth.6)try to do sth.try doing sth.You must try _(do)it again.Lets try _(do)the work in some other way.7)mean to do sth.mea

11、n doing sth.If it means _(delay)more than a week,Ill not wait.I mean _(go),and nothing can stop me.8)go on to do sth.go on doing sth.9）cant help doing sth.情不自禁，不禁情不自禁，不禁 cant help(to)do sth.不能帮忙做不能帮忙做10.permit/allow/advise +doing sth.+sb.to do sth.11.start/begin/continue/like/love/hate +to do sth.+d

12、oing sth.但有些动名词在句中是主动形式，却有被动含义但有些动名词在句中是主动形式，却有被动含义The house requires/needs/wants repairing.The book is worth reading.4.定语定语动名词动名词分词分词不定式不定式Do you know the man talking with a black there?The carrying pole reminds me of our bitter days in the past.There will be many people to help you.=who is talking

13、 The pole for carrying things1 所含时态意义所含时态意义the laughing audienceHave you read the book 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea written by Jules Verne?The next boy to play went to the piano.He is always the first one to get up.分词分词正在进行或发生了的动作正在进行或发生了的动作不定式不定式尚未实现的将来的行为或表示一般性尚未实现的将来的行为或表示一般性 叙述而无一定的时间性。叙述而无一定的时间

14、性。动名词动名词表示被修饰词的目的或用途表示被修饰词的目的或用途2 逻辑关系：逻辑关系：分词分词 主谓关系（可改成定语从句）主谓关系（可改成定语从句）动名词表示被修饰词的目的或用途动名词表示被修饰词的目的或用途 不定式多种逻辑关系不定式多种逻辑关系The labto be builtbeing builtbuilt last yearThe rising sun-the sun that is risingA broken glass-a glass that is brokenThe light is off.Please give me some candles to give light

15、.(some candles that give light)主谓关系主谓关系 A hard job to do-a hard job that one must do动宾关系动宾关系A place to rest-a place where one can rest动状关系动状关系The plan to open up rice fields同谓关系同谓关系3.现在分词和过去分词现在分词和过去分词falling leavesfallen leavesexiting newsexited students-ing 令人令人;-ed 表示所修饰词本身的特征表示所修饰词本身的特征a disappo

16、inting voice;a disappointed voice注意：注意：1。现在分词作定语时，表示动作正在进。现在分词作定语时，表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词的表示的动作几乎同时发生。行或与谓语动词的表示的动作几乎同时发生。如两个动作有先有后，一般不能用现在分词作如两个动作有先有后，一般不能用现在分词作定语，而要用定语从句。定语，而要用定语从句。1.The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window.2.Yesterday,mother told me an event which happened five years

17、 ago.2.不定式作定语不定式作定语 Change the following into infinitives.He was the first person that came to the classroom this morning.Do you have anything that you want to say?Here are some books that you can read.He thought out a plan _(punish)Tom.He is always the last _(come)to officePlease give me a knife _(

18、cut)with.作定语的不定式如是不及物动词，不定式后作定语的不定式如是不及物动词，不定式后面须有相应的介词。面须有相应的介词。5。宾语补足语。宾语补足语不定式不定式分词分词使役动词使役动词：make,have,let,hear,listen to,see,watch,notice,observe,look at,etc.感觉动词感觉动词：find,see,watch,notice,hear,feel,etc.Its cold out side,we had the fire burning all night.Mum had him wash the plates.I saw him go

19、 upstairs.I saw him going upstairs（已经上去了，全过程已经上去了，全过程）（此刻的行为此刻的行为）6。状语状语不定式不定式分词分词1.Every day he climbed to a high rock near his cave to keep watch.2.Two years later,her father disappeared,never to return.3.Im very glad to have this stamp again.4.It is too dark for us to see anything in the room.5.H

20、e is old enough to look after himself.目的目的结果结果原因原因程度程度程度程度不定式主要作目的，结果和程度状语不定式主要作目的，结果和程度状语1.Once fleeing Germany,Einstein went first to France,then to Belgium2.Being a shy man,Einstein didnt attend the great celebration.3.The trainer appeared,followed by six little dog.4.Given more time,I can do it

21、better.5.Weighing almost 100 jin,the stone was moved by him alone.6.The boy stood up,obliging me to rise,too.时间时间原因原因方式，伴随方式，伴随条件条件让步让步结果结果1。分词在句中主要作时间，原因，方式或伴。分词在句中主要作时间，原因，方式或伴随，条件，让步，结果状语。随，条件，让步，结果状语。分词和不定式作结果状语分词和不定式作结果状语My grandfather lived to see the liberation of China.Tonys father died,leav

22、ing him a lot of money.He went home,only to find his money stolen.（动作行为）（动作行为）（状态）（状态）2。不定式强调动作发生的过程或未曾料到的。不定式强调动作发生的过程或未曾料到的不愉快的结果；分词主要表示动作发生后所引不愉快的结果；分词主要表示动作发生后所引起的结果状态或必然产生的结果。起的结果状态或必然产生的结果。现在分词和过去分词作状语现在分词和过去分词作状语Many people come to theme parks,looking for thrills and entertainment.Once publis

23、hed,his work became famous for the absence of rhyme at the end of each line.主语是分词所表示动作的执行者分词用主语是分词所表示动作的执行者分词用doing/having done，如果是分词所表示动作的承受者，如果是分词所表示动作的承受者，分词用分词用done/having been done。注意：注意：1。状态动词或相当于状态动词的一些词。状态动词或相当于状态动词的一些词。She sat there,lost in thought.After a days work,he went home,tired out.2

24、.一些使役性动词，如：一些使役性动词，如：disappoint/excite/surprise/move/interest/puzzle。The game _(interest)the boys.The boys are _ the game.The game is _.I wonder why football _ boys.A.has interestedB.is interested inC.interesting D.interested_(excite)at the news,the boys rushed to watch the game._(Fill)with joy,I st

25、arted off.interestsinterested ininterestingAExcitedFilled 3 不定式在作表语不定式在作表语/补语的形容词后面作状语，补语的形容词后面作状语，用主动形式表被动意思。用主动形式表被动意思。This question is difficult _(answer).Do you think him easy_(work)with?We find this rule hard _(remember).4 有些分词已经转变为独立成分，有些分词已经转变为独立成分，含有含有“泛指泛指”意义，在句中常作插入语。如：意义，在句中常作插入语。如：genera

26、lly speaking,judging from,talking of,supposing,consideringJudging from his accent,he is a southerner.to answerto/to/注注1：分词作状语时，其逻辑主语须与句子的主语分词作状语时，其逻辑主语须与句子的主语一致，构成主动或被动的关系。一致，构成主动或被动的关系。注注2：表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连接词表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连接词while或或when引导。引导。注注3：有时，：有时，”with+名词（或代词宾格）名词（或代词宾格）+分词分词”的结构表示伴随状况。的结构表示伴

27、随状况。注注4:当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，分当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，分词须有自己的主语，构成独立主格结构。（见后）词须有自己的主语，构成独立主格结构。（见后）While watching TV,he heard someone shoutingshout for help.With the work done,he went home.Weather permitting,well go outing tomorrow.Moved by his words,tears came to my eyes.3 非谓语动词的各种形式：（以动词非谓语动词的各种形式：（以动词do为例

28、）为例）主动主动被动被动一般一般完成完成进行进行完成完成进行进行一般一般完成完成不不定定式式分分词词To doTo be doneTo have doneTo have been doneTo be doingTo have beendoingdoingBeing doneHaving doneHaving been done1。不定式的时态与语态：。不定式的时态与语态：1）一般式：）一般式：不定式表示的动作常与谓语的动作不定式表示的动作常与谓语的动作同时（或几乎同时）发生，或在它之后发生。同时（或几乎同时）发生，或在它之后发生。I saw him go out.I plan to atten

29、d the meeting to be held tomorrow.2）进行式：）进行式：不定式表示的动作正在进行。不定式表示的动作正在进行。Im very glad to be working with you.3）完成式：）完成式：不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之Im sorry to have kept you waiting.The article is said to have been read by many people.2。动名词的时态和语态。动名词的时态和语态1）动名词的时态：）动名词的时态：一般式和完成式一般式和完成式如如G.的动作没明确表示出时间

30、是与谓语同时的动作没明确表示出时间是与谓语同时发生或在谓语之前发生，用一般式。发生或在谓语之前发生，用一般式。We are interested in _(play)chess.如如G.的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常用完成式。前，通常用完成式。Im sorry for not _(keep)my promise.但在某些词后，常用一般式，尽管其动作是在谓但在某些词后，常用一般式，尽管其动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生。语所表示的动作之前发生。On hearing the bad news,she cried.Ill never forget see

31、ing that film for the first time.2）动名词的语态 doing being done having done having been done He was afraid of _(leave)at home.The house showed no sign of _ (damage).Xu Benyu insisted on being sent to the mountain area to serve the children there.3 现在分词的时态及语态：现在分词的时态及语态：分词的动作如发生在谓语动词之后分词的动作如发生在谓语动词之后doing

32、，用，用一般式，如发生在谓语动词之前，用完成式一般式，如发生在谓语动词之前，用完成式having done。Having enjoyed the rides at the Headland,visitors can take a shuttle to the Lowland.But theme parks also try to make sure that visitors leave knowing more about their theme.4 非谓语动词的复合结构非谓语动词的复合结构逻辑主语能发出该动作逻辑主语能发出该动作 （发）（发）逻辑主语不能发出该动作逻辑主语不能发出该动作 （

33、收）（收）不发不收用结构：不发不收用结构：动词不定式：用独立结构。动词不定式：用独立结构。动名词：用复合结构。动名词：用复合结构。分词：用独立主格结构分词：用独立主格结构如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，可可以在不定式前加一个由以在不定式前加一个由for/of 引起的短语。引起的短语。It is easy for the students to read.It will be a mistake for us to help you.1 不定式的复合结构不定式的复合结构:for/of sb.to do sth.Its wrong of him to spe

34、ak bad behind others.2 动名词的复合结构：动名词的复合结构：名词所有格名词所有格(Marys)/形容性物主代词（形容性物主代词（my）+动名动名1.逻辑主语是有生命的名词：作主语时，须用逻辑主语是有生命的名词：作主语时，须用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词；作宾语时，名词所有格或形容词性物主代词；作宾语时，也可用普通格或人称代词宾格。也可用普通格或人称代词宾格。2.Toms(His)coming is what we have expected.3.She didnt mind Jack/Jacks(him/his)coming here.2.逻辑主语是无生命的名词：只用名词

35、普格。逻辑主语是无生命的名词：只用名词普格。Is there any hope of our team winning the match?3.逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词 this,that,somebody,someone,nobody,none,anybody,anyone时，只有普通格。时，只有普通格。She was disturbed by somebody shouting outside.3 分词的独立主格结构：分词的独立主格结构：名词名词/代词分词代词分词Weather permitting,well go outing tomorrow.There

36、 being no interesting programs,he turned off the TV set.Sword in hand,the boy rushed out.独立主格结构在句中作状语，相当于状语从句。独立主格结构在句中作状语，相当于状语从句。不定式作独立成分。To tell(you)the truth,he doesnt agree with you.To begin with,Beijing is a very beautiful city.不定式中作结果状语的注意点：1）某些形容词在“tooto”结构中表示肯定，这类词是：anxious,eager,glad,ready

37、,surprised,willingShe was too surprised to see how angry her father was.2）在not,never,only,all,but等后的”tooto”结构中，”too”的含义为”very”，不定式没有否定含义。Im only too glad to stay at home.Its never too old to learn.不定式一般不能作介词的宾语，只有在极少数介词如：but,except等后才行，此时不定式可带to 或不带to.He seldom comes except to look at my pictures.We have no choice but to wait outside.They could do nothing but ask for help.