阅读理解解题技巧主旨大意(公开课)40521.pptx

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1、年年的新高考中所有的试题都是在语篇中考查，听力，阅读，写作，完型填空，语法填空，无一例外全都突出语篇的重要性，所以在备考中必须高度重视语篇能力语篇能力How to grasp the main idea of a passage第1页/共58页How to grasp the main idea of a passagein reading and writing第2页/共58页Part oneHow to grasp the main idea of a passage-In reading part第3页/共58页阅读中主旨大意题的题型分类主旨题标题类文章主旨段落主旨第4页/共58页1.标

2、题类试题常见的题干形式(1)The best title for this passage is.(2)The suitable headline for this passage may be(3)The title that best expresses the idea of the passage is.(4)Which of the following can be the best title of this passage?(体现概括性,避免远离主题)第5页/共58页2.文章主旨类试题常见的题干形式(1)What is the passage mainly about?(2)Th

3、e passage talks about.(3)The passage tells us that.(4)This passage mainly deals with.(5)Whats the main idea/topic of the passage?(体现全面性,避免以偏概全)第6页/共58页3.段落主旨类试题常见的题干形式(1)The main idea of the second paragraph probably is that.(2)What is the last paragraph chiefly concerned with?(3)Which of the follow

4、ing can best summarize Paragraph one?(4)Whats the main idea discussed in the first paragraph?(体现针对性,避免张冠李戴)第7页/共58页 解题技巧技巧一：识别文体技巧二：找关联词技巧三:抓线索技巧四:找高频词第8页/共58页技巧一：识别文体新闻报道导语提携全文议论文 总-分-总（论点论据结论）说明文主题句（首中尾）记叙文记叙文六要素第9页/共58页 On 26 January,Australia Day,in over 200 locations across the nation,more than

5、 9,000 people will become Australian citiziens.“By these citizenship ceremonies we welcome those who have come from overseas from many different cultural and social backgrounds into our communities and our nation,”said the Minister for Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs.“Australia Day celebration

6、s that include people from so many birthplaces are an ezcellent way to encourage tolerance,respect and friendship among all the people of Australia.”Most citizenship ceremonies will be followed by displays of singing and dancing from many of the migrants homelands and the tasting of food from all ov

7、er the world.第10页/共58页On Australia Day,_.A.people sing and dance together B.people enjoy Australia food C.some people from overseas were accepted as the citizens in Australia D.people can travel all over Australia 第11页/共58页Eg.2 Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health.Experiments show that cigar

8、ette smoking can cause cancer.Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness),cancer,cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems.For example,it can give one a“smokers cough”.Finally,studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds.Whether you get an unimportant co

9、ld or terrible killer,cancer,smoking is harmful.Is it worth it?议论文总-分-总55What is the main idea?A.cigarette smoking can cause cancerB.smoking can cause the most serious and terrible disease(illness)C.smoking also can cause other health problemsD.smoking is harmful.D第12页/共58页Eg.3 Passage B(NMET2003)Re

10、ading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills(读写能力).With their shining brown eyes,wagging tails,and unconditional love,dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence(自信心),according to Intermountain Therapy Animals(ITA)in

11、 Salt Lake City.The group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in children,with the introduction of Reading Education Assistance Dogs(READ).The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea.“Literacy specialists admit that children who read below the l

12、evel of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group,often have lower self-respect,and regard reading as a headache,”said Lisa Myron,manager of the childrens department.Last November the two groups started“Dog Day Afternoon”in the childrens department of the main library.About 25

13、 children attended each of the four Saturday-afternoon classes,reading for half an hour.Those who attended three of the four classes received a“pawgraphed”book at the last class.The program was so successful that the library plans to repeat it in April,according to Dana Thumpowsky,public relations m

14、anager.What is mainly discussed in the text?第13页/共58页 eg.3 Passage B(NMET2003)Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills(读写能力).With their shining brown eyes,wagging tails,and unconditional love,dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning

15、reader to gain confidence(自信心),according to Intermountain Therapy Animals(ITA)in Salt Lake City.The group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in children,with the introduction of Reading Education Assistance Dogs(READ).The Salt Lake City Public Library is

16、 sold on the idea.“Literacy specialists admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group,often have lower self-respect,and regard reading as a headache,”said Lisa Myron,manager of the childrens department.Last November the two groups st

17、arted“Dog Day Afternoon”in the childrens department of the main library.About 25 children attended each of the four Saturday-afternoon classes,reading for half an hour.Those who attended three of the four classes received a“pawgraphed”book at the last class.The program was so successful that the lib

18、rary plans to repeat it in April,according to Dana Thumpowsky,public relations manager.Example and success of the program第14页/共58页 eg.3 Passage B(NMET2003)Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills(读写能力).With their shining brown eyes,wagging tails,and unconditio

19、nal love,dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence(自信心),according to Intermountain Therapy Animals(ITA)in Salt Lake City.The group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in children,with the introduction of

20、 Reading Education Assistance Dogs(READ).The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea.“Literacy specialists admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group,often have lower self-respect,and regard reading as a headache,”said L

21、isa Myron,manager of the childrens department.Last November the two groups started“Dog Day Afternoon”in the childrens department of the main library.About 25 children attended each of the four Saturday-afternoon classes,reading for half an hour.Those who attended three of the four classes received a

22、“pawgraphed”book at the last class.The program was so successful that the library plans to repeat it in April,according to Dana Thumpowsky,public relations manager.Example and success of the program59.What is mainly discussed in the text?A.Childrens reading difficulties.B.Advantages of raising dogs.

23、C.Service in a public library.D.A special reading program.第15页/共58页 eg.4 If you were planning to buy a television set,the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention:“Color TV.Only 79.Two days sale.Hu-rry.”However,when you go to the store ready to buy.You may discover that they are s

24、old out.But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model.A much better set which is“just right for you”It costs 395.This sales method is called“bait and switch”.Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement,and then they are switched to another more expensive one.Buying things on

25、 sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale.The paragraph could be entitled _.A.Buying A TV Set B.A Selling Method C.Buyer Beware D.TV On Sale(detail)(detail)(detail)HoweverButNot onlybut alsoAlthough/thoughAs well as第16页/共58页 Eg.5 Mrs Turners telephone number was 3463

26、;the number of the cinema in her town was 3464,people often made a mistake and telephoned her when they actually wanted the cinema.One evening the telephone bell rang and Mrs Turner answered it.A tired mans voice came over the telephone:”At what time does your last film begin?”Im sorry”,said Mrs Tur

27、ner,“but you have the wrong number.This is not the cinema.”“Oh,It began twenty minutes ago,”said the man.”Im sorry about that.Well,goodbye.”Mrs Turner was very surprised,so she told her husband.He laughed and said,”No,that wasnt a mistake.The mans wife wanted to go to the cinema,but he was feeling t

28、ired,so he telephoned the cinema.His wife heard him,but she didnt hear you.Now they will stay at home this evening,and the husband will be happy!”第17页/共58页Why was Mrs Turner surprised?Because the tired man _.A.wanted the cinema but called a wrong number.B.Asked her a silly question which she refused

29、 to answer C.Said something that had nothing to do with her answer.D.Was angry with himself for having made a mistake.c第18页/共58页 Eg.6 Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent.On the other hand,nobody may look more innocent than a professi-onal criminal.And the man who knows“everything”may re

30、ally only be trying to hide his own weakness.So,it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance（so,therefore,thus,in conclusion,in short,all in all,overall,clearly,plainly,In fact）技巧二：找关联词第19页/共58页技巧三:从段落中归纳要点抓大意，理清线索.有些文章或段落无明显的主题句,只是暗示性地体现主题.这就要求考生在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的事实或提供的线索来概括总结主旨大意第20页/

31、共58页 eg.7 Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation.He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors.Harvard Law School and,later,Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background.He is presently a corporation lawyer

32、 in Miami,Florida.The main idea of this paragraph is that _.A.Tom,who had studied at Paris Universities for four years,moved to another university.B.Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College.C.Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin

33、 university.D.Tom received an excellent education.detaildetaildetail第21页/共58页技巧四:从段落中寻找高频率词 任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词第22页/共58页 Eg.9A new eight-kilometer road is under construction that links the port area with motorway system.It is expected to carry 20,000 trucks and

34、 cars a day,which greatly reduces the overcrowded traffic in the center of the city.As part of the project,two four-kilometer road tunnels are being built below the central area of the city,one for traffic to the north and the other for the traffic to the south.The two tunnels are about 20 meters be

35、low the surface and are 12 meters wide,providing for two lanes of traffic in each direction.In the upper part of the tunnel two air-conditioning pipes remove the waste gas of trucks and cars and keep the quality of air inside the tunnel.The lighting is at the top of the tunnel,practically at its hig

36、hest point.There will also be electric signs at frequent intervals.They show traffic conditions ahead and can be seen clearly by drivers.The wall is made up of four main elements,which include a waterproofing covering and,on the inside of the tunnel,a concrete lining.第23页/共58页Each tunnel is roughly

37、round and the lower part of the tunnel is somewhat flat.The surface of the road lies on the base,which is made of concrete and steel.The drainage system,just below the road surface on one side,removes any extra liquid,particularly water.In the event of fire,the fire main,which is made of steel,pipes

38、 water to many fire hydrant stations at regular intervals along the length of the tunnel.The fire main is at the side of the tunnel and at the level of the road surface.Other systems in the tunnel will include emergency phones.75.The passage is mainly about _.A.the construction of a road B.the desig

39、n of a road C.the construction of two tunnels D.the design of two tunnels 第24页/共58页六主旨要义题技巧第25页/共58页遵循 四字原则:准全新用精炼的语言概括出文章的中心思想要注意文章的内涵和外延,把作者的观点准确地表达出来.要排除掉那些片面的选项,选取包含文章的主要内容及作者观点的选项,范围不宜过大或过小.所选择的标题要新颖,对读者有吸引力,能激发读者的阅读兴趣.精第26页/共58页Part twoHow to grasp the main idea of a passage-In Task-Writing 第2

40、7页/共58页The skills are used in writinga summaryHow to write a summary of a passagewith topic sentencewithout clear topic sentence第28页/共58页 In most countries in the world,advertising is common.You can see posters on doors,signs on buses,pictures in magazines,and commercials on TV.Though these signs of

41、 advertising are often disliked,I feel that,overall,advertising has very positive results.第29页/共58页 The harmful effects of advertising are obvious.When you are listening to beautiful music on the radio,a commercial is disturbing when it interrupts your program and changes your mood.Television commer

42、cials are the worst of all.Your program is stopped,and you are forced to watch an advertisement unless you actively change the channel or leave the room.I think that there should be laws to limit the advertisers right to interrupt TV and radio programs.第30页/共58页 In general,however,the positive resul

43、ts of advertisements are beneficial to society and individuals.When you do shopping,you can use advertisements in newspapers to compare prices,features,and quality of the product that you want to buy.By being more informed,you can buy something that will benefit you in the long run.With advertisemen

44、ts,people save a lot of time in shopping,looking for jobs and so on.第31页/共58页 All in all,for a wise and educated shopper,the helpful effects of advertising outweighthe harmful effects.第32页/共58页Preparation for writing a summaryFind key wordsFind key sentencesFind the main idea第33页/共58页任务一：概括短文要点任务一：概

45、括短文要点常见错误常见错误应对策略应对策略1.无无法法抓抓住住短文要点短文要点2.无法摆无法摆脱原文句子脱原文句子a.a.仔细阅读全文；仔细阅读全文；b.b.找出关键词（句）找出关键词（句）;c.c.理清关键词（句）间的关系理清关键词（句）间的关系d.d.借助关键词，用自己的语言借助关键词，用自己的语言恰当地概括要点。恰当地概括要点。第34页/共58页Practice Practice 1)Read the passage carefully and find some key words/sentences in it.Topic:_Effect:_Conclusion:_the effec

46、ts of advertisinggood and bad(harmful and helpful)more helpful effects第35页/共58页2)Express the main idea of the passage in our own words using about 30 words.第36页/共58页 The passage mainly tells usthe effects of advertising which are harmful and helpful.But the writer thinks there are more helpful effec

47、ts if people dont blindly accept everything in the ads 第37页/共58页One morning,Mr.Hare was running on the road.Suddenly he saw Mr.Tortoise,who was also running on the road towards him.Mr.Hare ran up to Mr.Tortoise and laughed at him.Mr.Tortoise got angry and wouldnt take failure lying down,so he sugges

48、ted having a race to see who could first get to the big tall tree by the roadsides.Mr.Hare agreed with him without hesitation.The race began.Mr.Hare and Mr.tortoise started from the same line at the same time.When Mr.Hare was far ahead of Mr.Tortoise and even couldnt see Mr.Tortoise,he thought that

49、Mr.Tortoise fell behind and couldnt catch up with him.So he stopped and lay down to have a nap.But soon he fell asleep.At the same time,Mr.Tortoise kept on running and running.When Mr.Hare woke up,he found Mr.Tortoise had already sat under the tree and was smiling at him!第38页/共58页2)Express the main

50、idea of the passage in our own words using about 30 words.第39页/共58页写作指导 (1)认真阅读，概括要点：可按记叙文的六大要素来概括要点，如下:Who(人物)When(时间)Where(地点)How(情节)Why(原因)What(事情)第40页/共58页What(事情)Mr.Hare lost a race with Mr.TortoiseWho(人物)Mr.Hare and Mr.TortoiseWhen(时间)one morningWhere(地点)on the roadHow(情节)be proudlie down and