英国文学史-名词解释.docx

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1、英国文学史-名词解释novel现实主义小说Novel：很obinsonCrusoe鲁宾逊漂流记JonathanWild乔纳森威尔德森威尔德Moll Flanders摩尔弗兰德斯2）、Henry Fielding 亨利菲尔丁 father of modern fiction（现代小说之父）Joseph Andrews约 瑟夫安德鲁斯受到了理查森的帕美勒的启 发3）、Jonathan Swift乔纳森斯威夫特Gulliver sTravels格列佛游记novel反讽作品特点：no visible sign of anger, nor raising the voice; the tone is c

2、old, restrained, ironic, varied only by some flashes of fooling when Swift s sense of the ridiculour gets the better of him.努不动颜,骂不扬声,语调冷酷,锋芒暗藏,刺辛辣，仅在讽喻之情难以抑制时才偶露揶揄之 态。A Modest Proposal一个温和的建议4）、 Samuel Richardson塞缪尔理查森Pamela帕美勒 The method of psychological analysis 心理分析的方法 In the form of letters 书信体

3、小说5）、Richard B. Sheridan理查德B 谢尔丹School for Scandal造谣学校，喜剧 comedy 6）、Oliver Goldsmiths 奥利佛哥尔 德斯密斯 散文作家essayist The Vicar ofWakefield威克菲尔德的牧师，小说novelSheStoops to Conquer委曲求全，欢乐喜剧 rollicking comedyThe Deserted Village荒村, 诗歌 poems 4、Sentimentalism 感伤主义 no belief 没有信仰 The representatives of sentimentalis

4、m continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress thatbroughtwith it enslavementand ruin to the people.感伤主义的代表人物在继续反对封建主义的同时又模糊的感觉到资本主义进程中出 现的种种矛盾，感觉到资本主义制度对人性的奴 役和破坏。代表人物：Thomas Gray托马斯.格雷 Elegy, Written in a CountryChurchyar

5、d墓园挽歌七、the Romantic Period (17981832)浪漫主义散文prose 1、前浪漫主义代表人物：WilliamBlake威廉,布莱克诗人poet Robert Burns罗 伯特彭斯苏格兰诗人poet Pre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution2、教育意义 Educational： liberty, equality and fraternity自由，平等，博爱3、开始的标志： beginning with the publi

6、cation of William WordsworthsLyrical Ballads4、lake poets（湖畔诗人）：Coleridge Southey Wordsworth 5、代表人物：1）、William Wordsworth 威廉华兹华斯 poet-laureate （ft 冠诗人）The Prelude序曲自传性诗歌 Autobiographical poetry With S.T.coleridge, they jointly published the Lyrical Ballads”,与 s.tcoleridge 一起，联合发表了 “抒情民谣” 作品特点：simplic

7、ityandpurityofthelanguage, fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry简单而纯洁的语言,反传统形式的18世纪诗歌 2）、Lord Byron 拜 伦 Childe Harold Pilgrimage查尔德?哈罗德游记cantos诗章 成名作Don Juan唐璜poem 诗satiric masterpiece 讽刺的杰作Hours of Idleness 闲散时刻 poem 诗 the first volume of poem 首 卷诗 3）、Percy Bysshe Shell

8、ey 雪莱Prometheus Unbound解放的普罗米修斯 drama戏剧Ode to the WestWind西风颂 poem 诗 4） John Keats 济慈 poet 诗人The Eve of St Agnes圣阿格良斯之夜poemOn a Greeian Urn希腊古瓮颂poemTo a Nightingale 致夜莺 poem a Beauty is truth, truth beauty” 美学原则 5）、Walter Scott 沃特. 斯科特 He is the creator and a great master of the historical novel,他是创

9、造者和历史小说大 师 6）、Jane Austen 简奥斯丁 女Pride and Prejudiced 傲慢与偏见Sense and Sensibility 理智与情感Emma爱玛 写作特点：thelove-making of her young people, though serious and sympathetic, is subdued by humor to the ordinary plane of emotion on which most of us live. She was the founder of the novel which deals with unimpo

10、rtant middleclass people.她 是中产阶级小说的发起人。7）、Charles Lamb 查尔斯.兰伯essayist散文家6、十九世纪散文的 特点：In the first of these two periods Addison and Steele socialized the essay, so to speak; they brought it into everyday life and made itfamiliar and delightful to the multitude.在这两 个时期的开始，艾迪生和斯蒂尔的社会散文把散 文带入日常生活，并使其熟悉和

11、并令人愉快。Early in the nineteenth century it became more definitely a means of intimate self-expression,在 十九世纪前期，散文变得对自我的表达越来越肯 定 八、Critical Realism 批判现实主义,Victorian Period维多利亚时期humanism人文主义 1、意义：Chartism signified the first great political movement of the proletariat in English history.在英国的历史中，宪章运动是伟大的

12、无产 阶级政治运动。2、代表人物：1）、Charles Dickens狄更斯Hard Times艰难时刻Pickwick Papers匹克威克外传Oliver Twist雾都孤儿A Tale of Two Cities双城记（描述了法大革命 French Revolution）特点: describing the misery and sufferings of common people,描述苦难和苦难的群众。2）、Charlotte Bronte夏洛特.勃郎特女Shirley雪利Jane Eyre简,爱Emily Bronte艾米丽勃郎特Wuthering Heights呼啸ft庄（主人公

13、:Mr. Heathcliff） 特点：brought to the novel an introspection and an intense concentration on the inner life of emotion which before them had been the province ofpoetry alone. 3）、Mrs.Gaskell Mary Barton, North and South玛丽.巴顿，北方和南方4）、William MakepeaceThackerayVanity Fair名利场一this title was borrowed by Tha

14、ckeray from The Pilgrim s Progress by Bunyan. Thackeray draws a broad panorama of social life in his novel, ruthlessly criticizing money worship, cruelty and unscrupulousness.在他的小说中描绘了广阔的 社会生活，无情抨击了残酷和不择手段的拜金主 义 人物：Rebecca Sharp a perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair as her only aspiratio

15、n in life is to gain wealth and position by and means,唯一的愿望人生就是在 名利场中，完美的获取财富和地位的手段。特 点： novels mainly contain a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society。小说是一个含有讽 刺意味的上流社会写照。5）、George Eliot乔onon治.艾略特女Adam BedenovelThe mill the flossMiddlemarchHer preoccupation was always with the serious c

16、onsideration of the moral position of the individual in the universe, but her psychological insight into the development of character,她最认真考虑的是个人的道德立场，但是她的心洞察了个性的发展。特点：the significance of G. Eliots work lies in the portrayal of the pettiness and stagnancy of English provincial life艾略特写作的意义在于琐碎的描绘和英国生

17、活的停滞。3、桂冠诗人（poet-laureate） ： 1） Alfred Tennyson 2）、Robert Browning My last duchess 已故的公 爵夫人 Jealousy（嫉妒）Stingy（小气）贡献：Dramatic monologues 戏剧独白 dramatic lyrics 戏剧抒 情诗dramatic romances戏剧传奇九、The transition from 19th to 20th century文学的过文学的过in English literature 19 至!J 20 世纪英 渡期1、Aestheticism 唯美主义art for

18、art s sake” 为艺术而艺术2、代表人物。1）、Thomas Hardy 悲观主义者 Pessimists Tess of the DUrbervilles 苔丝Jude the obscure裘德 novel 特点： His career is thus divided sharply between his Victorian novels and his post-Victorian poetry.他的生涯就是他的小说 和他的后维多利亚诗歌之间的尖锐分歧。2）、 Oscar Wilde art for art，s sake为艺术而艺 术 3）、George Bernard Sha

19、w 剧作家 （playwright） Mrs.Warrens profession 华 莱夫人的职业4）、D. H. LawrenceLady Chatterley, s Lover查泰莱夫人的情人The Rainbow彩虹Sons and lovers儿子与情人 3、“stream of consciousness 意识流代表人物： 1）、Virginia WoolfMrs. DallowayA Room of One s OwnWoolf was much concerned with the position of women.非常重视妇女的地 位 2）、James JoyceUlyss

20、es名词解释1. Romance: a long composition, in verse or in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, especially for the knight. The most popular theme employed was the legend of King Arthur and the round table knight.2. Renaissance: a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revi

21、val which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.3. Sonnet: 14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.4. Enlightenment: a r

22、evival of interest in the old classical works, logic, order, restrained emotion and accuracy.5. Neoclassicism: the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.6. Romanticism: imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the fo

23、cal points ofromanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.7. By

24、ronic Heroes: a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character( enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron.8. Realism: seeks to portray familiar characters, situations, and settings in a realistic manner. This is done primarily by using an o

25、bjective narrative point of view and through the buildup of accurate detail.9. Aestheticism: an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.10. Stream-of-Consciousness: it is a literary technique that presen

26、ts the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without anyclarification by the author. It is a narrative mode.11. Epic: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期

27、的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒)Christian(基督徒)2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf贝奥武甫 （national epic民族史诗）采用了隐喻手法3、 AHiteration押头韵（写作手法）例子： of man was the mildest and mostbeloved,To his kin the kindest, keenestfor praise. 二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) Canto诗章1、romance传奇文学2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight （高文爵士和绿

28、衣骑士）是一首押头韵的长诗三、 Geoffrey Chaucer （1340-1400）杰弗里,乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unitconsisting of two rhymed （押韵）lines in iambic pentameter（五步抑扬格）3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷的故 事（英国文学史的开端）大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representa

29、tives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人，代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故 事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性 格。小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anx

30、ious to see man freed from superstitions（迷信）and a blind belief in fate（盲目地相信命运）.他希望人们能从迷信 和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth linerhymed （笔记）Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission（书上）.歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲，一直保存着口头

31、传播的方式。代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy托马 斯.帕希主教 代表作：Robin Hood andAllinaDale罗宾汉和阿林代尔四、The Renaissance （16世纪）文艺复兴时期（Greek and Roman） Xfel drama 诗章 cantoThe term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical （Greek and Roman） arts andsciences.文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴。The epoch ofRenaissance witnessed a

32、 particular development of English drama文艺复兴时期的英国戏剧也得到了迅速的发展。1、key work: humanism 人文主义： admire human beauty and human achievement2、代表人物：1）、Thomas More托马斯莫尔 Utopia 乌托邦 2）、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根第一个散文家（essayist） 3）、ThomasWyatt托马斯怀亚特引入十四行诗的第一人 sonnet（十四行诗）： form of poetry intricately rhymed（间隔 押韵）in 14 l

33、ines iambicpentameter4）、Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙斯宾塞 poet s poet（诗人中的诗人）The Fairy Queen仙后 （epic poem 史诗）5）、Christopher Marlowe 克 里斯托弗马洛blank verse（无韵体：不押韵的五 步抑扬格）是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形 式。6）、William Shakespeare 威廉姆,莎士比亚 戏剧drama四大悲剧：Hamle-哈姆雷特）,Othello（奥赛罗）， King Lear（李尔王），The Tragedy of Macbeth（麦 克白）五、the period o

34、f Revolution and Restoration （17 世纪）资产阶级革命与王权复辟prose散文1、文学特点：the Puritans（清教徒）believed in simplicity oflife disapproved of thesonnets and the love poetry breaking up of oldideals,清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十ideals,清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离。2、代表人物:1） John Donne 约翰多恩 ametaphysicalpoets（玄学派诗人）的代表人物sonnet十四行诗Death

35、be not proud（笔记） 2）、John Milton 约翰弥尔顿 a great poet 诗人（poem 诗歌 blank verse ）Wefenseforthe English Peopled 为英国人辩护 撒旦不是坏人ParadiseRegained复乐园卜 John Bunyan 约翰拜扬 a great prose writerParadise Lost失乐Paradise Lost失乐aSatan is not a villain”“give us the only great allegory（寓言）” Pilgrims Progress天路历程 prose 散文 六

36、、The Age of Enlightenment （18 世纪）启蒙运 动 prose散文 1、Emphasized formality or correctness of style, to write prose likeAddison, orverse like Pope.强调正确的格式和写作规范，像艾迪生一样创作 散文，和蒲柏一样创作诗歌。The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism.启蒙运动实际上是当时先进的

37、资产阶级同落后的封建主义斗争的一种形式。The enlighteners repudiate the false religious doctrines about the viciousness ofhuman nature, and prove that man is born kind and honest, and if he becomes depraved, it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment.启蒙主义者颠覆了宗教所宣扬的人类本恶的观 点；论证了人生诚实而友善，而腐化堕落则是后 天腐败的社会

38、环境所致。Contrary to all reasoning, social injustice still held strong, found the power of reason to be insufficient, and therefore appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice.无论怎样讲究理性，社会不平等现象仍然普遍存 在，理性的力量明显不足。因此呼吁把情感的诉 求作为一种谋求幸福和社会公平的手段。2、18th century文学的三个方面： Classicism（古典主义）、revival of romantic poetry（新兴的浪漫主义诗歌）、beginnings of the modern novel（刚启萌的现代派小说）3、代表人 物：1）、Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛福 realistic