《工程地质》第三章-地下水岩溶水库渗漏分析.ppt
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1、工工 程程 地地 质质 学学 地下水地下水地下水地下水 岩溶岩溶岩溶岩溶 地下水对工程的影响地下水对工程的影响地下水对工程的影响地下水对工程的影响 水库渗漏地质条件分析水库渗漏地质条件分析水库渗漏地质条件分析水库渗漏地质条件分析 Groundwater and geologyGroundwater and geologyGroundwater is also important quite apart from its value as a resource or its close Groundwater is also important quite apart from its valu
2、e as a resource or its close connection with surface water supplies.Engineers must consider groundwater connection with surface water supplies.Engineers must consider groundwater when planning almost any kind of structure,either above or below the ground.when planning almost any kind of structure,ei
3、ther above or below the ground.Ignoring the effect of groundwater on slope stability can be both costly and Ignoring the effect of groundwater on slope stability can be both costly and dangerous.Geologists see groundwater as a major force in geological change.The dangerous.Geologists see groundwater
4、 as a major force in geological change.The fluid pressures exerted by groundwater,for example,play an important role in the fluid pressures exerted by groundwater,for example,play an important role in the occurrence of earthquakes.Geologists also know that the movement of water occurrence of earthqu
5、akes.Geologists also know that the movement of water through underground geologic formations controls the migration and the through underground geologic formations controls the migration and the accumulation of petroleum and the formation of some ore deposits.accumulation of petroleum and the format
6、ion of some ore deposits.Groundwater and engineeringGroundwater and engineeringGroundwater can also have dramatic implications for engineering and Groundwater can also have dramatic implications for engineering and geotechnical studies.The study of groundwater is essential for engineers who geotechn
7、ical studies.The study of groundwater is essential for engineers who construct dams,tunnels,water conveyance channels,mines,and other structures.construct dams,tunnels,water conveyance channels,mines,and other structures.Groundwater must be considered whenever the stability of slopes is important,Gr
8、oundwater must be considered whenever the stability of slopes is important,whether the slope is natural or constructed.Groundwater must also be taken into whether the slope is natural or constructed.Groundwater must also be taken into account when devising measures to control flooding.In all of thes
9、e situations,account when devising measures to control flooding.In all of these situations,groundwater flow and fluid pressure can create serious geotechnical problems.groundwater flow and fluid pressure can create serious geotechnical problems.Groundwater,for example,may create structural weaknesse
10、s in dams,or it may Groundwater,for example,may create structural weaknesses in dams,or it may flow underground right around the structure as it did at the Jerome Dam in Idaho.flow underground right around the structure as it did at the Jerome Dam in Idaho.Water flowed so efficiently through the roc
11、k formations surrounding the reservoir Water flowed so efficiently through the rock formations surrounding the reservoir that the dam would hold no water,even though it was structurally sound.that the dam would hold no water,even though it was structurally sound.In another case,when geological explo
12、ration was being carried out in preparation In another case,when geological exploration was being carried out in preparation for the construction of the Revelstoke Dam in British Columbia,geologists and for the construction of the Revelstoke Dam in British Columbia,geologists and engineers were conc
13、erned about an old landslide on the bank of the proposed engineers were concerned about an old landslide on the bank of the proposed reservoir.They suspected that the water held in the reservoir could increase reservoir.They suspected that the water held in the reservoir could increase groundwater p
14、ressures enough to make the slide unstable.The solution was to groundwater pressures enough to make the slide unstable.The solution was to increase drainage around the slide to ensure that groundwater pressures did not increase drainage around the slide to ensure that groundwater pressures did not i
15、ncrease.In 1963,these same conditions at the Vaiont reservoir in Italy caused a increase.In 1963,these same conditions at the Vaiont reservoir in Italy caused a slide which killed 2500 people.slide which killed 2500 people.Other problems result from the excessive use of groundwater.Overdrafting occu
16、rs Other problems result from the excessive use of groundwater.Overdrafting occurs when people draw water out of an aquifer faster than nature can replenish it.The when people draw water out of an aquifer faster than nature can replenish it.The most obvious problem created is a shortage of water.Ove
17、rdrafting,however,can most obvious problem created is a shortage of water.Overdrafting,however,can also create significant geotechnical problems.Although not an issue in Canada,at also create significant geotechnical problems.Although not an issue in Canada,at many locations around the world overdra
18、fting has caused land subsidence.This many locations around the world overdrafting has caused land subsidence.This can produce severe engineering difficulties.Parts of Mexico City,for instance,can produce severe engineering difficulties.Parts of Mexico City,for instance,have subsided as much as 10 m
19、etres in the past 70 years,resulting in a host of have subsided as much as 10 metres in the past 70 years,resulting in a host of problems in its water supply and sewerage system.Land subsidence may also problems in its water supply and sewerage system.Land subsidence may also occur when the water ta
20、ble is lowered by drainage.In the early 1970s,for occur when the water table is lowered by drainage.In the early 1970s,for example,an entire residential subdivision in Ottawa subsided when a collector example,an entire residential subdivision in Ottawa subsided when a collector sewer was constructed
21、 nearby.The subsidence seriously damaged the residents sewer was constructed nearby.The subsidence seriously damaged the residents property.property.地下水地下水地下水地下水指:赋存于地表以下各类空隙空间中的各种状态的水。指:赋存于地表以下各类空隙空间中的各种状态的水。指:赋存于地表以下各类空隙空间中的各种状态的水。指:赋存于地表以下各类空隙空间中的各种状态的水。1.1.地下地下地下地下赋存赋存赋存赋存空间空间空间空间孔隙孔隙孔隙孔隙岩(土)体骨架
22、颗粒间未被充填物完全占据的空间。岩(土)体骨架颗粒间未被充填物完全占据的空间。岩(土)体骨架颗粒间未被充填物完全占据的空间。岩(土)体骨架颗粒间未被充填物完全占据的空间。描述指标:孔隙率孔隙体积岩描述指标:孔隙率孔隙体积岩描述指标:孔隙率孔隙体积岩描述指标:孔隙率孔隙体积岩(土土土土)总体积总体积总体积总体积孔隙水孔隙水孔隙水孔隙水 赋存其中的地下水即为孔隙水赋存其中的地下水即为孔隙水赋存其中的地下水即为孔隙水赋存其中的地下水即为孔隙水裂隙裂隙裂隙裂隙岩体中由于各种成因而形成的裂隙空间岩体中由于各种成因而形成的裂隙空间岩体中由于各种成因而形成的裂隙空间岩体中由于各种成因而形成的裂隙空间描述指标
23、:裂隙率裂隙体积岩描述指标:裂隙率裂隙体积岩描述指标:裂隙率裂隙体积岩描述指标:裂隙率裂隙体积岩(土土土土)总体积总体积总体积总体积裂隙水裂隙水裂隙水裂隙水 赋存其中的地下水即为裂隙水赋存其中的地下水即为裂隙水赋存其中的地下水即为裂隙水赋存其中的地下水即为裂隙水溶隙溶隙溶隙溶隙岩体中由于可溶岩类的溶解而形成的溶蚀空间岩体中由于可溶岩类的溶解而形成的溶蚀空间岩体中由于可溶岩类的溶解而形成的溶蚀空间岩体中由于可溶岩类的溶解而形成的溶蚀空间描述指标:溶隙率溶隙体积岩描述指标:溶隙率溶隙体积岩描述指标:溶隙率溶隙体积岩描述指标:溶隙率溶隙体积岩(土土土土)总体积总体积总体积总体积岩溶水岩溶水岩溶水岩溶
24、水 赋存其中的地下水即为岩溶水赋存其中的地下水即为岩溶水赋存其中的地下水即为岩溶水赋存其中的地下水即为岩溶水潜潜潜潜 水水水水承承承承 压压压压 水水水水按存储空间分为按存储空间分为按存储空间分为按存储空间分为孔隙水孔隙水孔隙水孔隙水裂隙水裂隙水裂隙水裂隙水溶隙水溶隙水溶隙水溶隙水2.2.地下水按存储位置分为地下水按存储位置分为地下水按存储位置分为地下水按存储位置分为包气带水包气带水包气带水包气带水裂 隙 水 岩 溶 水按埋藏条件按空隙类型孔 隙 水两者组合沼泽水、土壤、沙漠及滨海砂堆砂丘水,隔水透镜体上的水 基岩风化壳中季节性存在的水 裸露岩溶岩层中季节性存在的水 冲积、坡积、洪积、湖积物、
25、冰积物中水 基岩上部裂隙中的层状水、未被水充满的层间裂隙水 裸露岩层上部层状水,未被水充满的层间岩溶水,未被充满溶洞的地下暗河水 松散岩层构成的向斜、单斜中水,山前平原的深部水 向斜或单斜构造层状裂隙岩层中的水,构造破碎带、接触带中的水 构造盆地,向斜或单斜构造中的水,构造破碎带、接触带中的水 包气带水潜水承压水地下水分类表3.3.岩(土)体渗透性岩(土)体渗透性岩(土)体渗透性岩(土)体渗透性按相对透按相对透按相对透按相对透水性岩土水性岩土水性岩土水性岩土层层层层 分分分分 为为为为 透水层:空隙多而大的岩(土)层,地下水能在其中透水层:空隙多而大的岩(土)层,地下水能在其中透水层:空隙多而
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