应用化学专业英语Lesson学习教案.pptx

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1、会计学1应用化学专业英语应用化学专业英语Lesson第一页，共31页。Atoms,and Periodic TableReview the Lesson One第1页/共31页第二页，共31页。第2页/共31页第三页，共31页。1、彩烟是什么材料做的？白色烟剂：柴油、润滑油、煤油甚至豆油等油液，都可以制成白色烟剂。彩色烟雾=白烟+各色染料固体彩烟：颜色相对较淡，留空时间也短。液体拉烟剂，理论拉烟时间7分钟。2、彩烟是怎么喷出来的？飞机机腹下加挂了一个液体拉烟吊舱，注入了高沸点的液体拉烟剂，通过氮气加压的方式将烟剂从拉烟喷嘴里“吹”出来，送入发动机喷出的高温燃气中，形成的蒸气遇冷后凝结成雾，就成

2、为浓浓的彩烟。飞机发动机喷出的燃气与拉烟剂完美配合，最终(zu zhn)形成喷烟。3、彩烟会不会造成污染？过去，有些拉烟剂拉出来的颜色非常漂亮，红的、黄的、绿的，但是由于里面有含毒的成分，可能污染环境，对人体有害，后来这样的拉烟剂都被淘汰了。第3页/共31页第四页，共31页。Atoms,and Periodic TableReview the Lesson One第4页/共31页第五页，共31页。The Atomic Theory of Matter1.Daltons Atomic Theory(1808)Elements are composed of extremely small par

3、ticles called atoms.All atoms of a given element are identical.The atoms of one element are different from the atoms of all other elements.Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one element.Chemical reactions involve only the rearrangement of atoms;atoms are not created or destroyed in chemica

4、l reactions.element elimnts 元素元素(yun s)compound kmpaund,kmpaund 化合物化合物rearrangement rirendmnt 重排重排第5页/共31页第六页，共31页。The Discovery of Atomic Structure Atom consists of positive,negative,and neutral entities(protons,electrons,and neutrons).Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus of the atom,whi

5、ch is small.Most of the mass of the atom is due to the nucleus.Electrons are located outside of the nucleus.Most of the volume of the atom is due to electrons.atom tm n.原子原子(yunz)proton prutnn.质子质子nucleus nju:klis 原子原子(yunz)核核 第6页/共31页第七页，共31页。The Modern View of Atomic StructureIsotopes,Atomic Numbe

6、rs and Mass Numbers Atomic number(Z)=number of protons in the nucleus.Mass number(A)=total number of nucleons in the nucleus(number of protons+number of neutrons).Isotopes are atoms of the same element(Z)with different numbers of neutrons(A)in the nucleus.H11protonH21deuteriumH31tritium djutrm prtn

7、trtmisotope astp 同位素第7页/共31页第八页，共31页。原子序数(yunz xsh)元素符号中文名称英文名12345678910HHeLiBeBCNOFNe氢氦锂铍硼碳氮氧氟氖Hydrogen haidrdn Helium hi:lim Lithium liim Beryllium brlm Boron b:rn Carbon k:bn Nitrogen naitrdnOxygen ksidnFluorine fluri:n Neon ni:n 第8页/共31页第九页，共31页。Ti11121314151617181920212223VNaMgAlSiPSClArKCaSc钠

8、镁铝硅磷硫氯氩钾钙钪钛钒Sodium sudim Magnesium mni:zimAluminum lju:minmSilicon silikn,-knPhosphorus fsfrs Sulfur slf Chlorine kl:ri:nArgon :nPotassium ptsjmCalcium klsimScandium skndm Titanium taiteinimVanadium vnedm 第9页/共31页第十页，共31页。24252627282930313233343536CrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeBrKr铬锰铁钴镍铜锌镓锗砷硒溴氪Chromium krum

9、jm Manganese mni:zIron ain Cobalt kub:lt Nickel niklCopper kp Zinc zik Gallium glmGermanium dmenm Arsenic s()nk Selenium sili:nim Bromine brumin Krypton kriptn 第10页/共31页第十一页，共31页。Element Groups(Families)Alkali metal Alkaline EarthTransition MetalsRare EarthOther MetalsMetalloids非金属Non-MetalsHalogens

10、卤素Noble Gasesperiod group（周期，分组）main group element（主族元素）transition element （过渡(gud)族元素）alkali metal lklai （碱金属）alkaline earth metal （碱土金属）hldnPeriodic table(元素(yun s)周期表)第11页/共31页第十二页，共31页。The Modern Periodic TableAlkaliMetalsAlkalineEarthsNoble or Inert GasesHalogensChalcogensLanthanides(rare earth

11、)ActinidesTransition MetalsMetalloids“semiconductors”Non-Metals第12页/共31页第十三页，共31页。Try poison by silver needle 古人所指的毒，主要(zhyo)是指剧毒的砒霜，即三氧化二砷，古代的生产技术落后，致使砒霜里都伴有少量的硫和硫化物。其所含的硫与银接触，就可起化学反应，使银针的表面生成一层黑色的“硫化银”。鸡蛋黄里边含有大量的硫也会使银针变黑。2Ag +S Ag2Ssilver slvsulphur slfsilver sulfide第13页/共31页第十四页，共31页。Molecules an

12、d Ions and GasesThe Lesson TwoThe Lesson Two第14页/共31页第十五页，共31页。Molecules and Ions Molecule is an aggregate of two(diatomic)or more atoms in a definite arrangement held together by chemical bonds.Molecular formula gives the actual numbers and types of atoms in a molecule.第15页/共31页第十六页，共31页。Ions and I

13、onic Compounds Cation:when an atom or molecule loses electrons,it becomes positively charged ion cation ktan 阳离子阳离子 anion nn 阴离子阴离子 Anion:When an atom or molecule gains electrons,it becomes negatively charged ions.Ionic compounds consist of cations and anions.The ionic compound NaCl:cubic close pack

14、ed,ccp第16页/共31页第十七页，共31页。Chemical Nomenclature1.Ionic Compounds:cation first then aniona.Cation:name of element+(charge).1)Group 1 and 2-always+1 and+2;Name=name of the element Na+=sodium ion K+=potassium ion 2)Group 13,14 and 15 different possible charges;Indicate the charge with Roman Numerals and

15、 enclosed in parentheses.Al3+=Aluminum In+=Indium(I)Sn2+=Tin(II)Sn4+=Tin(IV)3)Transition Metals-charge variability,must give charges.Fe3+=Iron(III)Fe2+=Iron(II)Fe=Iron(0)b.Anions:Drop elemental ending(e.g.ine for group 17)and add ide.Cl-=Chloride Br-=Bromide O2-=oxide S2-=sulfidec.Complex ions-ions

16、composed of more than one element:Act as a unit and are named as a unit.n()meklt第17页/共31页第十八页，共31页。Some Complex IonsNameFormulaNameFormulaCarbonateCO32-Hydrogen CarbonateHCO3-NitrateNO3-NitriteNO2-PhosphatePO43-Hydrogen PhosphateHPO42-Dihydrogen PhosphateH2PO4-AmmoniumNH4+SulfateSO42-Hydrogen Sulfat

17、eHSO4-SulfiteSO32-Hydrogen SulfiteHSO3-ThiosulfateS2O32-AcetateCH3COO-PerchlorateClO4-ChlorateClO3-ChloriteClO2-HypochloriteClO-CyanideCN-DichromateCr2O72-ChromateCrO42-HydroxideOH-第18页/共31页第十九页，共31页。2.Simple Binary Covalent Compoundsa.Name the less electronegative element first,then the more electr

18、o-negative element named as an anion(add ide).b.Use prefixes to indicate the number of atoms.monoditritetrapentahexaheptaoctanonadeca12345678910mn daitrai tetr penthksheptktnundk第19页/共31页第二十页，共31页。N2O=dinitrogen monoxide NO=nitrogen monoxideNO2=nitrogen dioxide N2O3=dinitrogen trioxideN2O2=N2O5=3.Ex

19、amplesNaCl=sodium chloride Al2S3=aluminum sulfideCoBr3=cobalt(III)bromide Mg(ClO4)2=magnesium perchloratedinitrogen dioxide dinitrogen pentoxide第20页/共31页第二十一页，共31页。4.Some acidsNameFormulaNameFormulaSulfuric acidH2SO4Sulfurous acidH2SO3Nitric acidHNO3Nitrous acidHNO2Hypochlorous acidHClOChlorous acid

20、HClO2Chloric acidHClO3Perchloric acidHClO4Phosphoric acidH3PO4Phosphorous acidH3PO3Carbonic acidH2CO3Carboxylic acidR-COOHHydrogen ChlorideHCl(g)Hydrochloric acidHCl(aq.)Hydrobromic acidHBr(aq.)Hydrosulfuric acidH2S(aq.)ic型后缀（-ic及其扩展(kuzhn)形式）表示“的”第21页/共31页第二十二页，共31页。Chemical Equations Two conservat

21、ion laws in all chemical reactions:energy can neither be created or destroyed;mass is conserved in a chemical reaction.Chemical equations are descriptions of chemical reactions.Two parts to an equation:reactants and products.第22页/共31页第二十三页，共31页。Mass Changes in Chemical Reactions Stoichiometric coeff

22、icient:number in front of the chemical formulas give numbers of molecules or atoms reacting and being produced.a.Write balanced chemical equationb.Convert quantities of known substances into molesc.Use coefficients in balanced equation to calculate the number of moles of the sought quantityd.Convert

23、 moles of sought quantity into desired units第23页/共31页第二十四页，共31页。Elements and Substances in Gaseous StateCOCarbon monoxideOdorless,poisonous pzns 有毒的有毒的CO2Carbon dioxideOdorless,nonpoisonousNH3AmmoniaPungent odor,poisonousCH4MethaneOdorless,flammable flmb()l易燃的易燃的C2H2AcetyleneMild odor,flammableHClHy

24、drogen chlorideChoking odor,harmful and poisonousSO2Sulfur dioxideSuffocating odor,poisonousNO2Nitrogen dioxideRed-brown,irritating odor,very poisonousH2SHydrogen sulfideRotten egg odor,very poisonousodls 无色(w s)的第24页/共31页第二十五页，共31页。Characteristics of Gases Gases are highly compressible kmprsbl 可可压压

25、缩缩性性的的and occupy the full volume of their containers.Gases exert pressure,P=F/A(force/area).Gases always form homogeneous,homdins 均均相相的的，均均匀匀(jnyn)的的mixtures with other gases The composition of dry atmosphere#at sea level(%by Volume)&=increasing yearly *=variable depending upon pollution#=Water cont

26、ent is variable in actual contexts,ranging from over 5%to 1%Nitrogen 78.084Hydrogen 0.0010Oxygen 20.948Helium 0.0052Argon 0.934Methane 0.0002*Carbon dioxide 0.033&Krypton 0.0001Neon 0.00182Xenon 0.000008Carbon monoxide,ozone,ammonia,nitrogen dioxide,sulfur dioxide 0.00001*第25页/共31页第二十六页，共31页。Pressur

27、e Atmospheric pressure is measured with a barometer.If a tube is inserted into a container of mercury open to atmosphere,the mercury will rise 760 mm up the tube(at sea level).Barometerbrmt气压计气压计1 pascal(Pa)=1 N/m21 atm=760 mmHg=760 torr1 atm=101,325 Pa(105)Units of Pressure:Standard atmospheric pre

28、ssure is the pressure required to support 760 mm of Hg in a column.Pressure=ForceArea第26页/共31页第二十七页，共31页。The Gas LawThe Ideal Gas Equation Boyle:V 1/P(constant n,T)Charles:V T (constant n,P)Avogadro:V n (constant P,T)CombinedIdeal Gas Equation R(ideal gas constant)=8.314 J/mol-K(SI unit)STP(Standard

29、 Temperature and Pressure):0 C(273.15 K)and 1 atm.Volume of 1 mol of gas at STP is 22.4 L第27页/共31页第二十八页，共31页。Gas Mixtures and Partial PressuresSince gas molecules are so far apart,we assume they behave independently.Daltons Law:in a gas mixture the total pressure is given by the sum of partial press

30、ures of each component.For one gas in the mixture,its pressure fraction is the same as its mole fraction.Pi/Ptotal=ni/ntotal=Xi第28页/共31页第二十九页，共31页。Homework1.Write elements of Alkali metal,Alkaline Earth and Halogens,respectively.2.Prefixes from 1 to 103.Chemical Nomenclature：(1)MgCl2(2)Na2CO3(3)Al(NO3)3(4)KHSO4(5)HF(gas,and L)第29页/共31页第三十页，共31页。第30页/共31页第三十一页，共31页。