初中英语语法全解-文档资料.docx

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1、初中英语语法归纳总结一.名词I.名词的种类:专有名词普通名词国名.地名.人名， 团体.机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词IL名词的数：1.规则名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则 列表如下：规则例词一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-daysr /以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishesj以-f或-fe 结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-lea

2、ves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfsZ以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y 为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专 有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys以辅音字 母加-0结尾的

3、名词一般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos1以元音字母加-0结尾的名词加-Sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, pat

4、h-paths,2.不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下:规则例词改变名词中的元音字母或其他形 式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin,只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contentsz一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, st

5、affIt is believed that. It is generally considered that. It is said that.It is well known that. It must be pointed out that.It issupposed that.It is reported that. It must be admitted that.It is hopedthat.下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如:The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice.The

6、door wont shut. / The play wont act. The clothes washes well. / The book sells well.The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.下面词或短语没有被动态:leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come ab

7、out, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart 等等七.情态动词I.情态动词基本用法:情态动词用法否定式疑问式与简答can能力（体力，智力，技 能）允许或许可（口语中常 用）可能性（表猜测，用于 否定句或疑问句中）can not / cannot /cant doCan.do.?Yes,.can. No,cant.couldcouldnt domay可以（问句中表示请 求）可能，或许（表推测）祝愿（用于倒装句中）may not doMay.do.?Yes,.may.No,.mustnt/can t.mightmigh

8、t not doMight.do.?Yes,. mightNo,.might not.must必须，应该（表主观要 求）肯定，想必（肯定句中 表推测）must not/mustn9t doMust.do.?Yes,.must.No9.needn,t/don, t have to.haveto只好，不得不（客观的 必须，有时态人称变化）dont have to doDo. havetodo.?Yes,.do.No,.dont.ought to应当（表示义务责任， 口语中多用shouldoughtnotto/oughtnt to doOught.to do.?Yes,. ought.II.情态动词

9、 must, may, might, could, can 表示推测:No,.oughtnt.shall将要，会用于一三人称征求对 方意见用于二三人称表示许 诺、命令、警告、威胁等shall not/shant doShall.do.?Yes9. shall.No,.shant.should应当，应该（表义务责 任）本该（含有责备意味）should not/shouldnt doShould.do.?will意愿，决心请求，建议，用在问句 中would比较委婉will not/won91 doWill.do.?Yes,will.No,wontwouldwould not/wouldn5t do

10、dare敢（常用于否定句和疑 问句中）dare not/daren5t doDare.do.?Yes,.dare.No5. daren,t.need需要必须（常用于否定句和 疑问句中）need not/needn9t doNeed.do.?Yes,.must.No,.neednt.used to过去常常（现在已不 再）used not/usednt/usent to dodidnt use to doUsed.to do.?Yes?.used. No, .use(d)n9t.Did.use to do.?Yes,.did. No,. didnt.以must为例。must + do（be）是推测

11、现在存在的一般状态进行；must + be doing 推测可能正在进行的事情；must +have done是推测可能已经发生过的事情。L must肯定,一定”语气强,只用于肯定句中。He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.2. may和migh亡也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task.3

12、. can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及cant语气强，用于肯 定、否定、疑问句中。The weather in that city could be cold now.We could have walked there; it was so near.（推测某事本来可能发生，但实际 上没有发生）Can he be in the office now? No, he cant be there, for I saw him in the library just now.（语气很强，常用于疑问句和否定句中）III .情态动词注意点：1. can和be able to:

13、都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表达“某事终于成功”, 而can无法表达此意。Be able to有更多的时态。另外，两者不能重叠使用。2. used to和would: used to表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯，而 would只表示过去的习惯或喜好，不涉及现在。3. need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别：两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为：neednt/darent do； Need/dare.do.?做实义动词时可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句。其形式为： need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don9t(

14、doesn5t/didn51) need/dare to doA.非谓语动词I.非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成：非谓语形 式构成特征和作用时态和语态否定式复合结构不定 式to do to be doing tohavedonetobedone to have been done在 非谓语 前加notfor sb. to do sth.具有名词，副词和 形容词的作用在句中做主、宾、 定、表和状语分词现 在分 词doing having donebeing donehaving been done具有副词和形容词的作 用在句中做定、表、宾补 和状语过 去分 词done动名 词doing having

15、 donebeing donehaving been donesbs doing具有名词的作用 在句中做主、宾、定和 表语II.做宾语的非谓语动词比较:情况常用动词只接不定式 做宾语的动词hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen只接动名词 做宾语的动词或 短语mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, app

16、reciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, considercant help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay

17、attention to, stick to者都 可以意义基 本相同begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue (接不定式多指 具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为)need, want, require (接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若 接不定式则应用被动形式)in.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别:意义相 反stop to do停止手中事，去做另一件事 stop doing停止正在做的事意义不 同remember/forget/regret to do （指 动作尚未发生）remember/forget/regret doing （指

18、动作已经发生）go on to do （接着做 另外一件事）go on doing （接着做 同一件事）try to do （设法，努力去做，尽 力）try doing （试试去做，看有何结 果）mean to do （打算做，企图做）mean doing （意识 是，意味着）cant help to do （不能帮忙做）cant help doing （忍不住 要做）IV.非谓语动词做定语的区别:常见动词与宾语的逻辑关系 及时间概念例句不定 式ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage主谓关系。强调动 作将发生或已经完成

19、I heard him call me several times.have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make现在 分词notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel主谓关系。强调动 作正在进行，尚未完成I found her listening to the radio.过去 分词动宾关系。动作已 经完成，多强调状态We found the village greatly changed.V.非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别:区别举例不 定式与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般 式表示将来，进行式表示

20、与谓语动作同 时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前发 生I have a lot of papers to type.I have a lot of papers to be typed.动 名词通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上 的任何关系Shall we go to the swimming pool?现 在分词与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示 动作与谓语动作同时发生the boiling water / the boiled waterthe developing country/the developed countrythe falling leaves / the fallen leaves

21、过 去分词与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示 动作发生在谓语动作之前，现已经完成区别举例彳多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做My dream is to become定式主语时可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。 做表语有时可和主语交换位置，而且意义不 变，并且还能用what来提问主语或表语。a teacher.To obey the law is important.(dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task 做主语 时常用)名词与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接近 于名词，表示的动作比较抽象，或者泛指习惯 性的动作，有时也可以用it做形式主语

22、，做表 语时可以和主语互换位置。It is no use saying that again and again.Teaching is my job. 词无名词的性质，不能做主语。但是有形容 词的性质，可以做表语，多表明主语的特征性 质或者状态等，可被very, quite, rather等副词 修饰。现在分词多含有“令人”之意，说明主, 语的性质特征，多表示主动，主语多为物。过 去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态，含有 “感到之意，主语多是人。Thesituationisencouraging.The book is well written.(常见分词有 astonishing, mov

23、ing, tiring, disappointing,puzzling,shocking, boring, amusing 及 其-ed形式)九.定语从句I.定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫 做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中 间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关代 系词who人主语Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?whom, which 和 that 在从句中做 宾语时，常可 以省略，但介 词提前

24、时后 面关系代词 不能省略，也 不可以用thatwhom人宾语Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am workingThe boy (whom) she loved died in the war.whose人，物定语I like those books whose topics are about history.The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate.that人，物主语，宾 语A plane is a machine that can fly-She is the pop star (that)

25、 I want to see very much.whi ch物主语，宾 语The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.II. that 与 which, who, whom 的用法区别:as人，物主语，宾 语He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.as做宾 语一般不省 略nwhe间时时间状语I will ne

26、ver forget the day when we met there.可用 whichon系 词副rewhe点地地点状语This is the house where I was born.可用 whichinwhy原因原因状语I cant imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.可用 whichforIII. as 与 which 的区另情况用法说明例句只用that 的情况1. . 先 行词为 all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定 代词时。_2. 先行词被 all,

27、any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few 等修饰 时3. 先行词有形容词最高级和序 数词修饰时4. 先行词既指人又指物时5. 先行词被 the only, the very 修饰时6. 句中已经有who或which时， 为了避免重复时1 .He told me everything that he knows.2 .A11 the books that you offered has been given out.3 .This is the best film that I have ever read.4 .We talked about

28、the persons and things that we remembered.5 .He is the only man that I want to see.6 .Who is the man that is making a speech?只 用 which, who, whom的情况1. 在非限制性定语从句中，只 能用which指代物，用who/whom指 人2. 在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物， whom指人。3. 先行词本身是that时，关系 词用which,先行词为those, one, he时 多用whooHe has a son, who h

29、as gone abroad for further study.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.Those who respect others are usually respected by others.定 语从句区别例句限旌 制语中名词前有such和the same修饰 时，关系代词用as,不能用whichHe is not such a fool as he looks.Dont read such books as you cant understand.非限制性as和which都口以指代刖面整 个主句。如果有“正

30、如，象”的含义，They won the game, as we had expected.定语从 句中并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后 面，那么用as；而which引导的从 句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意 思。They won the game, which we hadnt expected.As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.IV.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别:类别语法意义及特征例句限制性 定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去 掉，主句意思就不完整明确，这种从句与 主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分

31、开。The accident happened at the time when I left.非限制 性定语从句对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关 系不十分密切，较松散。从句和主句之间 用逗号分开，相当于一个插入语，不能用 that引导，关系代词做宾语时也不能省 略。His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.十.名词性从句种 类作用常用关联 词例句主 语从句在复合句中做主语，相 当于名词，一般置谓语之 前，也可用it作形式主语， 主语从句放主句之后that, whether, if, as if, as though, who,

32、whose, which, how, when, where, why, what, whatever, whoever, whereverWhether he will come or not doesnt matter much.Whoever comes here will be welcome.表语从 句在复合句中做表语，相 当于名词，位于系动词之后It looks as if it is going to snow.宾语从 句在复合句中做宾语，相当于 名词He asked me which team could win the game.同位语 从句放在名词之后(news, prob

33、lem, idea, suggestion, advice, thought, hope, fact 等)表明其具体内容You have no idea how worried we are.The fact that he lied again greatly surprised us.卜一。状语从句种 类连接词注意点时间状 语when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, till, by the time, as soon as,hardly. when,nosooner.than, the moment, the minute,主句表示

34、将来意义时，从句须 用一般现在时；while引导的从句 中动词一般是延续性的；until用在 肯定句中主句动词是延续性的，而immediately, directly, instantly否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。地点状 语where, wherever原因状 语because, as, since, now thatbecause 语气最强,since 较弱， 表示大家都明了的原因，as又次 之。条件状 语if, unless, once, in case, as long as, on condition that从句中动词时态不可用将来 时，常用一般时代替目的状 语so that, i

35、n order that, for fear thatso that 和 in order that 后常接 may, should, could, would 等情态动 词结果状 语so.that, such.that比较状 语than, as.as, not so/as.as9 the more.the more方式状 语as if, as though, asas if和as though引导的从句 一般用虚拟语气。让步状 语though, although, even if, even though, as, no matter what, whatever, no matter wh

36、o, whoever, no matter which, whichever, no matter how, however, no matter when, wheneveras在让步状语从句中常用倒 装形式；although和though用正常 语序，可和yet连用,但不可和but 连用十二。倒装句种类倒装条件例句here, there, up, down, in, out, off, away等副词开头的句子表示强调Out rushed the children.71 全倒 装表示地点的介词短语作状语位于 句首Under the tree stood two tables and fou

37、r chairs.强调表语，置于句首，或为保持 句子平衡Present at the meeting were 1,000 students.分倒 装never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, not until, not等表示否定意义的 副词放于句首Hardly did I know what had happened.only和修饰的状语放于句首Only then did he realized the importance of English.not only.but also连接并列的句 子，前倒后不倒Not only does he know

38、French, but also he is expert at it.neithernor连接并列的句子， 前后都倒装Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it.so. that, such .that 中的 so 或 such及修饰的成分放于句首时前倒后 不倒So busy is he that he can not go on a holiday.as引导的让步状语Child as he is, he has learned a lot.so, neither或nor表示前句内容也 适用于另外的人或事。He can play the pian

39、o. So can i.用于表示祝愿的祈使句中May you be in good health!省略if的虚拟条件Were I you, I would not do it in this way.十三。虚拟语气类别用法例句If引 导的条件 从句与现在 事实相反从句动词：过去式（be用were）主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形If he were here, he would help us.与过去 事实相反从句动词：had+过去分词主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+过去分 词If I had been free, I

40、would have visited you.与将来 事实相反从句动词：过去式/ should+动词 原形/were+不定式主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping.其它 状语只句as if引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完 成式Theyaretalking as if they had been friends for years.in order that / so that引导的状语从句中动词用 can / could / may / might / wou

41、ld 等+动词原形Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly.宾语 从句demand, suggest, order, insist 后接的从句中动词 为should+动词原形He suggested that we not change our mind.wish后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和 should/would+动词原形表示与现在，过去和将来情 况相反I wish I could be a pop singer.主语 从句在 It is necessary / important / strange that., It is

42、suggested / demanded / ordered / requested that. 等 从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形It is strange that such a person should be our friends.其它 句型中It is time that句型中动词用过去式或should+ 动词原形Its high time that we left.would rather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者 过去完成式I would rather you stayed at home now.If only句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成 式，表示强烈的愿望I

43、f only our dream had come true!十四。重要句型1. It was not until midnight that he finished his task.2. Not until he came back from abroad was I able to see him again.3. The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.4. He walked around the house, gun in hand.5. May you be in good health!6. Wish yo

44、u a pleasant journey back home!7. The professor was a humorous man with big nose and deep-set eyes.8. What surprised me most was his imagination and patience.9. He lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the sky and his hands under his head.10. . Sitting under the tree are Mr. Green and his first

45、 teacher.11. On the wall hang two pictures of famous scientists.12. Looking back upon those past years, he couldnt help feeling very proud.13. No sooner(Hardly) had he arrived at the theatre than(when) the play started.14. Young as he is, he has learned advanced mathematics.15. How I regret the hours wasted in the woods and fields!16. There stands a beautiful vase in the corner of the room.17. Ten miles north of the town lies a paper factory.18. There