英汉合同翻译.pptx

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1、1翻译理论与理论下教学内容翻译理论与理论下教学内容1.英汉请柬、通知翻译2.英汉证明、证书翻译3.英汉广告翻译4.英汉旅游景点翻译5.英汉企事业简介翻译6.英汉合同翻译7.英汉信誉证翻译8.英汉其他实用文翻译2第六章第六章.英汉合同翻译英汉合同翻译 在贸易往来中，合同等法律文件的会谈、起草、成文以及翻译对每一笔交易来说都是必不可缺和至关重要的。作为二十一世纪英语专业的学生，必须懂得合同等法律文件的根本概念、主要特征、法律效力和翻译的根本技巧等等。3一、合同的根本概念和构造一、合同的根本概念和构造 合同亦称契约，是具有法律约束力合同亦称契约，是具有法律约束力的承诺，表示当事人愿意承担权利和的承诺

2、，表示当事人愿意承担权利和义务。合同是具有法律约束力的文件，义务。合同是具有法律约束力的文件，一经签订，当事人各方均须严格执行。一经签订，当事人各方均须严格执行。?中华人民共和国合同法中华人民共和国合同法?第二条规第二条规定：定：“合同是平等主体的自然人、法合同是平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、变更、终止人、其他组织之间设立、变更、终止民事权利义务关系的协议。民事权利义务关系的协议。4 A contract,in the simplest definition,is a promise enforceable by law.The promise may be to do somet

3、hing or to refrain from doing something.The making of a contract requires the mutual assent of two or more persons,one of them ordinarily making an offer and another accepting.If one of the parties fails to keep the promise,the other is entitled to legal recourse against him.The law of contracts has

4、 to do with such questions as whether a contract exists,what the meaning of it is,whether a contract has been broken,and what compensation is due the injured party.()5 合同的种类虽然繁多，但就其根本构造来说是一致的，一般包括三部分：前言、正文和结尾，也可以称为约首、正文和约尾。概括起来，合同所涉及的根本内容主要包括以下几条：1.The corporate or personal names of the contract par

5、ties and their nationalities,principle place of business or residence addresses;合同当事人的名称或者姓名、国籍、主营业所或住所；2.Date and place of signature of the contract;合同签订的日期、地点；63.Type of the contract and the kind,scope of the subject matter of the contract;合同的类型和合同标的种类、范围；4.Technical conditions,quality,standard,sp

6、ecifications and quantities of the subject matter of the contract;合同标的技术条件、质量、标准、规格、数量；5.Time limit,place and method of performance;履行的期限、地点和方式；6.Terms of price,amount and way of payment,and various additional charge;价格条件、支付金额、支付方式和各种附带的费用；77.Whether the contract could be assigned or conditions for

7、assignment;合同能否转让或者合同转让的条件；8.Compensation and other liabilities for breach of the contract;违背合同的赔偿和其他责任；9.Ways for settlement of disputes in case of disputes arising from the contract;合同发生争议时的解决方法；10.Languages to be used in the contract and their effectiveness.合同使用的文字及效力。8二、二、合同的根本种类合同的根本种类 这里主要讨论国际

8、商务合同，即这里主要讨论国际商务合同，即所谓的涉外合同。根据国际贸易商所谓的涉外合同。根据国际贸易商品流通的各种做法，称为贸易方式。品流通的各种做法，称为贸易方式。不同的贸易方式就会产生不同的合不同的贸易方式就会产生不同的合同，按照贸易方式的性质和内容的同，按照贸易方式的性质和内容的不同可以将合同主要分为以下几大不同可以将合同主要分为以下几大类：类：91、销售或购货合同 2、技术转让合同 3、合资或合营合同 4、补偿贸易合同 5、国际工程承包合同 6、代理协议 7、来料加工合同 8、多种贸易方式相结合的合同 10三、三、合同的语言特征合同的语言特征 就就其其性性质质而而言言，合合同同可可以以说

9、说是是一一种种法法律律文文书书，依依法法订订立立的的合合同同一一经经各各方方签签字字，即即具具有有法法律律效效力力，并并对对合合同同各各方方当当事事人人都都具具有有约约束束力力，未未经经一一方方同同意意，合合同同内内容容不不得得随随意意变变更更，否否那那么么就就算算违违约约。因因此此，起起草草、翻翻译译合合同同时时各各方方都都应应慎慎之之又又慎慎，对对合合同同语语言言必必须须仔仔细细推推敲敲、反反复复琢琢磨磨，防防止止因因语语言言模模棱棱两两可可而而产产生生歧歧义义。尽尽管管合合同同用用词词难难度度大大，要要求求非非常常严严格，但合同措词仍有规律可循。格，但合同措词仍有规律可循。11一、词汇特

10、征一、词汇特征 合同的用词造句必须非常准确严谨，合同的用词造句必须非常准确严谨，一般具有准确、简练、明晰和正式几大一般具有准确、简练、明晰和正式几大特点。由于用词不当、合同当事人对文特点。由于用词不当、合同当事人对文字理解不一所造成的索赔和纠纷案件屡字理解不一所造成的索赔和纠纷案件屡见不鲜。合同翻译时要特别注意英语中见不鲜。合同翻译时要特别注意英语中的一词多义或多种解释。例如：的一词多义或多种解释。例如：The penalty shall be divided between Party A and Party B in New York City and Party C in Newark,

11、New Jersey.12 简练对合同也颇为重要。因为合同语言的严谨，最好用尽可能少的文字来清楚地说明意思。要做到言简意赅，合同起草者和翻译者必须防止使用或删除不必要的词语。例如：In the event of a single arbitrator being unable to be agreed upon by the two parties.一旦一个仲裁员不能被双方同意13 要使合同行文明晰，应力戒模糊其词和模棱两可，应注意使用标准的句子的语序、修饰语要置于靠近所形容的词的位置等等。例如：在乙方的要求下，甲方同意派遣技术人员帮助乙方安装设备。At the request of Part

12、y B,Party A agrees to send technicians to assist Party B to install the equipment.141、专业词汇、专业词汇 专专业业词词汇汇主主要要是是指指在在某某一一学学科科或或特特定定领领域域中中使使用用的的专专门门用用语语。这这些些专专门门用用语语有有其其特特定定的的含含义义，并并在在各各自自专专业业领领域域中中被被广广泛泛使使用用。如如：free on board船船上上交交货货、bill of lading提提单单、shipping marks唛头等等。唛头等等。15 考虑到合同特定场合的需要，有时合同对一些关键术语

13、的定义做出明确的限定和说明，一般可分为扩展性解释和限缩性解释两种。例如：“patent in this contract shall mean registered invention rights,registered utility model rights,right of registered industrial design and any technical applications listed in the attachment herewith“trademark here means registered trademark 162、词语并列、词语并列 合同中的词语并列往

14、往分为两种情况：合同中的词语并列往往分为两种情况：词语并列构造和成对同义词构造。为使词语并列构造和成对同义词构造。为使国际条约表意准确和标准严谨，合同制国际条约表意准确和标准严谨，合同制定者在行文中大量使用词语并列构造，定者在行文中大量使用词语并列构造，用用and或或or把两个或多个短语并列起来。把两个或多个短语并列起来。这种并列构造有更强的包容性，同时也这种并列构造有更强的包容性，同时也更加具有弹性。例如：更加具有弹性。例如：17(合同项下或按照合同under or in accordance with签署并寄出signed and delivered按总体或部分来讲in whole or

15、in partmake amendments to and revision of修改fulfill or perform履行transferable or assignable转让18 It is the intent of the parties that all documents and annexes forming part hereof shall be read and taken together and that each and every provision or stipulation hereof be given full force,effect and app

16、licability.However,in the event that one or more provisions or stipulations herein be declared null and void by the courts,or otherwise rendered ineffective,the remaining provisions and stipulations shall not be affected thereby.193、情态动词、情态动词 与所有的法律文件一样，合同在情态与所有的法律文件一样，合同在情态动词的选用上很慎重。动词的选用上很慎重。may,m

17、ust,will,shall,should各司其职，不可混淆。值得各司其职，不可混淆。值得注意的是注意的是“shall在合同中并非单纯在合同中并非单纯表示将来时，而是用来表示一方应尽的表示将来时，而是用来表示一方应尽的义务，表示强迫性责任、履行义务，与义务，表示强迫性责任、履行义务，与中文中中文中“应该、应该、“必须的意义一样，必须的意义一样，所表达的力度比所表达的力度比“will要强。例如：要强。例如：The bidder shall bear all costs associated with the preparation and submission of its bid.204、缩略

18、词、缩略词另外，缩略词在合同中出现的频率很高，而且主要为首字母缩略词和截短词。国际经贸合同中的价格、支付及保险方式大多以首字母缩略词形式出现，例如：FOB(Free on Board装运港船上交货)T/T(Telegraphic Transfer电汇)W.A.(With Average水渍险)等等。21此外，还有一些计量单位及相关名称那么通常以截短词形式出现，例如：CTN(carton纸箱)PC(piece件、个)No(number号)等等。225、古英语及特殊用语的使用、古英语及特殊用语的使用英文合同使用了大量的古英语，最为英文合同使用了大量的古英语，最为突出的是用突出的是用here,the

19、re,where后缀后缀in/after/by等介词。这类古英语能防止等介词。这类古英语能防止重复，使句子构造紧凑精练。例如：重复，使句子构造紧凑精练。例如：hereafter=after this time今后今后herein=in this因此因此hereby=by means of特此特此23hereinbefore=in a proceeding part of this contract 在上文hereinafter=later in this contract在下文thereto=to that此外thereupon=then随后 whereas鉴于，在约首用作引出签约的背景和目的

20、witness证明，在约首中用作充当首句的谓语hereinafter referred to as以下简称24二、句法特征二、句法特征合同作为法律文书，规定了各方当事合同作为法律文书，规定了各方当事人之间的权利和义务，合同文字所表达人之间的权利和义务，合同文字所表达的意思必须完好、明确、肯定，所以，的意思必须完好、明确、肯定，所以，合同对句子类型的选择存在明显的倾向合同对句子类型的选择存在明显的倾向性，陈述句的使用频率比较高，陈述句性，陈述句的使用频率比较高，陈述句用于阐述、解释、说明、规定和判断，用于阐述、解释、说明、规定和判断，语言显得比较客观、平实。此外，合同语言显得比较客观、平实。此外

21、，合同句法的另一个明显特征是较多使用长句句法的另一个明显特征是较多使用长句和惯用句型。和惯用句型。251、多用长句、多用长句 与普通英语相比，英文合同的句子较与普通英语相比，英文合同的句子较长，构造也复杂得多。长句的使用主要长，构造也复杂得多。长句的使用主要是可以准确地界定各方当事人的权利和是可以准确地界定各方当事人的权利和义务，排除被曲解、误解或出现歧义的义务，排除被曲解、误解或出现歧义的可能性。例如：可能性。例如：26 The tenderer should be informed that,if he has delivered,posted or dispatched his tend

22、er prior to the formal submission date he has the right to modify or make corrections to it,provided that any such modifications or corrections are received by the employer/engineer in writing prior to the time specified for submission of tenders.The original tender thus modified or corrected would

23、then be considered as the official tender.27又如：The prices stated are based on current freight rates,any increase or decrease in freight rates at time of shipment is to be the benefit of the buyer,with the seller assuming the payment of all transportation charges to the point or place of delivery.282

24、、惯用句型、惯用句型 英文合同中有不少套语或惯用句型构英文合同中有不少套语或惯用句型构造，这些用法是在长期的贸易理论中逐造，这些用法是在长期的贸易理论中逐渐形成的，并被普遍承受和使用。此类渐形成的，并被普遍承受和使用。此类套语或惯用句型主要出如今合同的前言、套语或惯用句型主要出如今合同的前言、结尾、保险、支付以及检验、索赔、仲结尾、保险、支付以及检验、索赔、仲裁等一般性的条款中。例如：裁等一般性的条款中。例如：291The undersigned buyer and seller have confirmedin accordance with the following terms and

25、conditions.2Party A has agreed that Party B shallunder the following terms and conditions.3In consideration of the premises and covenants described hereinafter,Party A and Party B agree as follow.4The expiry date of the L/C is to be the 15th day after the date of shipment.5The L/C shall remain valid

26、 until the 15th day after the shipment.30四、四、合同翻译原那么合同翻译原那么 目目前前，我我国国涉涉外外经经济济交交往往中中所所采采用用的的合合同同大大多多为为英英文文本本，而而英英文文合合同同对对语语言言有有严严格格的的要要求求，因因此此，把把握握合合同同语语言言的的特特殊殊性性，这这是是准准确确理理解解、翻翻译译合合同同的的关关键键所所在在。合合同同作作为为一一种种具具有有法法律律约约束束力力的的契契约约文文体体，其其文文本本强强调调用用语语正正式式、措措词词准准确确、构构造造严严谨谨、格格式式标标准准等等特特点点。翻翻译译合合同同、标标书书等等此

27、此类类文文体体的的详详细细标标准准通常有三个方面：通常有三个方面：311、术语准确，译文完好、术语准确，译文完好 合合同同文文本本有有自自己己的的一一整整套套术术语语，有有其其独独特特性，应防止简单的字面翻译。例如：性，应防止简单的字面翻译。例如：“accept 一一般般译译为为“承承受受、“认认可可就就可可以以了了，但但在在涉涉外外合合同同中中，这这个个词词可可能能要要译译成成“承兑。承兑。从从4月月1日日起起到到10月月20日日止止这这一一期期间间内内交交货货，但以买方信誉证在但以买方信誉证在3月月20日前到达卖方为限。日前到达卖方为限。Shipment during the period

28、 beginning on April 1 and ending on Oct.20,both date inclusive,subject to Buyers Letter of Credit reaching Seller on or before Mar.20.322、译文通顺，条理清楚、译文通顺，条理清楚 通通顺顺是是翻翻译译的的一一项项根根本本要要求求，合合同同的的翻翻译译也也不不例例外外。合合同同译译文文的的通通顺顺着着重重表表达达在在“条条理理清清楚楚上上，特特别别是是在在处处理理长长句句、复复杂杂句句时时更是如此。例如：更是如此。例如：One-third of the tota

29、l amount shall be paid with the order when the Contract is signed,one third by documentary bills when shipment is effected,and the balance by clean bills when the goods have arrived.合合同同签签订订时时先先预预付付货货款款总总额额的的三三分分之之一一，装装船船后后凭凭跟跟单单汇汇票票再再付付三三分分之之一一，剩剩余余的的三三分分之一在货物抵达时凭光票一次性付清。之一在货物抵达时凭光票一次性付清。333、符合契约文体

30、特点、符合契约文体特点 与与其其他他商商务务文文本本相相比比，合合同同文文本本属属于于正正式式程程度度最最高高的的契契约约文文体体。所所以以，翻翻译译合合同同时时所所使使用用的的语语言言应应尽尽量量表表达达出出契契约约文文体体的的这这一一特特点点。选选词词要要正正式式、所所采采用用的的句句式式也也应应符符合合译译入入语语合合同同的的句句式式特特点点、还还要要注注意意译译入入语语合合同同的的格格式式特特点点。例例如如：“因因为为一一般般用用短短语语“by virtue of来来翻翻译译，而而很很少少用用“because of；“在在之之前前一一般般用用“prior to，而而不不用用“befor

31、e等等。等等。34再如：本合同于2006年5月30日在中国上海签订，一式两份，每份用英文和中文写成，两种文本具有同等效力。译文1：This Contract was signed in Shanghai,China on May 30,2006.Each copy was written in English and Chinese with two copies in each,and the two texts have the same effect.译文2：This Contract is signed in Shanghai,China this 30th day of May,20

32、06,in duplicate in English and Chinese languages,both texts being equally authentic.35五、五、合同翻译理论合同翻译理论例例1.购货合同购货合同PURCHASE CONTRACTNo.202172116Date:June 20,2021 Signed at Shenzhen,ChinaThe Buyer:Unicon Corporation 155 Ocean Wing Road,San Francisco,California 91002 USAThe Seller:Hengda Trading Corpor

33、ation 237 South Riverside Road,Shenzhen,Guangdong 518003 PRCThe Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller,whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated below:361.COMMODITY DESCRIPTIONS:Mens

34、pajamas made of 100 percent cotton Size 12 in white,yellow,red,blue,and purple.Technical specifications shall be the same as the samples sent to the Seller by the Buyer on May 20,2021.2.QUANTITY:White,2 000;yellow,3 000;red,1 000;blue,4 000;purple,3 000.3.UNIT PRICE:US$12.80 FOB Shenzhen per suit.4.

35、TOTAL PRICE:US$166,400.00(One hundred and sixty-six thousand four hundred US dollars only).5.COUNTRY OF ORIGIN:The Peoples Republic Of China6.PACKING:Each pajamas shall be packed in a waterproof polythene bag and then in a cardboard box,50 boxes to a wooden case.The Seller shall be liable for any da

36、mage and loss attributed to inadequate packing by the Seller.377.SHIPPING MARKS:On the surface of each package,the package number,measurement,gross weight,net weight and UNICON in a triangle shall be stenciled with paint.8.TIME OF SHIPMENT:October 20219.PORT OF SHIPMENT:Shenzhen,PRC.10.PORT OF DESTI

37、NATION:San Francisco,USA.11.INSURANCE:To be covered by the Buyer.12.PAYMENT:The Buyer shall,upon receipt from the Seller of the notice of readiness for shipment,open an irrevocable letter of credit with Citibank,15-20 days prior to the date of delivery,in favor of the Seller,for an amount equivalent

38、 to the total value of the shipment.The L/C shall be payable against the presentation of the draft and the documents stipulated in Clause 13 hereof in the opening bank.The L/C shall be valid until the 15th day after the shipment.3813.DOCUMENT:The Seller shall present the following documents to the p

39、aying bank for negotiation:1)One full set of“Clean On Board ocean bills of lading marked“Freight to Collect and made out to order,blank endorsed;2)Invoice in quintuplicate indicting contract number and shipping mark;3)Packing list in quintuplicate;4)Certificate of quality and quantity in duplicate i

40、ssued by the manufacturers as specified in Clause 16;5)One copy of notification to the Buyer,advising the shipment ready.3914.TERMS OF SHIPMENT:1)The Seller shall,at least 40 days before the date of shipment stipulated in the Contract,advise the Buyer of the contract number,commodity,quantity,value,

41、number of packages,gross weight,measurement,and date of readiness at the port of shipment for the Buyer to book shipping space.2)Booking of shipping space shall be attended to by the Buyer.3)The Buyer shall,10 days before the expected date of arrival of the vessel at the loading port,notify the Sell

42、er of the name of vessel,expected date of loading,contract number,for the Seller to arrange shipment.When it becomes necessary to change the time to be advanced or delayed,the Buyer or its shipping agent shall advise the Seller in time.Should the vessel fail to arrive at the port of loading within 3

43、0 days of the arrival date advised by the Buyer,the Buyer shall bear the storage and insurance expenses incurred from the 31st day.4)The Seller shall be liable for any dead freight or demurrage,should it happen they have failed to have the commodity ready for loading after the carrying vessel has ar

44、rived at the port of shipment on time.5)The Seller shall bear all expenses,risks of commodity before it passes over the vessels rail and is released from the tackle.After it has passed over the vessels rail and been released from the tackle,all expenses,risks of commodity shall be for the Buyers acc

45、ount.4015.SHIPPING ADVICE:The Seller shall,immediately upon the completion of loading the commodity,notify the Buyer the contract number,name of commodity,quantity,gross weight,invoice value,name of carrying vessel and date of sailing.In case the Buyer fails to arrange insurance on time due to the i

46、nformation not being given in time by the Seller,or to the notification incomplete,all losses shall be borne by the Seller.16.GUARANTEE OF QUALITY:The Seller shall guarantee that the commodity is entirely in conformity with what has been stipulated in the Contract with regard to its quality specific

47、ations.The guarantee period shall be 3 months counted from the date on which the commodity arrives at the port of destination.4117.INSPECTION AND CLAIM:1)The Seller shall,before delivery,make a precise and comprehensive inspection of the goods with regard to its quality,specifications,and quantity a

48、nd have the China Import and Export Commodity Inspection Bureau issue inspection certificates certifying the technical date and the conclusion of the inspection.2)After arrival of the goods at the port of destination the Buyer shall have the right to invite an authoritative surveyor to make a furthe

49、r inspection as to the specifications and quantity of the goods.If damages of the goods are found,or the specification and/or quantity are not in conformity with the stipulations in the Contract,except when the responsibilities lie with the insurer or the carrier,the Buyer shall,within 90 days after

50、 arrived of the goods at the port of destination,claim against the Seller or reject the goods.3)The claims mentioned above shall be regarded as being accepted if the Seller fails to reply within 30 days after the Seller receives the Buyers claim.4218.FORCE MAJEURE:The Seller shall not be responsible