2018中考英语复习名词.ppt

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1、2018中考英中考英语复复习名名词考点一 名词辨析对名词辨析的考查，主要以单项选择和完形填空两种题型设题。其中，以语境类名词辨析为主，且选项的话题词汇设置主要涉及：饮食类、职业身份类、方位地点类、动物类、时间类、科目类等日常生活类，同时涉及含抽象名词的固定搭配用法以及近义名词、同根词辨析。语境辨析 语境辨析是名词词义辨析的重点，主要考查同类单词的意思在具体语境中的运用。我们可以通过语境记忆法进行记忆，在日常的学习中推而广之。如：我们渴了就需要水（water）,饮料（tea,coffee,juice），饿了就需要食物（bread,rice,meat,cake等）；我们寄信需要去post offi

2、ce，取钱需要去bank。对点精练：（C）1.Mike，what club do you want to join？Well，I want to join the_ clubI love paintingAchess Bsports Cart DEnglish（C）2.Excuse meIs there a_ near here？I want to buy some drinksYesGo along the street，and its on your leftAzooBschool Csupermarket Dmuseum（B）3.Bill will be a/an _ to interv

3、iew the football players in the coming Rio 2016 OlympicsAguest BreporterCtourist Dengineer（D）4.Tu Youyou received the Nobel Prize for her_of anemisinin（青蒿素）And she was the first Chinese who won the prize in scienceAdesign Bthought CinventionDdiscovery（D）5.Steve Jobs was full of_-always coming up wit

4、h new ideas which led to great changes in societyAinstruction Binvitation Cintroduction Dinvention 近义词辨析 1.family,home，house family n.着重指家庭、家庭成员或家中人口。如：My family are all excited about the news that I am admitted to the key school.我的家人对我被重点学校录取的消息感到非常兴奋。home n.家，主要指一个人出生或居住的地方；home也意为“家乡、故乡”。含有感情色彩，强

5、调家里的氛围和环境。如：The nurse visits patients in their homes.护士对病人进行家访。She was born in London,but she now looks on Paris as her home.她生在伦敦，但现在把巴黎看成是她的家乡。house n.房子，主要指建筑物、住宅。如：New houses are going up everywhere.到处都在兴建新的住宅。2.job 与与 workjob 是可数名词，指一项具体的工作，也可指“零工”或“短工”；work 是不可数名词，指工作、劳动、努力、用功。如：Selling newspa

6、pers is his part-time job.卖报纸是他的兼职。He has been out of work.他失业了。Li Ling wants to be a singer.She thinks its an interesting job.李玲想成为一名歌手。她认为那是一份有趣的工作。3.problem 与与 question两个词都表示“问题”。一般来说，problem 总是与“困难”相联系，它可以指社会问题、教学问题，这种“问题”是“有待解决的”，与之搭配的动词是 solve;question 总是与“疑问、质问、询问”相联系，这种“问题”是“有待回答的”，常与动词 ask/

7、answer 连用。如：He asked me some questions.他问了我一些问题。There are many problems to be solved.有许多问题要解决。4.message,information与与 newsmessage:(1)作“消息”讲，一般指口头传递的或者书写的消息，是可数名词。如：He left a message for you.他给你留言了。(2)指书或者演讲稿的要领，要点，教训。如：This is a film with a strong religious message.这是一部有强烈宗教色彩的电影。information作“信息”讲，通

8、常指在阅读、观察、谈话或书信往来中特别关注的消息、情报、资料等。它侧重内容，是不可数名词。如：They must find out some information about planes to Yunnan as quickly as possible.他们必须尽快找到有关去往云南班机的资料。news作“新闻、信息”讲，一般指通过广播、电视、报纸等新闻媒体向大众发布的社会各方面的最新消息，它侧重一个“新”字，是不可数名词。如：Theres a piece of interesting news in todays newspaper.在今天的报纸上有一则有趣的消息。No news is g

9、ood news.没消息就是好消息。5.voice，noise与与 sound voice,noise和 sound这三个名词都可表示“声音”，但是，它们表示的“声音”并不相同。voice表示“嗓音”，指人的说话声或唱歌声。如：The girl has a beautiful voice.那女孩嗓音很美。noise噪音，吵闹声，常具有贬义，表示令人心烦的、不和谐的“嘈杂声，噪音，响声”。如：The noise of traffic kept him awake.车辆的喧闹声使他睡不着。sound泛指一切声响，指一切可以听到的声音。如：Light travels much faster than

10、 sound.光的传播速度比声音快得多。对点精练：（B）6The boy didnt sleep well last night because of the _ from the factory.Avoice Bnoise Cmusic Dsong(B)7.Wheres our headteacher?Hes left a _ saying that he has something important to do.Anews Bmessage Cexcuse Dsentence（D）8.He was born in Germany,but he has made China his _.A

11、.familyB.address C.houseD.home 同根词辨析 中考还会涉及同根词的考查，如：（1）health,healthy与healthily（2）surprise,surprised 与surprising（3）die,death,dead 与dying对点精练：（D）9.Fang Zhao died for saving the child，so his _ is heavier than Mount Tai.A.die B.dead C.dying D.death(A)10.Dali has a lot of scenery.Words cannot describe t

12、he _ of the scenery.AbeautyBbeautiful Cbeautifully Dbeautys考点二 名词的数 不可数名词（包括物质名词和抽象名词，不能跟one,two.等数词或不定冠词 a,an 连用，也没有复数形式。)1.初中阶段常见的不可数名词有：water，rice，tea，milk，food，fruit，meat，fish(鱼肉)，chicken(鸡肉)，beef，mutton，orange(橙汁)，sugar，salt，paper(纸)，porridge，bread，sand，juice，news，music，time(时间)，information，fun

13、，advice等。2.不可数名词常用much，(a)little，a lot of，some，any等修饰。常用it来替代。对点精练：（A）11.Please pick up the_.Dont keep it on the floor.A.paper B.boxes C.books D.bottles(A)12.Mum,I am hungry.May I have some_？Of course.But dont eat too much.Abread Bnoodle CdumplingDhamburger（A）13.Yesterday for dinner I had a piece of

14、 beef,vegetables and _.A.some riceB.a few rice C.a little rices D.a rice既可做可数名词也可做不可数名词：单词可数不可数单词可数不可数glass玻璃杯玻璃paper报纸，试卷纸room房间空间chicken小鸡鸡肉fish鱼鱼肉orange桔子桔子汁对点精练：(C)14.Could you please move over a little and make some_ for me?Sure,please.AplaceBseat Croom Dground（D）15.Father bought some_.So we wi

15、ll have some to eat for dinner today.A.fishes;fishes B.fishs;fish C.fish;fishes D.fish;fish(A)16.I couldnt see clearly,so my father bought_ for me last week.Aa pair of glasses Ba glassesCa glass Da pair of glass 可数名词可数名词单数变复数的规则1.一般直接+s如：map-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days,desk-desks,book-books,pe

16、n-pens,magazine-magazines，tree-trees2.以s,x,sh,ch 结尾的单词在词尾+es如：class-classes bus-buses glass-glasses box-boxes bush-bushes brush-brushes watch-watches match-matches3.以辅音字母+y结尾变y为i再+es如：baby-babies city-cities family-families party-parties story-stories country-countries.4.以元音字母+y 结尾直接+s.如：boy-boys ke

17、y-keys monkey-monkeys holiday-holidays.5.以f/fe 结尾，变f/fe为 v 再+es如：half-halves wolf-wolves self-selves shelf-shelves leaf-leaves life-lives knife-knives wife-wives thief-thieves记忆口诀：树叶（leaf）半数（half）自己（self）黄，妻子（wife）拿刀（knife）上山岗，架（shelf）后窜出一只狼（wolf），好像小偷（thief）逃命（life）忙。6.以o结尾的名词变复数（有生命+es,没有生命+s）常考有：

18、英雄hero-heroes 土豆potato-potatoes 西红柿tomato-tomatoes（Heroes like eating potatoes and tomatoes.）radio-radios piano-pianos photo-photos kilo-kilos zoo-zoos对点精练：(B)17.Please remember to give the horse some tree _.Aleafs Bleaves CleafDleave（C）18.There are many _ about this farm.Yes,lots of _ are planted o

19、n it.A.photo;potato B.photos;potatos C.photos;potatoes D.photoes;potatoes不规则变化规则例词改变单数名词中的元音字母footfeet;toothteeth;goosegeese；manmen；womanwomen;policemanpolicemen;policewomanpolicewomen;EnglishmanEnglishmen 单复数形式相同Chinese;Japanese;sheep;deer 其他mousemice;childchildren 巧记 不规则名词单数变复数：男女孩子的脚踩住老鼠的牙。manmen

20、;womanwomen;childchildren;footfeet;mousemice;toothteeth各国人变复数：中日不变英法变，其余加s。Chinese，Japanese 单复数同形；Englishman，Frenchman中man变为men；其余各国人如 German，American，Australian，Indian等均在后面直接加s。对点精练：(A)19.How many_are there in the international village?AChineseBRussian CAmericanDGerman（A）20.The_that came to the far

21、m yesterday come here again.A.deer B.horse C.cow D.dog名词修饰名词时的复数形式的构成1)名词作定语修饰名词时，复数形式是将后面的名词变为复数。如：many apple trees,boy students2)man 和woman作定语修饰另一个名词时，两部分都变为复数。如：men teachers,women doctors对点精练：(A)21.All the _ teachers and_ students are having a sports meeting on the playground.Awomen;girl Bwomen;g

22、irlsCwomans;girlDwoman;girl（B）22.What kind of noodles would you like?Id like some _ noodles.A.carrots B.beef C.potatoes D.vegetables集体名词的数1)集体名词是由若干个个体组成的集合体。如：family,class,team等，它们以单数形式出现，但实为复数。若他们强调某个集合的整体则应视为单数。My family are watching TV.我的家人正在看电视。My family is a happy one.我家是一个幸福的家庭。2）有些集体名词通常只用作复

23、数，如：people(人们),police(警察)等，如果要表达单数形式则要使用其他名词。如：一个人 a person（）a people（）一名警察 a policeman/policewoman（）a police（）注意：1)可数名词的单复数要与句子结构保持一致。2)可数名词一般不单独使用，表类别时可用复数形式，或用不定冠词或定冠词加单数名词。如：oranges，the/an orange。3)修饰可数名词复数的词有these，those，many，(a)few，a/the number of，some/any，a lot of等。常用they，them来替代。4)有些名词通常只有复数形

24、式。如：trousers，socks，glasses，clothes，shorts，scissors5)有些名词虽然以s结尾却表示单数。如：news，grass，politics（政治），physics（物理）等。对点精练：（B）23.I bought beautiful clothes yesterday.I like very much.A.it B.them C.mine D.clothes（C）24.The students of Grade 7 visited Mikes farm and saw many _ there.A.bird B.duck C.sheepD.rabbit（

25、A）25.There are a lot of_on the hill but hardly any_.A.sheep;people B.cows;person C.sheeps;peoples D.cows;peoples(B)26.British people eat_ a lot.They are cooked in different ways.Apotato Bpotatoes Cbeef Dchicken考点三 名词所有格（表示人或物的隶属和拥有关系，翻译为“.的”）。构成 s结构（有生命事物的名词以及表示时间、距离、国家、城市的名词所有格）：1）不与s结尾的名词后+s。如：Luc

26、ys father,Childrens Day,todays newspaper,the boys room.2）以s结尾的名词后+。如：the girls desks,Teachers Day,the students homework of所有格（表示无生命的名词所有格）：a map of China,the title of the text 特殊用法(1)表示一件东西为两人或三人共有时，只需在最后一个名词后加“s”，后面所跟名词用单数；表示各自所有时，则需在每个名词后加“s”，后面所跟名词用复数。如：莉莉和露西共有的房间 Lily and Lucys room莉莉和露西各自的房间 Li

27、lys and Lucys rooms(2)表示“某人家”、“店铺”、“诊所”等处所，所有格后的名词常省略。如：在李雷家 at Li Leis 在医生的诊所at the doctors(3)用介词“to”表达所有格：the answer to the question 问题的答案；the key to the door 门的钥匙；the way to去.的路；the solution to the problem 问题的解决方法；the ticket to the game 比赛的门票。对点精练：（C）27.Are you sure this is a photo _,the famous c

28、omedy actress?It surprised you,didnt it?But she was once really thin.A.Jia Ling B.Jia Lings C.of Jia Ling D.of Jia Lings（D）28.Looking after children is not only _work,men should also do it.A.womans B.women C.womens D.womens（A）29._fathers didnt come to the meeting.Why?Because they have gone to Beijin

29、g.A.Jeffs and Amys B.Jeff and Amy C.Jeffs and Amy D.Jeff and Amys(B)30.Where is Lucy?I havent seen her for a long time.She had a fever several days ago and she is_ now.Aat the doctorBat the doctorsCat the doctorsDat doctors（D）31.Its convenient to travel from Ezhou to Wuhan by taking the newly-built

30、green railway.Yes.Its said that _ is enough.A.fifteen minutes drive B.fifteen-minutes driveC.fifteen minutes drive D.fifteen minutes drive(B)32.Lucy and Lily look almost the same.Yes,but they are really different.Lucys eyes are much brighter than_.Aher sister Bher sistersCher sisters Dher sisters中考探

31、究（）1.Mickey mouse is one of the most famous _ in American _.(2015广东）A.symbol culture B.symbol cultures C.symbols culture D.symbols culturesC（）2.The broken _may cut into your hand if you touch it,you should be careful.（2016广东）A.glassB.glassesC.candleD.candlesA（）3.Daniel has tried to lose by eating le

32、ss recently,but two kilos has been put on instead.（2017广东）A.weight B.weights C.height D.heightsA过关测试（）（2017 云南）1.Many _are playing an active part in making Kunming a civilize d city(文明城市).A.man B.woman C.volunteer D.volunteersD（）（2017湖北）2.Whats your to English learning,Lin Tao?I think watching English movies is helpful.A.place B.age C.time D.secretDThank you！谢谢观赏！2020/11/555