阅读理解策略5：主旨大意.ppt

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1、Reading Comprehension主旨大意题朗声教育教学测评研究中心主旨大意题主旨大意题 我们阅读一篇文章，首先是要了解其大意，我们阅读一篇文章，首先是要了解其大意，明确其主旨，因此，主旨大意题是常考题。明确其主旨，因此，主旨大意题是常考题。主旨大意题包括：主旨大意题包括：主要内容主要内容(main idea)型、型、文章标题文章标题(title)型。型。一、解题方法一、解题方法2 反向思维法反向思维法(题干推敲法题干推敲法)1 文体法文体法二二 错误选项有以下特征：错误选项有以下特征：2.概括范围太宽，所表达的内容超出或多概括范围太宽，所表达的内容超出或多于文章阐述的内容。于文章阐述

2、的内容。3.无关信息：即文章中未提到，或找不到无关信息：即文章中未提到，或找不到依据的信息。依据的信息。4.偏离中心词。偏离中心词。1.概括范围太窄，只含局部信息。概括范围太窄，只含局部信息。主题句是最能代表全文主旨的句子主题句是最能代表全文主旨的句子。主题句由两部分组成，即主题(topic)和中心思想(controlling idea)。主题句的作用是导向(control)和制约(limit)。所谓导向导向就是_，所谓制约制约就是_，两者不可分割。没有导向，内容就会离题或偏题；没有制约，内容就可能超出一个文段所能容纳的范围。有时，主题句由两三个句子组成。Exemplifying in Ski

3、lls主题句的作用与位置规定段落的发展脉络限制主题的覆盖范围1.主题句的导向与制约作用【例1】There are several factors affecting climate.One factor is the amount of sunlight received.The height above sea level,also determines climate.The oceans have an effect on the climate of the land nearby.In addition,climate is influenced by the general cir

4、culation(循环)of the atmosphere.主题句主题句导向(control)作用，是本文段的主题制约(limit)部分，因为文段都在谈影响气候的因素，而不是其他方面的因素。隐含Exemplifying in Skills主题句的作用与位置2.主题句的位置与隐含段首段尾段中Exemplifying in Skills段首主题句常出现在文段的开头。这种文段行文一般采用“_”的结构。【例2】首句是主题句:According to some sleep researchers,a short period of insomnia(失眠)at midnight is not a dis

5、order.文段讲述人短暂失眠是正常的，这在首句就已经指出。接着就论述原因，以及这种短暂失眠甚至有其积极的作用。总述分述Exemplifying in Skills段尾主题句也会出现在文段的末尾。这种文段行文多采用“_”的结构。段尾常出现诸如：therefore，as a result，but等标志词。【例3】末句是主题句:Therefore,it is the individual,not the government,who should pay for their university education.文段论述了大学教育的费用为什么应该由个人支付，而非由政府支付。文段开头指出了一般人

6、的想法：认为大学教育理应免费，接着说出这种想法的错误所在，最后由therefore引出结论。分述总述Exemplifying in Skills段中 主题句有时会出现在文段的中间。这种文段行文往往是作者为了凸显自己的_。【例4】文段第四句是主题句:Many Americans are learning to climb in city gyms.文段开头提出一个普遍观点，然后提出问题，再以回答问题的形式引出主题句，指出现在很多人在体育馆学习攀登。写作手法和风格Exemplifying in Skills隐含一个文段未必有明显的主题句，特别是在_。此时要自己总括段落的大意，体会作者想要表达的意思

7、。【例5】B 该文段并无明显的主题句，而是隐含在作者表达的感情中。全文段在写“50”对很多事情来说是个不错的数字，但是当这数字降临到作者自己的岁数上时，他却显得毫无心理准备，要被迫接受时间飞逝的事实。因此，B项最能表达作者的感情和文段主题。记叙文中间的描写部分Exemplifying in Skills隐含一个文段未必有明显的主题句，特别是在_。此时要自己总括段落的大意，体会作者想要表达的意思。【例6】A本文为记叙文。文章前五段都在描述作者和他父亲遇到搁浅的鲸鱼母子和拯救它们的经过，直到最后一段才谈及自己的亲身感受，而且很婉转地传达自己的喜悦之情。体会最后一段的感情，可知A为正确选项。B项中f

8、ishing并非本文的主要内容；而C、D项说的是与动物和睦相处的必要性、保护环境的重要性，显然与作者想要表达的也有所偏差。记叙文中间的描写部分完成朗声P71例6；P72练习2和3。注意：结合前面所说的两种方法。真题演练真题演练2007年广东高考 How should one invest a sum of money in these clays of inflation(通货膨胀)?Left in a bank it will hardly keep its value,however high the interest rate.Only a brave man,or a very ric

9、h one,dares to buy and sell on the Stock Market.Today it seems that one of the best ways to protect your savings,and even increase your wealth is to buy beautiful objects from the past.Here I am going to offer some advice on collecting antique clocks,which I personally consider are among the most in

10、teresting of antiques.-Antique clocks could be very expensive,but one of the joys of collecting clocks is that it is still possible to find quite cheap ones for your own home.After all,if you are going to be ruled by time,why not invest in air antique clock and perhaps make a future profit?45.The pu

11、rpose of the passage isA.to introduce the culture of antique clocks B.to offer some advice on collecting antique clocksC.to compare different ways to make a future profitD.to explain convenient and reliable ways of telling time第2段起到关键作用。2007年广东高考 Do you want to live with a strong sense of peacefulne

12、ss,happiness,goodness,and self-respect?The collection of happiness actions broadly categorized as honor help you create this life of good feelings.Heres an example to show how honorable actions create happiness.Say a store clerk fails to charge us for an item.-.Then,what is it to do with our sense o

13、f happiness?-There is a beautiful positive cycle that is created by living a life of honorable actions.Honorable thoughts lead to honorable actions.Honorable actions lead us to a happier existence.And its easy to think and act honorably again when were happy.While the positive cycle can be difficult

14、 to start,once its started,its easy to continue.Keeping on doing good deeds brings us peace of mind,which is important for our happiness.50.Which of the following can be the best title of this passage?A.How to Live Truthfully B.Importance of PeacefulnessC.Ways of Gaining Self-respect D.Happiness thr

15、ough Honorable Actions 这是议论文，中心词是happiness.2008年广东高考 Parents and kids today dress alike,listen to the same music,and are friends.Is this a good thing?Sometimes,when Mr.Ballmer and his 16-year-old daughter,Elizabeth,listen to rock music together and talk about interests both enjoy,such as pop culture

16、,he remembers his more distant relationship with his parents when he was a teenager.“I would never have said to my mom,Hey,the new Weezer album is really great.How do you like it?”says Ballmer.“There was just a complete gap in taste.”-Family researchers offer a variety of reasons for these evolving

17、roles and attitudes.They see the 1960s as a turning point.Great cultural changes led to more open communication and a more democratic process that encourages everyone to have a say.Today,the generation gap has not disappeared,but it is getting narrow in many families.Conversations on subjects such a

18、s sex and drugs would not have taken place a generation ago.Now they are comfortable and common.And parent-child activities,from shopping to sports,involve a feeling of trust and friendship that can continue into adulthood.No wonder greeting cards today carry the message,“To my mother,my best friend

19、.”-“My parents were on the before side of that change,but todays parents,the 40-year-olds,were on the after side,”explains Mr.Ballmer.“Its not something easily accomplished by parents these days,because life is more difficult to understand or deal with,but sharing interests does make it more fun to

20、be a parent now.”45.The purpose of the passage is to _.A.describe the difficulties todays parents have met withB.discuss the development of the parent-child relationshipC.suggest the ways to handle the parent-child relationshipD.compare todays parent-child relationship with that in the pastthe diffi

21、cultiesthe developmentthe wayscompare可以利用推敲法2008年高考Sometimes youll hear people say that you cant love others until you love yourself.Sometimes youll hear people say that you cant expect someone else to love you until you love yourself.Either way,youve got to love yourself first and this can be trick

22、y.Sure we all know that were the apple of our parents eyes,and that our Grandmas think were great talents and our Uncle Roberts think that we will go to the Olympics,but sometimes its a lot harder to think such nice thoughts about ourselves.If you find that believing in yourself is a challenge,it is

23、 time you build a positive self-image and learn to love yourself.Self-image is your own minds picture of yourself.-The best way to defeat a passive self-image is to step back and decide to stress your successes.-It very well might be that you are experiencing a negative self-image because you cant m

24、ove past one flaw or weakness that you see about yourself.Well,roll up your sleeves and make a change of it as your primary task.-The best way to get rid of a negative self-image is to realize that your image is far from objective,and to actively convince yourself of your positive qualities.-49.What

25、 is the passage mainly about?A.How to prepare for your success.B.How to face challenges in your life.C.How to build a positive self-image.D.How to develop your good qualities.本文是议论文，它的高频词是self-image.所以C项符合题目的意思。2010年广东高考When something goes wrong,it can be very satisfying to say,“Well,its so-and-sos

26、fault.”or“I know Im late,but its not my fault;the car broke down.”It is probably not your fault,but once you form the habit of blaming somebody or something else for a bad situation,you are a loser.You have no power and could do nothing that helps change the situation.However,you can have great powe

27、r over what happens to you if you stop focusing on whom to blame and start focusing on how to remedy the situation.This is the winners key to success.Winners are great at overcoming problems.-This is what being a winner is all about creatively using your skills and talents so that you are successful

28、 no matter what happens.Winners dont have fewer problems in their lives;they have just as many difficult situations to face as anybody else.They are just better at seeing those problems as challenges and opportunities to develop their own talents.So,stop focusing on“whose fault it is.”Once you are c

29、onfident about your power over bad situations,problems are just stepping stones for success.50.Which of the following is the best title for the passage?A.A Winners Secret B.A Winners ProblemC.A Winners OpportunityD.A Winners Achievement2010年广东高考When something goes wrong,it can be very satisfying to

30、say,“Well,its so-and-sos fault.”or“I know Im late,but its not my fault;the car broke down.”It is probably not your fault,but once you form the habit of blaming somebody or something else for a bad situation,you are a loser.You have no power and could do nothing that helps change the situation.Howeve

31、r,you can have great power over what happens to you if you stop focusing on whom to blame and start focusing on how to remedy the situation.This is the winners key to success.Winners are great at overcoming problems.-This is what being a winner is all about creatively using your skills and talents s

32、o that you are successful no matter what happens.Winners dont have fewer problems in their lives;they have just as many difficult situations to face as anybody else.They are just better at seeing those problems as challenges and opportunities to develop their own talents.So,stop focusing on“whose fa

33、ult it is.”Once you are confident about your power over bad situations,problems are just stepping stones for success.Soso暗示这句话是本段的主题句。50.Which of the following is the best title for the passage?A.A Winners Secret B.A Winners ProblemC.A Winners OpportunityD.A Winners Achievement2011年广东高考 In the anima

34、l kingdom,weakness can bring about aggression in other animals.This sometimes happens with humans also.But I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people.I see it every day when people hold doors for me,pour cream into my coffee,or help me to put on my coat.And I have discovered tha

35、t it makes them happy.From my wheelchair experience,I see the best in people,but sometimes I feel sad because those who appear independent miss the kindness I see daily.They dont get to see this soft side of others.Often,we try every way possible to avoid showing our weakness,which includes a lot of

36、 pretending.But only when we stop pretending were brave or strong do we allow people to show the kindness thats in them.Last month,when I was driving home on a busy highway,I began to feel unwell and drove more slowly than usual.People behind me began to get impatient and angry,with some speeding up

37、 alongside me,horning(按喇叭)or even shouting at me.At that moment,I decided to do something I had never done in twenty-four years of driving.I put on the car flashlights and drove on at a really low speed.No more angry shouts and no more horns!When I put on my flashlights,I was saying to other drivers

38、,“I have a problem here.I am weak and doing the best I can.”Sometimes situations call for us to act strong and brave even when we dont feel that way.But those are few and far between.More often,it would be better if we dont pretend we feel strong when we feel weak or pretend that we are brave when w

39、ere scared.30.Which of the following is the best title for this passage?A.A Wheelchair ExperienceB.Weakness and KindnessC.Weakness and StrengthD.A Driving Experience本文是夹叙夹议的文体，此类文体的重点往往在议论方面；而且本文的中心词是weakness and kindness.2011年广东高考 In a world with limited land,water and other natural resources(资源),t

40、he harm from the traditional business model is on the rise.Actually,the past decade has seen more and more forests disappearing and globe becoming increasingly warm.People now realize that this unhealthy situation must be changed,and that we must be able to develop in sustainable(可持续的)ways.That mean

41、s growth with low carbon or development of sustainable products.In other words,we should keep the earth healthy while using its supply of natural resources.Today,sustainable development is a popular trend in many countries.According to a recent study,the global market for low-carbon energy will beco

42、me three times bigger over the next decade.China,for example,has set its mind on leading that market,hoping to seize chances in the new round of the global energy revolution.-.In addition,we are also seeing great growth in the global markets for sustainable products such as palm oil(棕榈油),which is pr

43、oduced without cutting down valuable rainforest.In recent years the markets for sustainable products have grown by more than 50%.Governments can fully develop the potential of these new markets.First,-Besides,-.Finally,-.The major challenge of this century is to find ways to meet the needs of a grow

44、ing population within the limits of this single planet.That is no small task,but it offers abundant new chances for sustainable product industries.45.What is the main purpose of the passage?A.To introduce a new business model.B.To compare two business models.C.To predict a change of the global marke

45、t.D.To advocate sustainable development.2011年广东高考 In a world with limited land,water and other natural resources(资源),the harm from the traditional business model is on the rise.Actually,the past decade has seen more and more forests disappearing and globe becoming increasingly warm.People now realiz

46、e that this unhealthy situation must be changed,and that we must be able to develop in sustainable(可持续的)ways.That means growth with low carbon or development of sustainable products.In other words,we should keep the earth healthy while using its supply of natural resources.That means In other words这

47、是总结句，中心词sustainable products.Today,sustainable development is a popular trend in many countries.According to a recent study,the global market for low-carbon energy will become three times bigger over the next decade.China,for example,has set its mind on leading that market,hoping to seize chances in

48、 the new round of the global energy revolution.-.In addition,we are also seeing great growth in the global markets for sustainable products such as palm oil(棕榈油),which is produced without cutting down valuable rainforest.In recent years the markets for sustainable products have grown by more than 50

49、%.主题句，中心词是sustainable development.Governments can fully develop the potential of these new markets.First,-Besides,-.Finally,-.The major challenge of this century is to find ways to meet the needs of a growing population within the limits of this single planet.That is no small task,but it offers abun

50、dant new chances for sustainable product industries.这是本段的主题句，these指代上一段的markets for sustainable products.these最后的总结段也提到sustainable product,很显然整篇文章的高频词就是sustainable product。45.What is the main purpose of the passage?A.To introduce a new business model.B.To compare two business models.C.To predict a c