工程硕士研究生英语基础教程unit(I).ppt

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1、Unit1I.PartAText(MyFirstJob)II.PartBGrammar(Tense)III.PartCSupplementaryReading(FourWordsThatChangedaLife)PartAText(MyFirstJob)I.Background1.JayLeno:Born1950,inNY;Education:EmersonCollege,graduated,1973.Hobbiesandotherinterests:Antiquemotorcyclesandautomobiles.Host,actor,comedian,writer,andenvironme

2、ntalist.NowhestilldrivesFordModelT.2.JillE.BaradBornonMay23,1951,inNewYorkCity,shereceived(1973)herB.A.fromQueensCollegeinNYcity.FollowinggraduationsheworkedasanassistanttotheItalianproducerandlandedanonspeakingroleinhis1974filmCrazy Joe.Afterdecidingnottopursueanactingcareer,sheworkedforCotyCosmeti

3、csasacosmetician-trainer.Evenatthisearlyjob,herinnovativenatureshonethrough-whensherealizedthatCotysproductswerenotbeingplacedwellinthestoresshevisited,shedesignedawalldisplaythatthecompanywoulduseforthenexttwodecades.By1981shebeganhercareerwithMattelasaproductmanager.In1982BaradwasputinchargeoftheB

4、arbieline.Launchedin1959,bytheearly1980sBarbiewasexperiencingunspectacularsales.Baradbroughtnewlifeintotheline,overseeingtheexpansionoftheBarbiecollectionbypackagingdifferentversionsofthedoll,eachwithitsownaccessories,sothatchildrenwouldwanttoownmorethanone.Theresultswereastounding-annualsalesoftheB

5、arbiebrandgrewfrom$200millionin1982to$1.9billionin1997.By1998theaveragegirlintheU.S.ownednineBarbies,andthebrandamountedtosome40%ofMattelssales.Baradssuccessesbroughtheraseriesofpromotions.by1997shewaspromotedtoCEO.3.GreatDepression(美国经济大萧条时期）美国经济大萧条时期）TheGreatDepressionwasasevereworldwideeconomicde

6、pressioninthedecadeprecedingWorldWarII.ThetimingoftheGreatDepressionvariedacrossnations,butinmostcountriesitstartedinabout1929andlasteduntilthelate1930sorearly1940s.Itwasthelongest,mostwidespread,anddeepestdepressionofthe20thcentury.Inthe21stcentury,theGreatDepressioniscommonlyusedasanexampleofhowfa

7、rtheworldseconomycandecline.ThedepressionoriginatedintheU.S.,startingwiththefallinstockpricesthatbeganaroundSeptember4,1929andbecameworldwidenewswiththestockmarketcrashofOctober29,1929(knownasBlackTuesday).Fromthere,itquicklyspreadtoalmosteverycountryintheworld.TheGreatDepressionhaddevastatingeffect

8、sinvirtuallyeverycountry,richandpoor.Personalincome,taxrevenue,profitsandpricesdropped.whileinternationaltradeplungedbyto.UnemploymentintheU.S.roseto25%,andinsomecountriesroseashighas33%.Citiesallaroundtheworldwerehithard,especiallythosedependentonheavyindustry.Constructionwasvirtuallyhaltedinmanyco

9、untries.Farmingandruralareassufferedascroppricesfellbyapproximately60%.Facingplummetingdemandwithfewalternatesourcesofjobs,areasdependentonprimarysectorindustriessuchascashcropping,miningandloggingsufferedthemost.Someeconomiesstartedtorecoverbythemid-1930s.However,inmanycountriesthenegativeeffectsof

10、theGreatDepressionlasteduntilthestartofWorldWarII.4.SylvesterStalloneSylvesterStallone(bornJuly6,1946),nicknamedSlyStallone,isanAmericanactor,filmmaker,screenwriter,andfilmdirector.StalloneisknownforhismachismoandHollywoodactionroles.TwoofthenotablecharactershehasportrayedincludeboxerRockyBalboaands

11、oldierJohnRambo.TheRockyandRambofranchises,alongwithseveralotherfilms,strengthenedhisreputationasanactorandhisboxofficeearnings.5.HenryFordIIHenryFordII(September4,1917September29,1987),commonlyknownasHF2andHanktheDeuce,wasthesonofEdselFordandgrandsonofHenryFord.HewaspresidentoftheFordMotorCompanyfr

12、om1945to1960,chairmanoftheboardandchiefexecutiveofficer(CEO)from1960to1979,andchairmanforseveralmonthsthereafter.II.LanguagePoints1.Iacquired averystrongworkethicfrommyparents,bothofwhomlivedthroughtheGreatDepression.acquire:v.togainorcometopossess,esp.byonesownwork,skill,oraction,oftenoveralongperi

13、odoftime.取得；得到e.g.Imanagedtoacquiretwoticketsfortheconcert.我设法弄到了两张音乐会的票。Graduallyweacquiredexperienceinhowtodothework.我们逐步获得了做这工作的经验。Useful expression:toacquiremannerisms形成或养成独特的习惯2.Theycouldntunderstandpeoplewhodidntworkregularly.regular:adj.ahappening,coming,ordoingsth.againandagainatthesametimes

14、eachday,week,etc.有规律的，经常的e.g.Theykeepregularhours(getupandgotobedatthesametimeseachday)他们的起居很有规律。Useful expression:haveregularfeatures五官端正regularsize普通型号theregulararmy正规军aregularguy好人，靠得住的人3.Iworkeduntilfiveorsixoclockonschooldaysandput in 12-hour daysduringthesummerasaprepper.put in 12-hour days:sp

15、ent12hoursworkingeachdayput in:todo(work)orspend(time),esp.forapurpose为某一目的干活，花费时间e.g.Altogether，hehasputinaboutfouryearsworkonhisthesis他总共用了4年时间研究他的课题。Useful expression:putinanapplication递交一份申请书Sheputin.她插话。4.Thismeantwashingandpolishingthenewcars,andmaking surethepaperfloormatswerein place.make su

16、re of sth/that:查明，确保，弄确实；e.g.IthinkIlockedthedoor,butIlljustgobackandmakesure(ofit/thatIdid.)我想我是锁了门的，但是我还是想回去确认一下。in place:(i)intheproperorusualposition在适当的位置上e.g.Assoonasallthechairsareinplace,wecanletthepeoplein.一旦所有的椅子摆好了，我们就可以让人们进来。(ii)inexistenceandreadytobeused准备好投入使用e.g.Thenewregulationsaren

17、owinplace.新条例已制定好，可以开始执行了。5.Anotherresponsibilitywastakingoffthehubcapsatnight,so they wouldnt get stolen,andreplacingthemthenextday.so they wouldnt get stolen:sothattheywouldntgetstolenreplace:tochange(onepersonorthing)foranother,oftenbetter,newer,etc.更换；替换e.g.Wevereplacedtheoldaddingmachinewith/by

18、acomputer.我们用计算机代替了旧式的加法机。Useful expression:replacethebookontheshelf把放回原处6.One day,carrying an armful of hubcapsaround a corner,I almost bumped into ournewgeneralmanager.bump:tohitorknockagainstwithforceorviolence.猛碰，撞；e.g.Thecarbumpedthetree.汽车撞在树上。Thetwocarsbumpedintoeachother.两辆车撞在一起了。Ibumpedmykn

19、eeagainst/onthetable.我的膝盖碰在桌子上了。7.Startled,I dropped them all.He fired me on the spot.Startled,I dropped them all:Thepartparticiple“startled”isusedasanadverbial,indicatingthereason.He fired me on the spot:Hefiredmethenanthere./Hefiredmeimmediately.on the spot:立刻；在现场；不离原地e.g.Hisdirectquestionputmeont

20、hespot.他直截了当的提问使我不得不据实回答。8.Everydayforabouttwoweeks,I stayed busyuntilevening.I stayed busy:Iremained/continuedtobebusy.9.Desperate,IwrotealettertoHenryFordIIandtoldhimwhathappened.desperate:bedesperateforwork/money;bedesperatetodosth.极需要的e.g.Hesdesperateforaglassofwater.他极想喝一杯水。Useful expression:al

21、astdesperateattempt最后孤注一掷的努力adesperateshortageoffood食物严重短缺10.“IdontknowwhoyouknowinDetroit,”hesaid,“butifyouwantyourjobback,yougotit.”I dont know who you know:InformalEnglish“whom”wouldbeused.11.Later,duringcollege,IwantedtoworkataRolls-Roycedealership,buttheownersaidtherewerenoopenings.opening:n.(a

22、t,in)anunfilledjobposition;vacancy空缺；空额e.g.Thererenoopeningsforsecretariesatthebankatpresent.目前银行没有秘书职位空缺。12.Ittakespersistence tosucceed.Attitude also matters.Attitude also matters:Attitudeisalsoimportant.13.I have never thought I was better thananyone else,but I have always believed Icouldntbeoutw

23、orked.outwork:dobetterworkthan工作比.做得更好(或更快、更勤)Theprefix“out-”means“surpassing,toagreaterextent.”Other examples:outrun=runfasterorbetterthanoutdo=domoreorbetterthanoutlast=lastorlivelongerthan14.Watching my money grow was more rewarding than anything I could have bought.Watching my money grow was mor

24、e rewarding than anything I could have bought:Thesubjunctivemoodisusedtomeantheauthorwassatisfiedtowatchhermoneygrowanddidnotbuyanythingwiththemoney.15.Grandma,atoughtaskmaster,nevergavemefavorabletreatment.favorable:winningfavorandapproval博得好感得；赢得赞许的e.g.createaveryfavorableimpression给人留下好印象 Useful

25、expression:onveryfavorableterms以非常优惠的条件16.Shewatchedmelikeahawkyetallowedmeto handlehigh-pressuresituationssuchasworkingduringthelunchrush.handle:(i)n.柄；把手adoorhandle门把手e.g.Iturnedthehandleandopenedthedoor.我转了转拉手,把门打开(ii)v.todealwith;control应付；控制e.g.Iwasimpressedbyherhandlingoftheaffair.我觉得她对此事的处理很了

26、不起Useful expression:Glass-handlewithcare!玻璃制品轻拿轻放！（tomovebyhand移动搬运）17.BythetimeIwas12,shethoughtIhaddonesuchagoodjobthatshepromotedmetosellingcosmetics.promote:(i)togivesb.ahigherpositionorrank提升，晋升e.g.Theyoungarmyofficerwaspromotedto(therankof)captain.这个年轻的军官晋升为上尉了Helikestoreadbiographiesofgreatme

27、ntopromotehimself.他喜欢读伟人传记来提高自己。(ii)tohelpinthegrowthordevelopmentof促进；推动；增进e.g.Wemustpromotecommercewithneighboringcountries.我们必须促进与邻国的贸易。18.Itookagenuineinterestintheirquestionsandwasabletotranslate what they wanted into makeup ideas.translate what they wanted into makeup ideas:understandwhattheyw

28、antedandadvisethemonhowtomakeupsoastoachievetheeffectdesired.translate:tochangefromoneformtoanother转化e.g.Ifwegetelectedwewillbeabletotranslateourideasintoaction.如果我们当选，就可把自己的主张变为行动。19.Iended upsellinga record amount of cosmetics.a record amount of cosmetics:thelargestamountofcosmeticseversoldend up:

29、tobeintheend(inthestatedplace,condition,etc.)最后成为；最后处于e.g.Sheendedupherspeechwithashortpoem她朗诵了一首短诗结束了她的演讲。Despitehisstrenuousefforts，heendedupunsuccessfullyafterall尽管他付出了艰苦的努力，可最后还是没有成功。PartB英语的时态英语的时态时态时态时间时间一般时一般时进行时进行时完成时完成时完成进完成进行时行时现在现在一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时现在完成进行时过去过去一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成进行时将来将来一般将来时将

30、来进行时将来完成时将来完成进行时过去将来过去将来一般过去将来时过去将来进行时过去将来完成时过去将来完成进行时动词的现在时动词的现在时一般现在时一般现在时1.概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。2.时间状语：always,usually,often,sometimes,everyweek(day,year,month),onceaweek,onSundays,3.基本结构：动词原形（如主语为第三人称单数，动词上要改为第三人称单数形式）4.否定形式：am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加dont,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesnt，同时还原行为动词。

31、5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。(1)一般现在时表示经常性的动作或状态一般现在时表示经常性动作或状态时，常与often,always,usually,sometimes,everyday等时间状语连用。如：Theshopopensatnineeveryday.这家商店每天九点开门。(2)一般现在时表示客观存在或普遍真理Foodeasilygoesbadinhotweather.天气热时食物容易坏。(3)一般现在时表示主语的特征或状态Thepicturelooksverybeautiful.这幅画看起来很美。(4)一般

32、现在时在时间和条件状语从句中表示将来的动作或状态Whendoesthetrainarrive?火车几点到？(5)用于图片说明或剧本中的动作提示和背景说明INSIDETHESHELTER:Stocktonslowlyturnstofacehiswife.Theangryscreamingcriesofthepeopleringintheirearsevenastheydepart.防空洞中：斯道克顿慢慢转过身，面对他的妻子。那群人正在离去，而他们愤怒的尖叫声却还回响在他们的耳边。(6)电视节目直播解说ItsCartertoserve-heneedsjustonemorepoint.Heserve

33、s.AndSmithmisses.Whatagreatserve!Sothechampionshipgoesto19-year-oldHarryCarter.该卡特发球了，他只需再得一分就赢了。他发球了，史密斯接球失误。多漂亮的发球！冠军属于了19岁的哈利-卡特。现在进行时现在进行时1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。2.时间状语：now,atthistime,days,etc.look.listen3.基本结构：be+doing4.否定形式：be+not+doing.5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。6.例句：Howareyoufeelingtoday?Heisdoingwe

34、llinhislessons.(1)现在进行时表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作表示现阶段正在进行的动作，通常用表示现阶段的时间状语，如：today,thisweek,thismonth,thisyear,thisterm,now等。如：Heiswritinganovelnow.他目前正在写一部小说。(2)现在进行时表示经常性的动作现在进行时在表示经常性、重复性或习惯性的动作时必须与only,merely,simply,really,fast,rapidly,steadily,forever,allthetime,always,constantly,continually,repeatedly等

35、频度副词连用。如：Sheisalwayscomplaining.她总是在抱怨。(3)现在进行时表示按计划或已安排好要做的事这一用法只适用于某些动词，如：go,come,leave,start,arrive,return,spend,sail,meet,fly等。如：Theguestisleavingbytraintonight.客人今晚坐火车走。现在完成时现在完成时(1)现在完成时表示从过去持续到现在的动作或状态现在完成时的这种用法通常与由since或for引导的时间状语连用。如：Theoldmanhavelivedhereformorethantwentyyears.老人已在此住了20多年了

36、。(2)现在完成时表示过去发生的对现在有影响的动作1现在完成时的这种用法有时不带时间状语，有时可以和already,before,ever,just,lately,never,once,recently,yet等一些所指时间不具体的时间状语连用。如：HaveyoueverbeentoAustralia?你去过澳大利亚吗？2有时现在完成时和now,today,thismorning,thisweek,thisyear等表示现在的时间状语连用。如：Ihaventseenhimtoday.我今天没见过他。Ihaveseenhimonlyoncethisyear.我今年只见过他一次。(3)现在完成时在

37、时间和条件状语从句中表示将来完成的动作Illgotothepartyassoonas(orwhen)Ihavefinishedmyhomework.我完成作业后就去参加聚会。(4)现在完成时和untilnow,sofar,inthepastfewyears,uptothepresent等表示从某时到目前这段时间的状语连用Ihavenotheardfromhersofar.到目前为止，我没有收到过她的信。Wehavelearnedfivehundredwordsuptothepresent.到目前为止，我们已学了五百个生词。但要注意：当意义明确时，适用现在完成时的句子可以不用时间状语。如：Heh

38、asdonealotofwork.他干了许多工作。Shehastoldmeaboutherstory.她跟我讲过她的故事。现在完成进行时现在完成进行时1.概念：表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作。这一动作可能刚刚开始，也可能仍在继续，并可能延续到将来。2.基本结构：have/has+been+doing3.时间状语：since+时间点，for+时间段等。4.例子：Ihavebeensittinghereforanhour.ThechirdrenhavebeenwatchingTVsincesixoclock.(1)现在完成进行时表示从过去一直持续到现在的动作或刚刚结束的动作Ivebee

39、nwritinglettersallthismorning.我写了一上午信。（动作不再继续）ONeilisill.Hesbeenlyinginthebedforthreeweeks.奥尼尔在病中，已卧床3个星期了。（动作会继续下去）(2)现在完成进行时表示从过去到现在的重复性动作现在完成进行时的这种用法所表示的并不是一直在进行的动作，而是断断续续地反复发生的动作。如：Whathaveyoubeendoingallthistime?你一直都在干什么来着？（动作可能继续下去）Thatreporterhasbeencontributingarticlestothismagazineallthesey

40、ears.这些年那个记者一直为这家杂志撰稿。（断断续续地反复发生的动作）动词的过去时一般过去时一般过去时1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。2.时间状语：ago,yesterday,thedaybeforeyesterday,lastweek,last(year,night,month),in1989,justnow,attheageof5,oneday,longlongago,onceuponatime,etc.3.基本结构：be动词；行为动词的过去式4.否定形式：was/were+not;在行为动词前加didnt，同时还原行为动词。5.一般疑问句：wa

41、s或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did提问，同时还原行为动词。6.例句：Sheoftencametohelpusinthosedays.Ididntknowyouweresobusy.(1)一般过去时表示过去的动作或状态1一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。与一般过去时连用的时间状语有：yesterday,lastnight(week,year,month,Sunday),then,atthattime,atthatmoment,justnow,afewdays(weeks,months,years)ago等。例句：Lucyturnedoffallthelightsbefores

42、hewentout.出门前露茜关了所有的灯。2一般过去时也可以与today,thisweek(month,year)等时间状语连用，但这些时间状语应指过去。如：Didyouseehimtoday?你今天见他了吗？（today指今天已过去的某一时刻）3一般过去时还可以和for或since引导的时间状语连用。如：Istayedtherefortwomonths.我在那里呆了两个月。Nothinghappenedsincethen.打那以后什么事都没有发生。(2)有时一般过去时的时间状语或是在上下文、或是暗含于句中Whowasthat?那人是谁？IsawKerintown.我在城里看见了克尔。(3)

43、一般过去时在时间和条件状语从句中表示过去将来的动作或状态。Hanssaidhewouldletusknowifhegotanynews.汉斯说要是得到消息就告诉我们。过去进行时过去进行时1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。2.时间状语：atthistimeyesterday,atthattime或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。3.基本结构s+was/were+doing4.否定形式：s+was/were+not+doing.5.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。(第一个字母大写）6.例句：Atthattimeshewasworkingina

44、PLAunit.Whenhecamein,Iwasreadinganewspaper.(1)过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的动作1过去进行时通常和时间状语连用。如：Wewerehavingdinnerwhentheycame.他们来的时候，我们正在吃饭。2过去进行时表示过去某段时间内持续的动作。如：Carloswasstayingathomealllastweek.上周整整一周卡洛斯都在家呆着。Theywerebuildingadamlastspring.去年春天他们一直在修一个水坝。3过去进行时表示与过去某个动作同时发生的动作。如：Iwasreadingwhileshewaswriting.

45、我在读书，她在写字。4有时过去进行时用于主句，位于其后的when引导的从句表示意外发生的情况：Iwaswalkinginthestreetwhenitbegantorain.我正在街上走着，突然下起了雨。(2)过去进行时表示过去将来的动作过去进行时的这种用法多表示过去的打算，通常仅限于come,go,leave,depart,start等一些表示移动的动词。如：Hedidntknowwhethershewascoming.他不知道她是否会来。Thedelegationwasdepartingthreedayslater.代表团打算三天后动身。过去完成时过去完成时1.概念：以过去某个时间为标准，

46、在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。2.时间状语：before,bytheendoflastyear(term,month),etc.3.基本结构：had+done.4.否定形式：had+not+done.5.一般疑问句：had放于句首。6.例句：Assoonaswegottothestation,thetrainhadleft.Bytheendoflastmonth.Wehadreviewedfourbooks基本结构：主语+had+过去分词(done)肯定句：主语+had+过去分词+其他否定句：主语+had+not+过去分词+其他一般疑问句：Had+主

47、语+过去分词+其他特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句(1)过去完成时表示过去某时之前结束的动作或状态Whenhegotthere,thetrainhadalreadyleft.他到了那儿时火车已经离开了。Inarealizedshehadmadeamistake.艾娜意识到她犯了个错误。(2)过去完成时与when等从句连用had+just/barely/hardly/scarcely+done.when.,nosooner.than.是表示“刚就”或“不等就”的固定句型。如：Nosoonerhadweleftthehousethanitbegantorain.我们刚离开家就开始下雨了。Ihad

48、notgonemuchfartherbeforeIcaughtthemup.我没有走多远就赶上他们了。(3)过去完成时表示持续到过去某时之前的动作或状态Wehadfinishedtheworkbynineoclockyesterday.昨晚九点前我们已完成了工作。Thecompanyhadcompletedtheprojectbytheendof1999.到1999年底公司已完成了那个项目。过去完成进行时过去完成进行时过去完成时主要表示持续到过去某时之前的动作。如：IhadbeenlookingforitfordaysbeforeIfoundit.这个东西，我找了好多天才找着。Thetelep

49、honehadbeenringingforthreeminutesbeforeitwasanswered.电话铃响了三分钟才有人接。Hewastired.Hedbeenworkingallday.他累了。他工作了一整天。Afterhedbeenlecturingforhalfanhour,ProfessorBrownhadadrinkofwater.布朗教授讲了半小时课之后，他喝了一点水。动词的将来时动词的将来时一般将来时一般将来时1.概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。2.时间状语：tomorrow,nextday(week,month,year),soon,ina

50、fewminutes,by,thedayaftertomorrow,etc.3.基本结构：主语+am/is/are+goingto+do；will/shall+do.4.否定形式：am/is/arenotgoingtodo；will/shallnotdo。5.一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。6.例句：Theyaregoingtohaveacompetitionwithusinstudies.Itisgoingtorain.(1)基本用法1一般将来时常用来表示将来时间的动作或状况。如：Helenawillbetwentynextyear.海伦娜明年就二十岁了。2一般将来时