研究生英语作文——My--Unit-5.ppt

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1、研究生英研究生英语作文作文My-Unit-5*“The The soul soul is is born born old old but but grows grows young.young.That That is is the the comedy comedy of of life.life.And And the the body body is is born born young young and and grows grows old.That is lifes tragedy.old.That is lifes tragedy.”-OscarWilde *The minu

2、te a man ceases to grow,no matter The minute a man ceases to grow,no matter what his years,that minute he begins to be old.what his years,that minute he begins to be old.-WilliamJamesFamousquotesFamousquotes *Age Age appears appears to to be be best best in in four four things,things,-old old wood w

3、ood best best to to burn,burn,old old wine wine to to drink,drink,old old friends friends to to trust,trust,and and old old authors to readauthors to read”-AlonsoofAragon *That That man man never never grows grows old old who who keeps keeps a a child child in in his his heartheart”-RichardSteele,Sr

4、.Warm-upQuestionsQ2Q3Q1Howdoyoufeelaboutyourparentsgrowingolder?(nursinghomeorlivingtogether)Whatarethebestandworstthingsaboutbeingolder?ListthreethingsyouredeterminedtofinishbeforeyoudievDavidCawley(DC)Lookinginthemirroreverymorning.Itsgreattoseesomeonelookingback,butapitytheyresoweak.vStefanieLogi

5、e(SL)Bestisthatpeoplegiveyouaseatonpublictransport,youalwaysgetservedfirstatmealtimesandyoungerfriendsandfamilylookafterandcareforone.Theworstisphysicaldeterioration.AsShakespeareputitinthesevenages:Sans(without)eyes,sansteeth,sanseverything.vElaineMorgan(EM)Best-withanyluck,thenumberofpeopledepende

6、ntonyoudecreasessoyoucanpleaseyourself.Worst-thefearofbecomingdependentonothersinturn.Introduction to the author*philosopher*logician,*mathematician,*historian,and*socialcritic.*NobelPrizeWinnerinLiterature(1950),inrecognitionofhisvariedandsignificantwritingsinwhichhechampionshumanitarianidealsandfr

7、eedomofthought.fallacy a false idea or belief;false reasoning*It is a fallacy to suppose that wealth alwaysbringshappiness.totter sway as if about to fall*Theoutcomeofthisstrifewillbethecollapseofthealreadytotteringgovernment.*Whenmyconfidenceistottering,allIseeinmylifeisweaknessandhopelessness.Voca

8、bularyindubitableunquestionable*Itisindubitablethattheseexperiencesandinformationhavevalueandmeaningtoourclients.exterminate-killallthecreaturesorpeopleinaplace.*Youcannotexterminatethembecausefromtheirseedcomesmorewithgreaterhatred.sober-incontrolofoneself*Thelessonslearnedatthecostofbloodhelpedtos

9、oberus.*Heworeasobersuitthatbefittedtheoccasion.fatalistic-showingabeliefinfate*Eventhoughtheybringussuffering,weacceptthemwithalmostfatalisticresignation,forwearesousedtogivingintothem.ascertain-discoverthefactsofsth.*Wemustascertaintheusualcustomsofthelocalpeopleandarrangeaccordingly.discord-disag

10、reementbetweenpeople*Profitisgenerallytheappleofdiscordamongthecapitalistnations.*Hewascursedforsowingseedsofdiscordamonghisfriends.interludeaninterveningepisode,feature,orperiodoftimeThepianoplayingwasonlyabriefinterludebetweentherealeveningsactivities.precludeprevent（sth.,orsb.fromdoingsth.）;make（

11、sth.）impossible*Thefloodprecludedhimfromcoming.*HerFrenchcitizenshipprecludedherfromvotingintheU.S.elections,althoughshehaslivedthereasapermanentresidentfor20yearsandhasagreencard.elude-escape from sth.or sb,esp.by tricks*They go rambling over the world as if pursued by some mysterious fate they can

12、not possibly elude.allegiance loyalty or the obligation of loyalty,as to a nation,sovereign,or cause*Many heads of state demand their military forces swear allegiance to them.*The Foundation needs and deserves our allegiance and financial support for it to continue to be the premier organization in

13、our field.Detailed reading for paras 1-31.What are the two objects to which Russell2.has devoted the serious part of his life?3.2.What contributes to human unhappiness,4.according to Russell?pass for/as:Do I speak French well enough to pass for a Frenchman?Iwastroubledbyskepticismandunwillingly forc

14、ed to the conclusion thatmostofwhatpassesforknowledgeopentoreasonabledoubt.(L810)beopento:willingtoconsiderordealwithEverytopicisopentodiscussion,andtheprojectisalwaysopentonewideasandcontributions.大多数被当作知识的东西都可以合理地质疑。大多数被当作知识的东西都可以合理地质疑。But I discovered that many mathematical demonstrations,which m

15、y teachers expected me to accept,were full of fallacies,and that,if certainty were indeed discoverable in mathematics,it would be in a new kind of mathematics,with more solid foundations than those that had hitherto been thought secure.（L13-18）但但后后来来我我却却发发现现，老老师师们们期期望望我我接接受受的的许许多多数数学学论论证证都都充充满满了了缪缪误

16、误；假假如如确确切切性性果果真真能能发发现现于于数数学学，它它也也是是在在一一种种新新的的数数学学中中，其其基基本本原原理理比比迄迄今今为为止止被被认认为为是是无无懈懈可可击击的的数学原理更为牢固数学原理更为牢固。vElephantandtortoise:(India)Theworldrestsupontheheadofagreatelephant,whichissupportedbyatortoise,butthereisnothingtoholdunderthetortoise.vImconvincedthatintelligence,patience,andeloquencecan,so

17、onerorlater,leadthe human race out of its self-imposedtorturesprovideditdoesnotexterminateitself.provided:Provided that we faithfully apply themethod of criticism and self-criticism andconstantly review our experience,we canmakesteadyprogress.我我相相信信：只只要要人人类类不不自自相相残残杀杀，智智慧慧、忍忍耐耐和雄辩终归会指引人类走出自找的磨难。和雄辩终

18、归会指引人类走出自找的磨难。And there have been morbid miseries fostered by gloomy creeds,which have led men into profound inner discords that made all outward prosperity of no avail.(L4447)morbid:dreadfulElizabethsmindranonacquirementstoanalmostmorbiddegree.no avail.:meaningless,uselessHelaboredhardwithoutavail.

19、悲观的信念孳生了病态的痛苦，致使人类的内部悲观的信念孳生了病态的痛苦，致使人类的内部极不和谐，从而使外部的繁荣毫无成果。极不和谐，从而使外部的繁荣毫无成果。Theythinkhopeisirrationalandthat,insittingdowntolazydespair,theyaremerelyfacingfacts.(line54-55)vsitdowntosth-begintodoorconcentratefullyonsth.Bothsidesarepreparedtositdowntoalongtalk.他们认为希望是缺乏理性的，他们认为希望是缺乏理性的，而沉溺于懒惰而沉溺于懒惰

20、绝望。他们仅仅面对事实而已。绝望。他们仅仅面对事实而已。To preserve hope in our world makes calls uponour intelligence and our energy.(L5657)vmakes calls upon:makesdemandsonWe make calls upon our partners in theinternational community to join with us inensuringademocraticandsecurefuturefortheIraqipeople.对我们的世界一直抱有希望，要求我们付出对我们的

21、世界一直抱有希望，要求我们付出智慧和精力智慧和精力.SummaryPartI(Para.12):Theauthordevoteshislifetotwoobjects:maths,ahappierworld*Para 1:He holds that there is no certainty in mathematics and much of what passes for mathematical knowledge is dubitable.*Para 2:He assumes that mens inadequate mastery of nature and hostility to

22、 their fellows are the causes of human miseries and follies past and present.1.What can we infer from the text about Victorian optimism?2.What is Russells point of view on the relation between institutions and character?Detailedreadingforparas3-4Victorianage(1837-1901)The era is a long period of pro

23、sperity for the British peopleThe era is a long period of prosperity for the British peoplevAbroad:ProfitsgainedfromtheoverseasvAthome:Industrialimprovements.optimism(mid)-doubt and pessimism(later)optimism(mid)-doubt and pessimism(later)DickensThomasHardyHardlyanyone was haunted bythefearofgreatwar

24、s.Hardlyanyonethoughtofthenineteenthcenturyasabriefinterludebetweenpastandfuturebarbarism.(line 67-69)haunt:frequentlyvisitHewillbejustifiablysuspiciousthathehasmissedsomethingimportant,somethingthatwillcomebacktohaunthimlater.barbarism:primitivism.几乎无人因害怕大规模的战争而提提心心吊胆吊胆，几乎无人认为19世纪是过去的野蛮和未来的野蛮野蛮之间的短

25、暂间歇短暂间歇。vItiscomparatively easytohaveanimmense effectbymeansofadogmaticandprecisegospel.(L8183)vcomparatively:relativelyimmense effect:powerfuleffectgospel:asetofinstructionsorteachingsv用教教条条式式的的简明教教义义去产生巨巨大大影影响响，是比较容易的。vNor can I believe with any wholeheartedness in anypartial doctrine which deals

26、only with some part oraspectofhumanlife.(L85-87)v我也不能完全相相信信只涉及人类生活某一部分或某一方面的任何片面的学说。TheMillennium:vThe Millennium refers to a 1000 yearperiod during which Christ Reigns withtheBelieversinHeavenoverthepurifiednationsontheEarth.vAftertheMillenniumisover,thedevilisthrownintothelakeoffire,theKingdomis h

27、anded back to the Father and GodmakesallthingsnewTherearethosewhobelievethatwhatisneededisachangeofheart,andthat,incomparison,institutionsareoflittleaccount.(L90-92)oflittleaccount/moment:oflittleimportance*Abilityisoflittleaccountwithoutopportunity.*Eventhematterimmediatelyinhandwasofverylittlemome

28、ntasrequiringpersonalappearanceontheSecretaryspart.有人认为需要转变心态，而制度相比之下则无关紧要。有人认为需要转变心态，而制度相比之下则无关紧要。And if individuals are to retain that measure of initiative and flexibility which they ought to have,they must not be all forced into one rigid mould;or to change the metaphor,all drilled into one army

29、.(L9498)to retain that measure of initiative and flexibility:toretainacertainamountofpassion,enterprise,andflexibilitymould:n.shapemetaphor:暗喻暗喻如果个人要保持他们应有的那种程度的首创性和灵活性，如果个人要保持他们应有的那种程度的首创性和灵活性，就万万不可将他们全都逼入同一种刻板的模式；或者换就万万不可将他们全都逼入同一种刻板的模式；或者换个比喻，把他们全都训练成一支部队。个比喻，把他们全都训练成一支部队。SummaryPartII(para.3-4)T

30、heauthordedicateshimselftostudyingphilosophyandhumansociety.Para.3Newthoughts,newfreedomsandnewrestrictionsuponfreedomareneeded.Para.4Reformsininstitutionsandcharactermustmarchhandinhandanddiversityisessential.Detailed reading for paras 5-91.How does Russell evaluate his work as a whole?2.How far ha

31、s he succeeded and how far has he failed?They were to be crowned by a synthesis,combining pure theory with a practical social philosophycrown:toformthecrown,top,orchiefornamentof;toconferhonor,dignity,orrewardupon;tobringtocompletionorsuccessfulconclusion*Herlongbrownhairwascrownedwithflowersandhera

32、rmsfilledwithblossoms.*HisinterestinpoliticalissueswascrownedwithhisappointmentasalifelongmemberoftheWashingtonD.C.association.二者将用一种综合法来完成二者将用一种综合法来完成即把纯理论与实用即把纯理论与实用的社会哲学结合起来的社会哲学结合起来。Asagainstthismustbesettwokindsoffailure,oneoutward,oneinward.(L117-118)asagainst:*Wehadtwelvehoursofsunshineyester

33、day,asagainstaforecastofcontinuousrain.*ShegetsSaturdaysoffinhernewjobasagainstworkingalternateweekendsinherlastone.I I set set out out with with a a more more or or less less religious religious belief belief in in a a Platonic Platonic eternal eternal world,world,in in which which mathematics math

34、ematics shone shone with with a a beauty beauty like like that that of of the last Cantos of the Paradiso.(L129132)the last Cantos of the Paradiso.(L129132)ParadisoParadiso:one of three sections of Divine Comedythe greatest work of Dante(12661321).Divine Comedy comprises the Inferno（地狱）,the Purgator

35、io（炼狱）and the Paradiso（天堂）.我开始近乎虔诚地相信柏拉图的永恒世界柏拉图的永恒世界，那里的数学就像天堂天堂的最后几个诗章一样灿烂美丽。I may have conceived theoretical truth wrongly,but I was not wrong in thinking that there is such a thing,and that it deserves our allegiance.allegiance:loyaltyThedebateoverwhetherthePledgeofAllegianceshouldbemadecompulso

36、ryinourschoolshasbeenlongonrhetoricandshortonhistoryv我我对对理理论论真真理理的的构构想想或或许许是是错错误误的的，但但我我坚坚信信这样的真理是存在的，并值得我们去效忠。这样的真理是存在的，并值得我们去效忠。v.Personal:to care for what is noble,for what is beautiful,for what is gentle;to allow moments of insight to give wisdom at more mundane times.(L147149)MundaneMundane:ord

37、inary with nothing new in it A grasp of mundane affairs is genuineknowledge,understandingofworldlywisdomistruelearning.世事洞明皆学问,人情练达即文章我个人的幻想是：我个人的幻想是：关注崇高之事，关注美好之关注崇高之事，关注美好之事，关注高雅之事；让片刻的顿悟在平凡的岁月事，关注高雅之事；让片刻的顿悟在平凡的岁月中生出智慧。中生出智慧。vPartIII.(Para.5-9)Inspiteofhissuccessinhisstudy,hefeelstwokindsoffailur

38、e:oneoutward,oneinward.Butheisstilloptimisticaboutthefutureofmankind.Para.5-7Outwardfailure:freedom,tolerance,oldideasanddoctrinesarenottreatedjustly.Para.8Inwardfailure:therearecontradictionsinhismentallife.Para.9Heisstilloptimisticaboutthefutureofmankind.Helooksforwardtoaworldoffreeandhappyhumanbe

39、ingsIII Main Idea of the TextRussell uses the occasion of his eightieth birthday to recall his dedication to mathematics and philosophy and summarize the failures and success he has experienced in his life.Having devoted half of his life to mathematics and logic,his skepticism eventually leads him t

40、o the conclusion that there is no certainty in mathematics and much of what passes for mathematical knowledge is dubitable.Nonetheless,his strong interest in the logical basis of mathematics underpins a fascination with philosophy.At this point,his reflection moves well beyond the personal level,for

41、 he also shares his keen insight into the self-imposed tortures that human beings suffer.He assumes that mens inadequate mastery of nature and hostility to their fellows are the causes of human miseries and follies past and present.He is a very disappointed witness of the scourge of 20th century war

42、s which shook the faith of people who grew up during the widespread 19th century optimism.Nonetheless,he has always had a certain degree of optimism and argues that wisdom and patience will sooner or later lead the human race out of torture.He holds the firm conviction that social and political prob

43、lems will eventually be solved through reforms in both institutions and character,which should be achieved by developing greater respect for diversity rather than by means of a dogmatic and precise gospel.Beneath all the load of horrors,he still looks forward to a world of free and happy human being

44、s.VII.KeytoExercisesC.1.C2.A3.D4.A5.D6.B.7B8C9.B10.AB.TranslationPsychologicallytherearetwodangerstobeguardedagainstinoldage.Oneoftheseisundueabsorptioninthepast.Itdoesnotdotoliveinmemories,inregretsforthegoodolddays,orinsadnessaboutfriendswhoaredead.vOnesthoughtsmustbedirectedtothefuture,andtothing

45、saboutwhichthereissomethingtobedone.Thisisnotalwayseasy;onesownpastisagraduallyincreasingweight.Itiseasytothinktooneselfthatonesemotionsusedtobemorevividthantheyare,andonesmindmorekeen.Ifthisistrueitshouldbeforgotten,andifitisforgottenitwillprobablynotbetrue.Theotherthingtobeavoidedisclingingtoyouth

46、inthehopeofsuckingvigorfromitsvitality.Whenyourchildrenaregrownuptheywanttolivetheirownlives,andifyoucontinuetobeasinterestedinthemasyouwerewhentheywereyoung,youarelikelytobecomeaburdentothem,unlesstheyareunusuallycallous.Thisdoesnotmeanthatoneshouldbewithoutinterestinthem,butonesinterestshouldbecontemplativeand,ifpossible,philanthropic,butnotundulyemotional.Animalsbecomeindifferenttotheiryoungassoonastheiryoungcanlookafterthemselves,buthumanbeings,owingtothelengthofinfancy,findthisdifficult.谢谢！