[2011黄冈二轮备考会]蕲春横车-书面表达的常见误区和备考策略8695.pdf

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1、 书面表达的常见误区和备考策略 蕲春县横车高中 黄春芳 英语书面表达是学生英语学习的综合素质体现，它要求学生有扎实的语言基本功，具备一定的审题能力、想象能力、表达能力、评价能力及书法排版能力，是历年高考英语的重点主观测试题之一。书面表达的体裁、题材、情景具有多样性、实用性。近年来，书面表达取材比较广泛，内容较为丰富，题材多为日常生活和一般交往所涉及的内容；体裁包括记叙文、说明文、应用文和议论文，命题的方式多种多样，主要有文字提示、图画提示和图表提示三种。【考纲解读】考试大纲对高考英语书面表达的要求是“测试考生准确使用英语语法词汇、进行书面表达的能力。要求考生根据所给情景，用英语写一篇 100-

2、150 个单词左右的短文”。情景包括目的，对象，时间，地点，内容等等，提供情景的形式有图画，图表，提纲等；要求考生能：准确使用语法和词汇；使用一定的句型、词汇，清楚、连贯地表达自己的意思；英语课程标准中关于高考写作的要求为：能根据用文字及图表提供的信息写出短文或报告；能写出语意连贯且结构完整的短文，叙述事情或表达观点和态度；能在写作中做到文体规范、语句通顺。【命题特点】综观近几年的高考英语发展势态，书面表达旨在训练学生对所学语言知识的实践应用，特别是测试学生的语言交际能力和语言知识的运用能力的必考题型，也是高考中重要且难度较大的题型，所占分值为 25 分，要求考生在 30 分钟内写出 8010

3、0 个词左右的短文。近几年来，各地英语高考试卷中的写作题目主要是：记人、叙事、写信、通知或看图作文等。大多为记叙文、议论文和应用文。主要表现为以下几个特点：一是文体的常用性，即其所涉及的文体有：议论文，以摆事实，讲道理的方式表述观点，事物，方法的原则，须具备论点，论据，论证三大要素；说明文，用说明作主要表达方式来说明某个事物的形状，性质，功能或形成原因，发生发展过程等；应用文，有书信，日记，口头通知，便条，广告，启示，请柬，贺卡，海报等形式，其中信的形式有包括求职信，感谢信，商务信函等；记叙文，以记人，叙事为主要内容，以叙述为主要表达方式的一种文体，包括介绍人物的生平事迹，记叙事情发展过程，说

4、明前因后果等。二是题材的熟悉性，即书面表达的取材主要涉及中学生所体验到的日常生活。三是内容的控制性，它通过图画，表格，要点等来限定考生的写作内容，使得考生在写作时自由发挥的余地较小。四是要求的渐进性，即高考对书面表达的要求在逐年提高，由原来的要求写对，到以前的要求写好，再到现在的要求写出文采，使用高级词汇和复杂结构等，并对由此而产生的错误采取了宽容的态度。【评分标准】以 25 分作文为例，一般评分标准是：A内容充实，主题突出，覆盖所有知识要点，应用了较多较高级的词汇和语法结构，有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，结构紧凑，给 25 分。B内容较充实，能表述作文要求，语法结构和词汇能满足内容要求，有一

5、些错误但不影响全文理解，全文连贯，给 16-20 分。C内容基本充实，尚能表述作文要求，句子简单但能表达内容要求，给 11-15 分。D漏掉或未能写清主要内容，有些内容与主题无关，语言错误影响了读者对写作内容的理解，缺少连贯性，信息未能清楚地传达给读者，给 6-10 分。E明显遗漏主要内容，严重离题，不知所云，字迹潦草，给 1-5 分。从高考评卷及平时测试来看，学生在做书面表达题时，得分率较低，卷面普遍存在如下缺点：文不对题（文体格式不规范）；离题太远（抓不到要点，该说的不说，不该说的说的太多）；词不达意（有的甚至用汉语标注或留空）；病句太多（时态、语态、人称、数等语法）；卷面不工整（字迹潦草

6、、乱涂改、添插箭头满篇飞）。【常见错误】错误类型一:汉式英语错误 不少考生在英语书面表达时易受汉语习惯影响,所写句子虽然语法正确,却不符合英语表达习惯,造成不少汉语式英语病句.要减少汉式病句必须做到(1)养成用英语思维进行写作的习惯,注意中西文化差异所带来的不同表达.(2)平时多归纳总结,纠正汉式英语.(3)多收听对外广播、收看英语节目、广泛阅读英文版书籍、报纸及其它材料.例如:误:He cost five yuan to buy a dictionary.正:It cost five yuan to buy a dictionary.或 The dictionary cost him fiv

7、e yuan.误:Good good study,day day up.正:If you study hard,you will make progress every day.误:Here is suitable to grow cash crops 正:It is suitable to grow cash crops here.误:There is a notice in the park saying“To take notice of safe;the sidewalk is very crafty.”正:There is a notice in the park saying“Wa

8、tch your step.Slippery sidewalk.”误:His fever is high.正:He has a high fever.误:The student is standing there is my brother.正:The student standing there is my brother.或 The student who is standing there is my brother.误:The price of the computer is expensive.正:The price of the computer is high.误:The pop

9、ulation of China is many.正:The population of China is large.误:Recently our village have taken place great changes.正:Recently great changes have taken place in our village.误:There are twenty students in our class have been to Beijing.正:Twenty students in our class have been to Beijing.误:That factory

10、broke out a fire last Sunday.正:A fire broke out in that factory last Sunday.误:This building likes a school.正:This building looks like/is a school.误:He will able to write articles in English next year.正:He will be able to write articles in English next year.误:I will by bus to Beijing.正:Ill go to Beij

11、ing by bus tomorrow.误:Professor Li comes from Beijing University will give us a lecture tomorrow.正:Professor Li from Beijing University will give us a lecture tomorrow.误:His friends are few.正:He has few friends 误:Wei Fangs father scolded her coming late to school.正:Wei Fangs father scolded her for h

12、er coming late to school.误:To attend this meeting is important.正:It is important to attend this meeting.误:His teaching methods are many.正:He has many teaching methods.错误类型二:句子结构不完整或结构错误 一个句子至少包括主语和谓语两部分(祈使句除外)。如果把句子的某一个部分当成一个句子，就会导致非完整句子。两个各含有主语和谓语的分句不能写在一起，也不能只用逗号隔开。例如：误:There were foreigners came

13、to our school.正:There were foreigners who came to our school.误:Without a friend will feel lonely.正:Without a friend one will feel lonely.误:The girls cleaned the desks and chairs,the boys mopped the floor.正:The girls cleaned the desks and chairs;the boys mopped the floor.正:The girls cleaned the desks

14、 and chairs,and the boys mopped the floor.误:The book was interesting.I read it rapidly.正:The book was interesting;I read it rapidly.正:The book was interesting,and I read it rapidly.误:The woman talked to you just now is our English teacher.正:The woman who talked to you just now is our English teacher

15、.误:I cant imagine what life would be like if have not any TV sets.正:I cant imagine what life would be like if we have not any TV sets.误:China is no longer what used to be.正:China is no longer what it used to be.误:Although rained,we went on working.正:Although it rained,we went on working.误:They finis

16、hed the homework,they went out.正:Since/As they finished the homework,they went out.误:I am tired,I must go to bed.正:I am tired,so I must go to bed.误:The sun gives off heat and light,this makes it possible for the plants on the earth to grow.正:The sun gives off heat and light,which makes it possible f

17、or the plants on the earth to grow.误:You practise more reading,you will improve your reading ablility.正:If you practise more reading,you will improve your reading ablility.误:I arrive at the station,the train had left.正:When I arrive at the station,the train had left.误:China is still a developing cou

18、ntry,most people cant afford a car.正:Because China is still a developing country,most people cant afford a car.错误类型三：重复累赘 有些英语单词本身自带某个意思，或由于语法需要不能再出现某个单词，而学生基本功夫不够扎实，常常出现累赘现象。误:The box is too heavy for the weak boy to carry it.正:The box is too heavy for the weak boy to carry.误:We hope to improve our

19、 work better.正:We hope to improve our work.误:We very like his lesson.正:We like his lesson very much.误:Yours class was interesting.正:Your class was interesting.误:In spite of the fact he is lazy,I like him.正:In spite of his laziness,I like him.误:Personally I think he is a good student.正:I think he is

20、a good student.误:I seldom go to the Shanghai Library due to the reason it is far away from my home.正:I seldom go to the Shanghai Library because it is far away from my home.误:Mary married with John.正:Mary married John.误:I returned back the book to you yesterday.正:I returned the book to you yesterday

21、.误:The teacher repeated the sentence again.正:The teacher repeated the sentence.误:My most favorite song is“Hand in Hand”.正:My favorite song is“Hand in Hand”.误:The train is entering into the tunnel.正:The train is entering the tunnel.错误类型四：句子缺乏逻辑性或连贯性 一个句子必须表达一个完整、前后语意一致的意思。如果把不相干的意思放在一个句字里或一个句子表达不完整，就

22、会出现逻辑问题。句子无论长短，在安排上要合乎逻辑，衔接自然，使句内语意关系明确。而学生在习作过程中常出现悬垂修饰语、指代不明、缺少过渡词语、非平行结构和语意不完整的分割句等错误。例如 误:Being an honest man,Tom worked very hard.正:Being an honest man,Tom never tells a lie.误:Liu Hua is a kind-hearted girl.She will be successful in anything she tries.正:AS she has a strong will and confidence i

23、n herself,Liu Hua may be successful in anything she tries.误:Rose is in love with John,John is in love with Mary.正:Rose is in love with John,but John is in love with Mary.错误类型五：语法、词法错误 许多考生写作中易犯关系不一致、词性混用、选词或搭配不当，时态语态错误、指代不清、语序不当等方面的错误。例如：误:In the bedroom there are a bed,a sofa,a desk and a chair.正:I

24、n the bedroom there is a bed,a sofa,a desk and a chair.误:He closed the door and hurries away to class.正:He closed the door and hurried away to class.误:60%of the students against the idea of entrance fees.正:60%of the students are against the idea of entrance fees.误:2 days past before his letter arriv

25、ed.正:2 days passed before his letter arrived.误:In order to learn English well,I should increase/raise the method of study.正:In order to learn English well,I should improve the method of study.误:Tom was in such a hurry that he forget his schoolbag on the bus.正:Tom was in such a hurry that he left his

26、 schoolbag on the bus.错误类型六：拼写错误及注意标点符号 考生出现单词拼写错误的原因：一是因为发音错误导致拼写错误，如：strick（strict）；二是因为不知道动词的不规则变化所导致的，如：teached（tautht）等。标点符号是一种变相文字，是书面表达不可缺少的重要手段，很多学生不了解不同标点符号的用途或英汉标点差异，结果出现错误。【高分策略】克服了以上错误，我们其实还不能得高分，那么，如何突破写作，获得高分，成为广大师生关注的问题。下面我就写作中如何运用高级表达提出以下几点，供广大师生参考。1.使用复合句 复合句可以把结构松散的句子连接起来，从而使表达显得高级

27、。高考写作中用到的复合句包括下列几种：(1)定语从句 Mary is a girl in Class 1.She speaks English very fluently.Mary is a girl in Class1,who speaks English very fluently.(2)状语从句 The doctor arrived there in time.The boy was saved.It was not too late.The boy was saved because the doctor arrived there before it was too late.(3)

28、名词性从句(包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句)Xiao Ming was always late for school.His teacher didnt know why.His teacher didnt know why Xiao Ming was always late for school.如果考生驾驭句子的能力较强，则还可以恰当使用复杂的复合句（就是从句中还包含从句）。例如：I want to know whether you want to meet Miss Tang when she comes back from Japan,where she works as

29、 an engineer.(本句包含 3 个从句)2.使用某些惯用句型 写作中如果能恰当运用英语中某些常见的惯用句型，可以使文章显得富有“洋味”。例如：(1)The boy was so brave that he led the enemy into our ring of encirclement(包围).(sothat 句型)(2)So brave was the boy that he led the enemy into our ring of encirclement(包围).（倒装结构）(3)I did not realize the importance of learning

30、 English well until then.（notuntil）(4)Not until then did I realize the importance of learning English well.(not until 的倒装句)(5)It was not until then that I realized the importance of learning English well.（强调句）3.使用高级词汇 巧用习语(idiom)英语中有大量习语，如果运用得当，则可大大增加文章的感染力。考生要在平时的学习过程中不断积累。例如：What she explained doe

31、snt hold water.她的解释站不住脚。Many families struggle to make ends meet.很多家庭只能勉强维持生计。I dont know why she is always in low spirits.我不知道她为什么总是情绪低落。He turned a deaf ear to what I said.他对我的话一点也听不进去。This sentence doesnt make sense.这个句子讲不通。用短语代替单词 英语中同义词众多，在表达的时候，尽量用短语代替单个的词。例如：I have made up my mind to study En

32、glish better this term.(同义词：decide)I have no idea how to enlarge my vocabulary.(同义词：dont know)A burning cigarette end resulted in/led to the big fire.(同义词：cause)Since my childhood I have been fond of music.(同义词：like)We will take the matter into account(consideration).(同义词：consider)善用小词 在写作中巧用、活用某些小词

33、，常常会起到画龙点睛、四两拨千斤的作用。(1)动词：see,find,have,take,get,strike,run,cover,fail,go,make,manage,keep,stay,do(行，可以),help(有用),work(起作用),count,etc.例如：2005 saw the successful launch of Shenzhou VI in China.China has a history of more than 5,000 years.Saddam Hussin got hanged on the 30th of December,2006.How does

34、Shenzhen strike you?I have to earn more than 6,000 yuan if I want to cover my expenses in Shenzhen.When I received the news that I got the first place,words failed me.This is how the story goes.After a few years training,she made an excellent teacher.Marys mother asked her to seize time to go over h

35、er lessons for the final exam,but it didnt help.It is the ability to do the job well that counts.(2)名词、形容词、副词、介词等：a must,a hit,a success,a better/best choice/seller,arrival,stay,top,new,pretty(相当地),terribly,badly,in(时尚的),out(过时的)，beyond,under,on display/on second thought(s),at the news of/at the sig

36、ht of,etc.例如：English is a must for us.Of all the 2006 films Zhang Yimous Curse of the Golden Flower(满城尽带黄金甲)was the best seller.I made lots of friends during my stay in France.Wendy Wang must be one of the top students in our school.This kind of work is quite new to me.I am going to find a nice apar

37、tment pretty soon.Doctors were badly needed in that area after the flood.Short skirts are in again.His lecture is beyond my understanding.Shenzhen Metro Line 3 is still under construction.On my arrival I found the front door was open.At the news of his death I was shocked.4.使用名词表达动词意义 His failure in

38、 the exam again made his mother very worried.On arrival home I found the front door open.Living near the airport may lead to peoples loss of hearing.No one can enter the office without permission.The railway line is still under construction.5.使用形容词（短语）做状语或者使用非谓语动词结构等 They returned home,safe and soun

39、d.Full of fear,I walked in the darkness.While walking along the streets I met Jane.We started out very early in order to catch the first early bus.I arrived home,really exhausted.6.使用表示过渡的连接词 高考“基础写作”的评分标准中特别强调句子间的连贯性。之所以把衔接和连贯作为重要标准来要求，是因为衔接和连贯是构成语篇的最基本条件。常用的连接词有：and,but,so,besides,morever,whats mo

40、re,whats worse,in addition,however,therefore,suddenly,finally,while,also,too,thus,yet 等等。例如：He thought he understood the problem;however,he was mistaken.They cost a lot of money;thus you should use them carefully.I dont like the dress;moreover,its too expensive.I was late for the film;what was worse

41、,I left my ticket at home.7.使用比喻、拟人等修辞手法 比喻性结构新鲜活泼，形象具体，能给读者留下较深刻的印象，具有强大的感染力。例如：The Great Wall runs across China like a huge dragon.To finish the work ahead of time,I have been as busy as a bee recently.He is a lucky dog.8.使用英语中的谚语 和汉语一样，英语中也有大量谚语。若能在写作中恰当运用，会给文章增色不少。现例举几条励志类的谚语。Where there is a wi

42、ll,there is a way.Time and tide wait for no man.Practice makes perfect.A lazy youth,a lousy age.Well begun is half done.No pains,no gains.Look before you leap.It is never too old to learn.Failure is the mother of success.He who laughs last laughs best.【典例评析】题目：联合国教科文组织某考察团正在我国某乡村参观考察。假定你是接待人员，请根据下列提

43、示以发言稿的形式简要介绍这个村的情况：1）大小：近 100户人家，约 500口人。2）变化：过去很穷，78 年后变化很大。人们生活比以前好多了。现已旧貌换新颜。3）教育：原来的学校很小，现已经过改建。新建的教学楼有 4 层，是村里最美的建筑物。村所有学龄儿童在此免费就读。注意：（1）要点齐全，前后连贯。（2）词数：100120之间。解析 依据要点，草拟提纲，将所需要的语言材料准备好。可以只列出主要的词、词组、短语及句型。暂不考虑动词的时态、语态、单数第三人称等词形变化。100 families and 500 people/used to be very poor/change a lot/r

44、icher than before/take on a new look was very small/have been rebuilt newly-built/have 4 storeys/most beautiful building school-age children/enjoy free education 扩展成句，连句成篇。本文为一篇发言稿，其格式与口头通知大体相同。因此，短文应有称呼、开场及结束语。既然介绍的是小村，所使用的人称应为 it.应注意时态、语态的正确运用，并适当使用一些连接成分将所列的语句连成完整的语篇。全文应结构紧凑，前后连贯。【学生原作】Ladies and

45、 gentlemen,Welcome to our village!This village is very small.It has nearly 100 families and about 500 people.It used to be very poor.It has changed a lot since 1978.People here are richer than before.Now it is taking on a new look.In the past,the school here was very small.Now it has been rebuilt.Th

46、e newly built teaching buildinghas 4 storeys and it is the most beautiful building in the village.All the school-age children can study here.They enjoy free education in it.Thank you.大家看，这篇书面表达要点齐全，表达也没语法错误，但语言平淡，表达方式单一，逻辑性也差，因此很难在考试的评分中得到较高档次。如果使用一些恰当的连接词，并尽量使用较高级的词汇和较复杂的语法结构，这个平淡的文章就会有很大改观，甚至会变得更精

47、彩。【改后作文】Ladies and gentlemen,Welcome to our village!This village is a small one with/which has nearly 100 families and about 500 people.It used to be very poor.However,it has changed a lot since 1978 and has been developing very fast.People here have/live a much better life than before.Now it is tak

48、ing on a new look.In the past,the school here was very smalland most children couldnt afford to go to school.But now it has been rebuiltand the newly built teaching building which has 4 storeys is the most beautiful one in the village.All the school-age children can study here.Whats more/Also,they e

49、njoy free education.May you enjoy your stay here/May you have a pleasant time here!Thank you.评析 用介词短语作定语或用含定语从句的主从复合句。语句间缺少连接成分 However。表现作者对现在乡村的发展的喜悦心情，也起到承上启下作用。较高级词汇。作者对过去孩子们上不起学表示遗憾和同情。语句间缺少连接成分，添加 But。语句间缺少承上启下连接成分 and。用含定语从句的主从复合句。此处应添加一个承接上下文的过渡性词语，如“Whats more/Also”，这样，前后就显得更加连贯了。如能适当发挥，在结尾

50、处添加像“May you enjoy your stay here/May you have a pleasant time here!”的表示希望、祝愿的语句，会使全文更加完整，使文章读起来更亲切，完全达到与读者进行交流的目的，从而收到更佳的表达效果。较高级词汇。较复杂句式。这些连接词的恰当使用无疑能使全文过渡自然，令读者对后续的句子产生心理的期待和准备，增强句子间的逻辑性和紧凑性。适当增加句子的感情色彩，增加一些人情味，使文章读起来更亲切，完全达到与读者进行交流的目的。我们可以看出，要使文章连贯、流畅，就要使用较高级词汇、复杂句子结构以及恰当的连接词，才能给人一种美的享受，才能在考试的评分