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1、宾语从句(Object Clause)定义 在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句.时态:1。主句用一般现在时,从句可用任意时态。2.主句用过去时,从句用过去某个时态。3。主句用过去时,从句是真理时,只用一般现在时。一、宾语从句的连接词 1、从属连词 连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有 that,if,whether。that 引导表示陈述句的宾语从句,而 if 和 whether 引导表示“是否”的宾语从句。He told me that he would go to the college the next year 他告诉我他下
2、一年上大学.I dont know if there will be a bus any more。我不知道是否还会有公交车。Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.没人知道他是否会通过考试.2、连接代词 连接代词主要有 who,whom,whose,what,whoever,whomever,whosever,whatever,whichever 等.连接代词一般指疑问,但 what,whatever 除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述.Do you know who has won Red Alert game?你知道谁赢了这一局红警游戏吗?I don
3、t know whom you should depend on.我不知道你该依靠谁.The book will show you what the best CEOs know.这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解些什么.Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗?3、连接副词 连接副词主要有 when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however 等。He didnt tell me when we shoul
4、d meet again。他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面。Could you please tell me how you read the new panel?你能告诉我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗?None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到。二、动词的宾语从句 1、大多数动词都可以带宾语从句 We all expect that they will win,for members of their team are stronger.我们都预料他们会赢,因为他们的队员更强壮。He told us
5、 that they would help us though the whole work.他告诉我们在整个工作中,他都会帮忙的。部分“动词+副词结构也可以带宾语从句 I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out。我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了。Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip?你能计算出这次旅行我们将花费多少钱吗?2、动词短语也可以带宾语从句 常见的这些词有:make sure 确保 make up ones m
6、ind 下决心 keep in mind 牢记 Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误.3、可运用形式宾语 it 代替的宾语从句 动词 find,feel,consider,make,believe 等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用 it 做形式宾语而将 that 宾语从句后置。I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day.我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的。I feel it
7、 a pity that I havent been to the get-together.我没去聚会,感觉非常遗憾.I have made it a rule that I keep diaries。我每天写日记成了习惯.We all find it important that we(should)make a quick decision about this mater。我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要。有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语与从句前加 it 这类动词主要有:hate,take,owe,have,see to。I hate it when they with their
8、mouths full of food.我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话.He will have it that our plan is really practical.他会认为我们的计划确实可行.We take it that you will agree with us。我们认为你会同意我们的.When you start the engine,you must see to it that car is in neutral。开启发动机时,一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置.若宾语从句是 wh类,则不可用 it 代替 We all consider what you said to be un
9、believable.我们都认为你所说的是不可信的。We discovered what we had learned to be valuable.我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有用的.三、介词的宾语从句 1、用 wh类的介词宾语从句 We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部。The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space。这本新书是关于神州 6 号载人航天飞船是如何升如
10、太空的.2、用 that,if 引导的介词宾语从句 有时候 except,but,besides 三个介词后可见到 that 引导的宾语从句 I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company。对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班,其他一无所知。四、形容词的宾语从句 常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有:sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprised I am sure I will pass the exam。
11、我确信我会通过考试。I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.很抱歉我这么长时间在打扰你。He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill.他很高兴在他生病的时候李明能去看望他.五、if,whether 在宾语从句中的区别 if 和 whether 在作“是否”解时,引导宾语从句常放在动词 know,ask,care,wonder,find out 等之后,介词后一般不用 if 少数动词,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt 后的宾语从句常用 whether.whether
12、 后可以加 or not,但是 if 不可以.在不定式前只能用 whether。(如:I cant decide whether to stay.我不能决定是否留下。)避免歧异时,我们常用 whether 而不用 if。六、哪些宾语从句不可以省略引导词 that 1、当宾语从句共有两个并列的从句:一省二不省 I realized(that)Im in charge and that everybody accepts my leadership.2、it 作形式宾语时,that 引导的宾语从句中的 that 不能省略。We thought it strange that Xiao Wang d
13、id not come yesterday.3、that 引导的宾语从句放在 except,but 等介词后面的时候,that 不能省略.He is a good student except that he is a little careless。4、宾语从句内有状语从句 I am talking about that whether he will call us as soon as he arrives here。七、宾语从句的否定转移 1、主句的谓语动词是 think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess 等,并且主
14、句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致.I dont think he will come to my party.而不能说成 I think he wont come to my party。我认为他不会来我的舞会.I dont believe that man is killed by Jim,is he?我认为那个人不是 Jim 所杀的,是不是?2、如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定形式.We find that he never listens to the teacher carefull
15、y,does he?我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课,是不是?八、宾语从句的时态和语序 1、当主句为现在时或将来时,宾语从句的时态一般不受主句的时态所影响.2、当主句为过去时 从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示与主句谓语动词动作同时发生 I only knew he was studying in a western country,but I didnt know what country he was in。我只知道他当时在西方的一个国家读书,可不知道是哪个国家。He asked me if I was reading the story The Old Man and the Sea whe
16、n he was in。他问我他进来的时候我是否正在读.从句过去完成时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前 He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already.他告诉我他已经把有关会议的事情告诉的了Mary.从句谓语用过去将来时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之后 The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the todo.记者问政府是否会采取必要的措施镇压骚乱。3、如果从句是一个客观真理,那么从句的时态不根据主句的时态而
17、变化 The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday.老师昨天说月亮绕着地球转.4、当宾语从句的引导词是 who,which,what,when,where,how,why 等表疑问时,不能按正常语序安排,经常将这类引导词置于句首 Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year?你认为今年公众会选谁为他们最喜欢的歌手。九、注意 1、宾语从句必须用陈述语序。False:He is wondering when can
18、 he finish this difficult job。Right:He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job。2、有时候可以用 it 作形式宾语,而把真正的宾语从句放在后面。Bad:I thought that he could finish this job in just two hours impossible。Good:I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours。Bad:He left whether we shoul
19、d continue this project to my judgment。Good:He left it to my judgment whether we should continue this project.3、带有宾语从句的复合句的否定形式一般是否定主句.Bad:I think he doesnt like the English teacher。Good:I dont think he likes the English teacher。4、主句一般过去时态,从句也要用过去时态;具体细节请看第一部分。False:He wanted to know why he is cryin
20、g in the corner.Right:He wanted to know why he was crying in the corner.定语从句 一、定义:1、定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,有时也可以修饰部分或整个句子。2、被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。关系代词有:who,whom,whose,that,which,as。关系副词有:when,where,why,how。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起连接作用,同时又可做定语从句的一个成分。当关系代
21、词做宾语时可以省略。定语从句中的谓语动词必须在人称上和数量上和先行词保持一致。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句.二、定语从句中关系代词的省略 1、省略关系代词最典型的情形就是当关系代词在定语从句中用作宾语的时候。在定语从句中能够用作宾语的关系代词有 that,which,who,whom。如:Those books(that)you lent me were very useful.你借给我的那些书很有用。句中的(that)you lent me 为修饰 those books 的定语从句,引导定语从句的关系代词 that 在定语从句中用作动词 lent 的宾语,故可以省略。I w
22、ore the necklace(which)my mother had left me。我戴着我妈留给我的项链。句中的(which)my mother had left me 为修饰 the necklace 的定语从句,引导定语从句的关系代词 which 在定语从句中用作动词 left 的宾语,故可以省略。Do you still remember the boy(who,whom)I was going out with?你还记得那个跟我约会的小伙子吗?句中的(who,whom)I was going out with为修饰 the boy 的定语从句,引导定语从句的关系代词 who/w
23、hom 在定语从句中用作句尾介词 with 的宾语,故可以省略。注意:我们说的关系代词的省略只限于限制性定语从句,在非限制性定语从句中,即使关系代词用作宾语也不能省略.2、另外,当关系代词直接用作介词后作宾语时,此时也不能省略.如:I wanted to find someone with whom I could discuss books and music.我想找到一个可以和我谈书和音乐的人.此句中的关系代词 which 虽然也是用作宾语,但不能省略,因为它是直接跟在介词 with 后面作宾语。但是,如果将此句改写一下,将介词 with 置于句末,则可以将关系代词 whom 省略。如:I
24、 wanted to find someone(whom)I could discuss books and music with。我想找到一个可以和我谈书和音乐的人。三、引导定语从句的主要关系代词 1.that 的用法 that 是所有关系代词中最常用的,它既可指人也可指物,既可用作主语也可用作宾语.如:This is the photo(that)I took.这就是我拍的照片.引导定语从句的关系代词 that 在此指事,且在定语从句中用作宾语,故可以省略。They live in a house that was built 200 years ago。他们住在一座两百年前盖的房子里。引
25、导定语从句的关系代词 that 在此指物,且在定语从句中用作主语,故不可以省略.The man that I saw told me to come here。我见到的人让我到这里来。引导定语从句的关系代词 that 在此指人,且在定语从句中用作宾语,故可以省略.2。who/whom 的用法 关系代词 who 和 whom 均只能指人,不能指物;从理论上说,who 是主格,在定语从句中用作主语;whom 是宾格,在定语从句中用作宾语。I met someone who said he knew you。我碰到一个人,他说认识你.引导定语从句的关系代词 who 在此指人,且在定语从句中用作主语,
26、故不可以省略。She is the girl(who,whom)you saw in school.她就是你在学校见到的那个女孩。关系代词在定语从句中用作宾语,从理论上说应用 whom,但也可以用 who;由于是用作主语,所以它们也可以省略。注意,如果关系代词是直接用作介词后作宾语,不可以用 who 来代替 whom。如:The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin。我和她谈话的那个姑娘是我表妹。句中的 whom 直接用在介词 to 的后面作宾语,故不可省略。3。whose 的用法 不要以为关系代词whose只用于指人,其实它也可以用于指事物;whose在定语从句
27、中主要用作定语。如:He is the man whose car was stolen。他就是汽车被窃的人。It was an island whose name I have forgotten.这是一座岛,名字我忘了。第一句中的关系代词 whose 指人,第二句中的关系代词 whose 指物.四、引导定语从句的主要关系副词 1。when 的用法 关系副词 when 在定语从句中用作状语,表示时间,用以修饰表示时间的先行词;在许多情况下可以理解为“介词+which”的意思(which 的意思与先行词所表示的意思等价),其中的“介词”通常应根据先行词的含与搭配来确定.如:1988 was t
28、he year when he was born。1988 是他的出生年。句中的when he was born 为修饰the year的定语从句,关系副词when在此相当于in which。表示在某一年,英语习惯上用介词 in,如 in 1988,in 2008 等,所以此处用 in which。Ill never forget the day when I first met you.我永远不会忘记第一次见你的那天。句中的 when I first met you 为修饰 the day 的定语从句,关系副词 when 在此相当于 on which。表示在某一天,英语习惯上用介词 on,如
29、 on that day,on Friday等,所以此处用 on which。Dont forget the time when the wedding will start.不要忘记婚礼开始的时间.句中的 when the wedding will start 为修饰 the time 的定语从句,关系副词 when 在此相当于 at which.表示在某一时刻,英语习惯上用介词 at,如 at that time,at the moment 等,所以此处用 at which.2.where 的用法 关系副词 where 在定语从句中也是用作状语,表示地点,用以修饰表示地点的先行词;在许多情
30、况下也可以理解为“介词+which”的意思(which 的意思与先行词所表示的意思等价),其中的“介词”通常应根据先行词的含与搭配来确定。如:What is the name of the town where you live?你住的那个城市叫什么名字?句中的 where you live 为修饰 the town 的定语从句,关系副词 where 在此相当于in which。表示在住在某城市,英语习惯上说明 live in a city,所以此处用 at which。This cross marks the spot where she died.这个十字符号标明她死去的地点.句中的 wh
31、ere she died 为修饰 the spot 的定语从句,关系副词 where 在此相当于at which.表示在在某一地点,英语习惯上说明 at a spot,所以此处用 at which。3。why 的用法 关系副词 why 在定语从句中也是用作状语,表示原因;why 引导定语从句时,其先行词只有一个,那就是 the reason;在许多情况下 why 也可以理解为 for which。如:These are the reasons why we do it.这些就是我们这样做的理由。句中的 why we do it 为修饰 the reason 的定语从句,关系副词 why 在此相
32、当于 for which.Do you know the reason why she doesnt like me?你知道她不喜欢我的原因吗?句中的 why she doesnt like me 为修饰 the reason 的定语从句,关系副词 why 在此相当于 for which。why 是一个比较特殊的关系副词,它引导定语从句时,除可换成 for which 外,有时也可换成 that,甚至省略.如:他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒.正:The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.正:The main reason for
33、which he lost his job was that he drank。正:The main reason that he lost his job was that he drank.正:The main reason he lost his job was that he drank 五、限制性和非限制性定语从句 根据从句与主句的关系是否紧密来区分,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两大类。所谓限制性定语从句,它的作用是对先行词起修饰、限制或确定的作用,若去掉,先行词的意思就不明确,它是不可缺少的一部分,它与先行词的关系密不可分,不可用逗号将其分开。而非限制性定语从句的
34、作用则只是对先行词起补充说明作用,它是可有可无的,与先行词关系松散,通常用逗号将其分开。因此,有无逗号通常是区分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的重要标志。1、从所使用的关系词来看,在限制性定语从句中,that 可以代替 who,whom 和which 等,但在非限制性定语从句中不能用 that.如:2、He changed his mind,which made me very angry。他改变了主意,这使我很生气。句中的 which 引导非限制性定语从句,不可换成 that.Then he met Mary,who invited him to a party.后来他遇到玛丽,玛丽邀请他
35、去参加晚会。句中的 who 引导非限制性定语从句,不可换成 that。2、另外,关系副词 when 和 where 既可引导限制性定语从句,也可引导非限制性定语从句;但关系副词 why 则只能引导限制性定语从句,不能引导非限制性定语从句。Well put off the picnic until next week,when the weather may be better.我们将把野餐推迟到下星期,那时天气可能会好一点。Barbary was working in Aubury,where she went daily in a bus。巴巴拉在奥伯里工作,每天得坐公共汽车去上班。以上两句
36、中的关系副词 when 和 where 均引导非限制性定语从句。六、关系代词还是关系副词 一般说来,当先行词是表示时间的名词时,其后要用关系副词 when 来引导定语从句;先行词是表示地点的名词时,其后要用关系副词 where 来引导定语从句。但这只是一般情况,有时会有特殊情况噢!不信你看看下面的句子:Dont forget the time that Ive told you.不要忘记我告诉你的时间。This is the house that he bought yesterday。这就是他昨天买的那座房子。这两句均含有定语从句,它们所修饰的先行词分别为 the time 和 the ho
37、use,分别为表示时间和地点的名词,但为什么后面接的是关系代词that,而不是关系副词when 和 where 呢?要弄清这个问题,我们先来回顾一下关系代词和关系副词的用法.前面我们讲到,关系代词具有代词的功能,在定语从句中可用作主语或宾语等;而关系副词则具有副词的功能,它们在定语从句中只能用作状语。所以,当我们要判断一个时间或地点名词后是用关系词that 还是关系副词 when 和 where 时,我们首先要明确关系词在定语从句是用作什么成分用作主语或宾语,则用关系代词;用作状语,则用关系副词。现在我们再来分析一下上面的两个句子:在 Dont forget the time that Ive
38、 told you 中,定语从句 that Ive told you 之所以要用 that 来引导,是因为从句中的动词 told 缺宾语,tell 在此所用的句型是tell sb sth,所以定语从句要用关系代词引导。在This is the house that he bought yesterday 中,定语从句 that he bought yesterday之所以也要用 that 来引导,同时是因为从句中的动词 bought 缺宾语,所以定语从句也要用关系代词引导 确定用关系代词还是用关系副词的简便方法是:看定语从句中是否缺少主语或宾语,若缺,用关系代词;若不缺,用关系副词。还有一种方
39、法能区分是用关系代词还是关系副词:分析时主要从动词的及物性或有无介词来考虑。看如下对比例句:This is the factory where my father once worked。这是我父亲曾工作过的工厂。(worked 是不及物动词,不接宾语,所以不用 which/that。where 相当于 in the factory)This is the factory which/that my father once worked in。(worked in 的宾语是factory,故用关系代词 which/that)I will never forget the days which/
40、that I spent in the wood near our village。我忘不了我在我村边小树林里度过的日子。(the days 是 spent 的宾语)I will never forget the days when I spent my holidays with my grandparents.我忘不了我和我的祖父母一起度假的日子.(spent 的宾语是 holidays,不是 the days)I will never forget the small village where I spent my holidays。我忘不了我度假的小村庄.(与上句一样,spent 的
41、宾语是 my holidays)Is this the school which/that you visited the other day?这是你几天前参观过的学校吗?(the school 作 visited 的宾语)Is this the school where you visited your teacher the other day?这是你几天前拜访你老师的学校吗?(visited 在定语从句中有自己的宾语 your teacher,所以不用that/which)七、【要点难点】1、that 和 which 的用法区别 只用 that 的情况:先行词由最高级修饰时,如 the
42、best work that I can do。先行词由序数词修饰时,如 the second book that I bought。先行词由 the last,the only,the same,the very 等修饰时。先行词是不定代词 all,anything,everything,little,much,nobody,nothing 等时,如 anything that he does;all that I can do now 等。先行词有 any,no,all 等限定词时,如 all the words that Ive learned。先行词为词组,该词组既含人又含物时,如 t
43、he city and the people that I visited。只用 which 的情况:在非限定性定语从句中(定语从句前有逗号)。介词后。请看 that 和 which 的使用例句:Its the best film thats ever been made on the subject of madness.这是以精神病为题材而拍摄的影片中最好的一段。Shakespeare is the greatest poet that England has ever had.莎士比亚是英国最伟大的诗人.(本句中先行词虽是人,但由于前面也有形容词最高级修饰,仍用 that较好)Take
44、the first opportunity that offers。抓住第一个出现的机会。He is the last person that one would suspect.人们最不可能怀疑他。Man is the only creature that is gifted with speech。只有人类具有语言的天赋。A fool sees not the same tree that a wise man sees.一个傻瓜看到的树和一个聪明人看到的树不一样。Those were the very words that he said at the meeting。这些就是他在会上说
45、的原话。All that glitters is not gold.闪光的并不都是金子。Anything that you have to say had better be said in each others presence.有话最好当面说。Theres still much that is to be done.仍然有很多事要做.I have changed my mind.Nothing that you say will change it.我已经改变了主意,无论你说什么也无法改变它。Nobody that was there could convince her of her
46、mistake.这那儿没有一个人能使她明白她的错误。Every paper that you read gives the same story.你看的每份报纸都报道同样的新闻。I still cant forget the places and the people that I visited during last summer vacation.我仍然难以忘怀去年暑假我见到的地方和人。2、as,which 引导非限定性定语从句的差别 由 as,which 引导的非限定性定语从句,as 和 which 可代整个主句,相当于 and this或 and that。As 一般放在句首,whi
47、ch 在句中。As we know,smoking is harmful to ones health。The sun heats the earth,which is very important to us。as 可引导非限制性从句,常带有“正如的意思。As is know,smoking is harmful to ones health.用法区别:as引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可.As we all know,he never smokes。as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用 which。非限定性定语从句中出现 expect,think,suppose 等表示猜测、想象、预料等时。She succeeded in her doing the research work,as we expected。As 的用法 the sameas;suchas 中的 as 是一种固定结构,和一样。I should like to use the same tool as is used here。We should have such a dictionary as he is using.
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