2023年江苏GRE考试考前冲刺卷.docx

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1、2023年江苏GRE考试考前冲刺卷本卷共分为2大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共25题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.BSet 5/B BThe Science of Anthropology/B Through various methods of research, anthropologists try to fit together the pieces of the human puzzle-to discover how humanity was first achieved, what made it branc

2、h out in different directions, and why separate societies behave similarly in some ways, but quite differently in other ways, Anthropology, which emerged as an independent science in the late eighteenth century, has two main divisions: Physical Anthropology and Cultural Anthropology. Physical Anthro

3、pology focuses on human evolution and variation and uses methods of physiology, genetics, and ecology. Cultural anthropology focuses on culture and includes Archaeology, social anthropology, and linguistics. Physical anthropologists are most concerned with human biology. Physical anthropologists are

4、 detectives whose mission is to solve the mystery of how humans came to be human. They ask questions about the events that led a tree-dwelling population of animals to evolve into two-legged beings with power to learn-a power that we call intelligence. Physical anthropologists study the fossils and

5、organic remains of once-living primates. They also study the connections between humans and other primates that are still living. Monkeys, apes, and humans have more in common with one another physically than they do with other kinds of animals, In the lab anthropologists use the methods, of physiol

6、ogy and genetics to investigate the composition of blood chemistry for clues to the relationship of humans to various primates. Some study the animals in the wild to find out what behaviors they share with humans. Others speculate about how the behavior of nonhuman primates might have shaped human b

7、odily needs and habits. A well-known family of physical anthropologists, the Leakeys, conducted research in East Africa indicating that human evolution centered there rather than Asia. In 1931.Louis Leakey and his wife Mary Leakey began excavating at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania. where over the next fo

8、rty years they discovered stone tools and hominid evidence that pushed back the dates for early humans to over 375 million years ago. Their son, Richard Leakey, discovered yet other types of hominid skulls in Kenya, which he wrote about in Origins (1979) and Origins Reconsidered (1992), Like physica

9、l anthropologists, cultural anthropologists study clues about human life in the distant past; however, cultural anthropologists also look at the similarities and differences among human communities today. Some cultural anthropologists work in the field, living and working among people in societies t

10、hat differ from their own. Anthropologists doing fieldwork often produce all ethnography, a written description of the daily activities of men, women, and children that tells the story of the societys community life as a whole. Some cultural anthropologists do not work in the field but rather at res

11、earch universities and Museums doing the comparative and interpretive part of the job. These anthropologists, called ethnologists, sift through the ethnographies written by field anthropologists and try to discover crossculmtural patterns in marriage, child rearing, religious beliefs and practices,

12、warfare-any subject that constitutes the human experience. They often use their findings to argue for or against particular hypotheses about people worldwide. A cultural anthropologist who achieved worldwide fame was Margaret Mead. In 1923, Mead went to Samoa to pursue her first fieldwork assignment

13、-a study that resulted in her widely read book Coming of Ages in Samoa (1928). Mead published ten major works during her long career, moving from studies of child rearing in the Pacific to the cultural and biological bases of gender, the nature of cultural change, the structure and functioning of co

14、mplex societies, and race relations. Mead remained a pioneer in her willingness to tackle subjects of major intellectual consequence, to develop new technologies for research, and to think of new ways that anthropology could serve society. Glossary:primates: the order of mammals that includes apes a

15、nd humanshominid: the family of primates of which humans are the only living speciesThe phrase branch, out in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning toAseparate.Bhurry.Clook.Doriginate. 2.BSet 3/B BOrganic Architecture/B One of the most striking personalities in the development of early-twentieth century

16、 architecture was Frank Lloyd Wright (1867- 1959). Wright attended the University of Wisconsin in Madison before moving to Chicago, where he eventually joined the firm headed by Louis Sullivan. Wright set out to create architecture of democracy. Early influences were the volumetric shapes in a set o

17、f educational blocks the German educator Friedrich Froebel designed, the organic unity of a Japanese building Wright saw at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893, and a Jeffersonian belief in individualism and populism. Always a believer in architecture as natural and organic, Wright saw it as

18、 serving free individuals who have the right to move within a free space, envisioned as a nonsymmetrical design interacting spatially with its natural surroundings. He sought to develop an organic unity of planning, structure, materials, and site. Wright identified the principle of continuity as fun

19、damental to understanding his view of organic unity: Classic architecture was all fixations. Now why not let walls, ceilings, floors become seen as component parts of each other This ideal, profound in its architectural implications I called continuity. Wright manifested his vigorous originality ear

20、ly, and by 1900 he had arrived at a style and entirely started his own. In his work during the first decade of the twentieth century, his cross-axial plan and his fabric of continuous roof planes and screens defined a new domestic architecture. Wright fully expressed these elements and concepts in R

21、obie House, built between 1907 and 1909. Like other buildings in the Chicago area he designed at about the same time, this was called a prairie house. Wright conceived the long, sweeping ground-hugging lines, unconfined by abrupt wall limits, as reaching out toward and capturing the expansiveness of

22、 the place great flatlands. Starting abandoning all symmetry, the architect eliminated a facade, extended the roofs far beyond the walls, and all but concealed the entrance. Wright filled the wandering plan of the Robie House with intricately joined spaces (some large and open, others closed), group

23、ed freely around a great central fireplace. (He believed strongly in the hearths age-old domestic significance.) Wright designed enclosed patios, overhanging roofs, and strip windows to provide unexpected light sources and glimpses of the outdoors as people move through the interior space. These ele

24、ments, together with the open ground plan, create a sense of space-inmotion inside and out. He set masses and voids in equilibrium; the flow of interior space determined the exterior wall placement. The exteriors sharp angular planes meet at apparently odd angles, matching the complex play of interi

25、or solids, which function not as inert containing surfaces but as elements equivalent in role to the designs spaces. The Robie House is a good example of Wrights naturalism, his adjusting of a building to its site. However, in this particular case, the confines of the city lot constrained the buildi

26、ng-to-site relationship more than did the sites of some of Wrights more expansive suburban and country homes. The Kaufmann House, nicknameed Falling water and designed as a weekend retreat at Bear Run near Pittsburgh is a start prime example of the latter. Perched on a rocky hillside over a small wa

27、terfall, this structure extends the Robie Houses blocky masses in all four directions. The contrast in textures between concrete, painted metal, and natural stones in its walls enliven its shapes, as does Wrights use of full-length strip windows to create a stunning interweaving of interior and exte

28、rior space. The implied message of Wrights new architecture was space, not massa space designed to fit the patrons life and enclosed and divided as required. Wright took special pains to meet his clients requirements, often designing all the accessories of a house. In the late 1930s, he acted on a c

29、herished dream to provide good architectural design for less prosperous people by adapting the ideas of his prairie house to plans for smaller, less expensive dwellings. The publication of Wrights plans brought him a measure of fame in Europe, especially in Holland and Germany. The issuance in Berli

30、n in 1910 of a portfolio of his work and an exhibition of his designs the following year stimulated younger architects to adopt AFixation.BIdeal.CContinuity.DClassic. 3.BNarrator/B Listen to a part of a conversation in library. What is the students home telephone numberA9456 1309.B9835 1309.C9835 67

31、12.D9456 6712. 4.BReading Section Directions/B In this section you will read five passages and answer reading comprehension questions about each passage. Most questions are worth one point, but the last question in each set is worth more than one point. The directions indicate how many points you ma

32、y receive. You will have 60 minutes to read all of the passages and answer the questions. Some passages include a word or phrase that is underlined in blue. Click on the word or phrase to see a definition or an explanation. When you want to move on to the next question, click on BNext/B. You can ski

33、p questions and go back to them later as long as there is time remaining. If you want to return to previous questions, click on BBack/B. You can click on BReview/B at any time and the review screen will show you which question you have answered and which you have not. From this review screen, you ma

34、y go directly to any question you have already seen in the reading section. When you are ready to continue, click on the BContinue/B icon. BSet 1/B BNew-Age Transport/B It looks as if it came straight from the set of Star Wars. It has four-wheel drive and rises above rocky surfaces. It lowers and ra

35、ises its nose when going up and down hills. And when it comes to a river, it turns amphibious: two hydrojets power it along by blasting water under its body. There is room for two passengers and a driver, who sit inside a glass bubble operating electronic, aircraft-type controls. A vehicle so daring

36、 on land and water needs windscreen wipers but it doesnt have any. Water molecules are disintegrated on the screens surface by ultrasonic sensors. This unusual vehicle is the Racoon. It is an invention not of Hollywood but of Renault, a rather conservative French state-owned carmaker, better known f

37、or its family hatchbacks. Renault built the Racoon to explore new freedoms for designers and engineers created by advances in materials and manufacturing processes. Renault is thinking about startlingly different cars; other producers have radical new ideas for trains, boats and aeroplanes. The firs

38、t of the new freedoms is in design. Powerful computer-aided design (CAD) systems can replace with a click of a computer mouse hours of laborious work done on thousands of drawing boards. So new products, no matter how complicated, can be developed much faster. For the first time, Boeing will not hav

39、e to build a giant replica of its new airliner, the 777, to make sure all the bits fit together. Its CAD system will take care of that. But Renault is taking CAD further. It claims the Racoon is the worlds first vehicle to be designed within the digitised world of virtual reality. Complex programs w

40、ere used to simulate the vehicle and the terrain that it was expected to cross. This allowed a team led by Patrick Le Quement, Renaults industrial-design director, to drive it long before a prototype existed. Renault is not alone in thinking that virtual reality will transform automotive design. In

41、Detroit, Ford is also investigating its potential. Jack Telnac, the firms head of design, would like designers in different parts of the world to work more closely together, linked by computers. They would do more than style cars. Virtual reality will allow engineers to peer inside the working part

42、of a vehicle. Designers will watch bearings move, oil flow, gears mesh and hydraulics pump. As these techniques catch on, even stranger vehicles are likely to come along. Transforming these creations from virtual reality to actual reality will also become easier, especially with advances in material

43、s. Firms that once bashed everything out of steel now find that new alloys or composite materials (which can be made from mixtures of plastic, resin, ceramics and metals, reinforced with fibres such as glass or carbon) are changing the rules of manufacturing. At the same time, old materials keep get

44、ting better, as their producers try to secure their place in the factory of the future. This competition is increasing the pace of development of all materials. One company in this field is Scaled Composites. It was started in 1982 by Burt Rutan, an aviator who has devised many unusual aircraft. It

45、has also worked on composite sails for the Americas Cup yacht race and on General Motors Ultralite, a 100-milesper-gallon experimental family car built from carbon fibre. Again, the Racoon reflects this race between the old and the new. It uses conventional steel and what Renault describes as a new

46、high-limit elastic steel in its chassis. Thi Aadventurous.Bfearless.Cspiritual.Dcowardly. 5.BSet 2/B BJob Satisfaction and Personnel Mobility/B Europe, and indeed all the major industrialized nations, is currently going through a recession. This obviously has serious implications for companies and p

47、ersonnel who find themselves victims of the downturn. As Britain apparently eases out of recession, there are also potentially equally serious implications for the companies who survive, associated with the employment and recruitment market in general. During a recession, voluntary staff turnover is

48、 bound to fall sharply. Staff who have been with a company for some years will clearly not want to risk losing their accumulated redundancy fights. Furthermore, they will be unwelling to go to a new organization where they may well be joining on a last in, first out basis. Consequently, even if there is little or no job satisfaction in their current post, they are most likely to remain where