2023年内蒙古GRE考试考前冲刺卷（2）.docx

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1、2023年内蒙古GRE考试考前冲刺卷（2）本卷共分为2大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共25题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1. Industrialization came to the United State after 1790 as North American entrepreneurs increased productivity by reorganizing work and building factories. These innovations in manufacturing boosted outpu

2、t and living standards to an unprecedented extent; the average per capita wealth increased by nearly 1 percent per year30 percent over(5) the course of a generation. Goods that had once been luxury items became part of everyday life. The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in wh

3、ich workers made goods, since the 1790s, North American entrepreneurseven without technological improvementshad broadened the scope of the outwork system that mace manufacturing(10) more efficient by distributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a single step of the production

4、 process. For example, during the 1820s and 1830s the shoe industry greatly expanded the scale and extend of me outwork system. Tens of thousands of rural women, paid according to the amount they produced, fabricated the uppers of shoes, which were bound to the soles by wage-earning journeymen shoem

5、akers in dozens(15) of massachusetts towns, whereas previously journeymen would have made the enure shoe. This system of production made the employer a powerful shoe boss and eroded workers control over the pace and conditions of labor. However, it also dramatically increased the output of shoes whi

6、le cutting their price. For tasks that were not suited to the outwork system, entrepreneurs created an even(20) more important new organization, the modem factory, which used power-driven machines and assembly-line techniques to turn out large quantities of well-made goods. As early as 1782 the prol

7、ific Delaware inventor Oliver Evans had buiit a highly automated, laborsaving flour mill driven by water power. His machinery lifted the grain to the top of the mill, cleaned it as it fell into containers known as hoppers, ground the grain into flour,25) and then conveyed the flour back to the top o

8、f the mill to allow it to cool as it desended into barrels. Subsequently, manufacturers made use of new improved stationary steam engines to power their mills. This new technology enabled them to build factories in the nations largest cities, taking advantage of urban concentrations of inexpensive l

9、abor, good transportation networks, and eager customers.The author mentions the shoe industry in the second paragraph to provide an example of howAentrepreneurs increased output by using an extended outwork systemBentrepreneurs used technological improvements to increase outputCrural workers respond

10、ed to shoe bossesDchanges in the outwork system improved the quality of shoes 2.What unusual or unique biological train led to the remarkable diversification and unchallenged success of the ants for ever 50 million years The answer appears to be that they were the first group of predatory ensocial i

11、nsects that both lived and foraged primarily in the soil and in rotting vegetation on the ground. Eusocial refers to a form (5) of insect society characterized by specialization of tasks and cooperative care of the young; it is rare among insects. Richly organized colonies of the land made possible

12、by eusociality enjoy several key advantages over solitary individuals. Under most circumstances groups of workers arc better able to forage for food and defend the nest, because they can switch from individual to group response and back (10) again swiftly and according to need. When a food object or

13、 nest intruder is too large for one individual to handle, nestmates can be quickly assembled by alarm or recruitment signals. Equally important is the fact that the execution of multiple-step tasks is accomplished in a series-parallel sequence. That is, individual ants can specialize in particular s

14、teps, moving from one object (such as a larva to be fed) to another (a second (15) larva to be fed). They do not need to carry each task to completion from start to finish. for example, to check the larva first, then collect the food, then feed the larva. Hence, if each link in the chain has many wo

15、rkers in attendance, a senes directed at any particular object is less likely to fail. Moreover, ants specializing in particular labor categories typically constitute a caste specialized by age or body form or both. There has bees some (20) documentation of the superiority in performance and net ene

16、rgetic yield of various castes for their modal tasks, although careful experimental studies are still relatively few.What makes ants unusual in the company of eusocial insects is the fact that they are the only eusocial predators (predators are animals that capture and feed on other animals) occupyi

17、ng the soil and ground litter. The eusocial termites live in the same places as ants and also have wingless workers, but they feed almost exclusively on dead vegetation.The word key in line 7 is closest in meaning to （）.AuncommonBimportantCincidentalDtemporary3. Composers today use a wider variety o

18、f sounds than ever before, including many that were once considered undesirable noises. Composer Edgard Varese (1883-1965) called thus the liberation of sound.the right to make music with any and all sounds. Electronic music, for examplemade with the aid of computers, synthesizers, and(5) electronic

19、 instrumentsmay include sounds that in the past would not have been consdered musical Environmental sounds, such as thunder, and electronically generated hisses and blips can be recorded, manipulated, and then incorporated into a musical composition. But composers also draw novel sounds from voices

20、and nonelectronic instruments. Singers may be asked to scream, laugh, groan, sneeze, or to sing phonetic(10) sounds rather than words. Wind and string players may lap or scrape their instruments. A brass or woodwind player may hum while playing, to produce two pitches at once; a pianist may reach in

21、side the piano to pluck a string and then run a metal blade along it. In the music of the Western world, the greatest expansion and experimentation have involved percussion instruments, which outnumber strings and winds in many recent compositions.(15) Traditional percussion instruments are struck w

22、ith new types of beaters; and instruments that used to be couriered unconvennonal in Western musictom-toms, bongos, slapsticks, maracasare widelv used. In the search for novel sounds, increased use has been made in Western music of Microtones. Non-Western music typically divides and interval between

23、 two pitches more(20) finely than Western music does, thereby producing a greter number of distinct tones, or micro tones, within the same interval. Composers such as Krzysztof Pmderecki create sound that borders on electronic noise through tone clustersclosely spaced tones played together and heard

24、 as a mass, block, or band of sound. The directional aspect of sound has taken on new importance as well Loudspeakers or groups of instruments may be placed(25) at opposite ends of the stage, in the balcony, or at the back and sides of the auditorium. Because standard music notation makes no provisi

25、on for many of these innovations, recent music scores may contain graphlike diagrams, new note shapes and symbols, and novel ways of arranging notation on the page.The word it in line 12 refers toApianoBstringCbladeDmusic 4. The lack of printing regulations and the unenforceabiliy of British copyrig

26、ht law in the American colonies made it possible for colonial printers occasionally to act as publishers. Although they rarely undertook major publishing project because it was difficult to sell books as cheaply as they could be imported from Europe, printers in(5) Philadelphia did publish work that

27、 required only small amounts of capital, paper, and type. Broadsides could be published with minimal financial risk. Consisting of only one sheet of paper and requiring small amounts of type, broadsides involved lower investments of capital than longer works. Furthermore, the broadside format lent i

28、tselt to subjects of high, if temporary, interest, enabling them to meet with ready sale. If the broadside printer(10) miscalculated, however, and produced a sheet that did not sell, it was not likely to be a major loss, and the printer would know this immediately, There would be no agonizing wait w

29、ith large amounts of capital tied up, books gathering dust on the shelves, and creditors impatient for payment In addition to broadsides, books and pamphlets, consisting mainly of political tracts,(15) catechisms, primers, and chapbooks were relatively inexpensive to print and to buy. Chapbook were

30、pamphlet-sized books, usually containing popular tales, ballads, poems, short plays, and jokes, small, both in formal and number of pages, they were generally bound simply, in boards (a form of cardboard) or merely stitched in paper wrappers (a sewn antecedent of modem-day paperbacks). Pamphlets and

31、 chapbooks did not require(20) fine paper or a great deal of type to produce they could thus be printed in large, costeffective editions and sold cheaply. By far, the most appealing publishing investments were to be found in small books that had proven to be steady sellers, providing a reasonably re

32、liable source of income for the publisher. They would not, by nature, be highly topical or political, as such publications(25) would prove of fleeting interest. Almanacs, annual publications that contained information on astronomy and weather patterns arranged according to the days, week, and months

33、 of a given year, provided the perfect steady seller because their information pertained to the locale in which they would be usedThe word they in line 17 refers toAchapbooksBtalesCjokesDpages 5. Glaciers are large masses of ice on land that show evidence of past or present movement. They grow by th

34、e gradual transformation of snow into glacier ice. A fresh snowfall is a fluffy mass of loosely packed snowflakes, small delicate ice constals grown in the atmosphere. As the snow ages on the ground for weeks or months,(5) the crystals shrink and become more compact, and the whole mass becomes squee

35、zed together into a more dense form, granular snow. As new snow falls and buries the older snow, the layers of granular snow further compact to form firm, a much denser kind of snow, usually a year or more old, which has little pore space. Further burial and slow cementationa process by which crysta

36、ls become bound together in a mosaic of(10) intergrown ice crystalsfinally produce solid glacial ice. In this process of recrystallization, the growth of new crystals at the expense of old ones, the percentage of air is reduced from about 90 percent for snowflakes to less than 20 percent for glacier

37、 ice. The whole process may take as little as a few years, but more likely ten or twenty years or longer. The snow is usually many meters deep by the time the lower layers art convened(15) into ice. In cold glaciers those formed in the coldest regions of the Earth, the entire mass of ice is at tempe

38、ratures below the melting point and no free water exists. In temperate glaciers, the ice is at the melting point at every pressure level within the glacier, and free water is present as small drops or as larger accumulations in tunnels within or beneath the ice.(20) Formation of a glacier is complet

39、e when ice has accumulated to a thickness (and thus weight) sufficient to make it move slowly under pressure, in much the same way that solid rock deep within the Earth can change shape without breaking. Once that point is reached, the ice flows downhill, either as a tongue of ice filling a valley o

40、r as thick ice cap that flows out in directions from the highest central area where the most snow accumulates. The up down leads to the eventual melting of ice.Which of the following will be lost is a glacier formsAAirBPressureCWeightDRocks 6. Industrialization came to the United State after 1790 as

41、 North American entrepreneurs increased productivity by reorganizing work and building factories. These innovations in manufacturing boosted output and living standards to an unprecedented extent; the average per capita wealth increased by nearly 1 percent per year30 percent over(5) the course of a

42、generation. Goods that had once been luxury items became part of everyday life. The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made goods, since the 1790s, North American entrepreneurseven without technological improvementshad broadened the scope of the outwork system

43、that mace manufacturing(10) more efficient by distributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a single step of the production process. For example, during the 1820s and 1830s the shoe industry greatly expanded the scale and extend of me outwork system. Tens of thousands of rural

44、 women, paid according to the amount they produced, fabricated the uppers of shoes, which were bound to the soles by wage-earning journeymen shoemakers in dozens(15) of massachusetts towns, whereas previously journeymen would have made the enure shoe. This system of production made the employer a po

45、werful shoe boss and eroded workers control over the pace and conditions of labor. However, it also dramatically increased the output of shoes while cutting their price. For tasks that were not suited to the outwork system, entrepreneurs created an even(20) more important new organization, the modem

46、 factory, which used power-driven machines and assembly-line techniques to turn out large quantities of well-made goods. As early as 1782 the prolific Delaware inventor Oliver Evans had buiit a highly automated, laborsaving flour mill driven by water power. His machinery lifted the grain to the top

47、of the mill, cleaned it as it fell into containers known as hoppers, ground the grain into flour,25) and then conveyed the flour back to the top of the mill to allow it to cool as it desended into barrels. Subsequently, manufacturers made use of new improved stationary steam engines to power their mills. This new technology enabled them to build factories in the nations largest cities, taking advantage of urban concentrations of inexpensive labor, good transportation networks, and eager customers.All of the foll