高中语法--虚拟语气.ppt

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1、语态语态(voice)是个语法范畴，它是一种动词形是个语法范畴，它是一种动词形式，表示动词的主语与该动词所表示的动作之式，表示动词的主语与该动词所表示的动作之间的主动和被动关系。当主语是动作的执行者间的主动和被动关系。当主语是动作的执行者时，动词用主动语态（时，动词用主动语态（Active Voice）；如果）；如果主语是动作的承受者，动词便用被动语态主语是动作的承受者，动词便用被动语态（Passive Voice）。）。We cleaned the classroom yesterday.昨天我们打扫了教室。昨天我们打扫了教室。The classroom was cleaned by us

2、yesterday.昨天教室被我们打扫了。昨天教室被我们打扫了。动词的被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。当主动句变为被动句时，原来的宾语变成了主语，原来的主语变成了介词by 的宾语。主动句与被动句的结构虽然不同，但动作的执行者和承受者的关系并没有改变。一般现在时：一般现在时：am/is/are done一般过去时：一般过去时：was/were done现在进行时：现在进行时：am/is/are being done过去进行时：过去进行时：was/were being done现在完成时：现在完成时：have/has been done过去完成时：过去完成时：had been d

3、one一般将来时：一般将来时：shall/will be done;be going to be done当句中含有情态动词时，句子结构为当句中含有情态动词时，句子结构为 can/must/have tobe doneHe is regarded as a brilliant.他被认为很有才气。他被认为很有才气。This book was written in 1969.这本书是这本书是1969年写成的。年写成的。The broken bike is being repaired now.那辆坏了的自行车正在被修理。那辆坏了的自行车正在被修理。He told us the cat was be

4、ing washed when we called him.他告诉我们打电话时他正在给猫洗澡。他告诉我们打电话时他正在给猫洗澡。The pen has been used for several years.这支钢笔已经用了几年。这支钢笔已经用了几年。He said the factory had been opened.他说这家工厂已经开张。他说这家工厂已经开张。The work will be finished in three hours.工作将于三小时后完成。工作将于三小时后完成。The baby must be looked after well.这孩子必须被好好照顾。这孩子必须被好

5、好照顾。在被动句中有时用在被动句中有时用by-词组，有时不用。一般词组，有时不用。一般来说，当动作的执行者为谁不甚清楚，不甚重要来说，当动作的执行者为谁不甚清楚，不甚重要或难以说出时，通常不用或难以说出时，通常不用by。但有时为了强调。但有时为了强调动作执行者或者由于上下和结构上的需要则必须动作执行者或者由于上下和结构上的需要则必须使用使用 by 词组。例如：词组。例如：(一一)主动句与被动句的转换主动句与被动句的转换1 1含有单宾语的主动句的转换：含有单宾语的主动句的转换：Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.哈姆雷特哈姆雷特是莎士比亚写的。是莎士比亚写的。一、

6、如主动句含一、如主动句含间宾和直宾间宾和直宾双宾语；双宾语；或含省略或含省略to的不定式作宾补，变被动的不定式作宾补，变被动时有何变化呢？时有何变化呢？Uncle Li lent us the boat last week（变被动）变被动）We were lent the boat by Uncle Li last week The boat was lent to us by Uncle Li last week（加上了加上了to，有的也加有的也加for）Mum made me a new dress.I was made a new dress by Mum.A new dress was

7、 made for me by my mother.间宾（人）作被动句的主语，间宾（人）作被动句的主语，一切依旧；而直宾（物）作主语，一切依旧；而直宾（物）作主语，则须在间宾前添加则须在间宾前添加to或或for。加。加to的的动词多为动词多为give，send，bring，teach，show，pass，write，ask，tell等；加等；加for的动词有的动词有make，draw，buy等。等。二、二、My parents made me water all these young trees（变被动）变被动）I was made to water all these young tree

8、s by my parents（加上了加上了to）这种主动句中用省这种主动句中用省to的不定式的不定式作宾补，变被动时定要加上作宾补，变被动时定要加上to。这种谓语动词有这种谓语动词有feel，hear，listen to，let，make，have，see，notice，look at，watch（即常言道即常言道“一感二听一感二听三让四看见三让四看见”）。）。People speak English almost all over the world.世界各地都有人讲英语。世界各地都有人讲英语。当主动句的宾语是当主动句的宾语是thatthat引导的宾语从句，引导的宾语从句，可转换为两种形式

9、的被动句。可转换为两种形式的被动句。1)用先行的用先行的it作形式主语，把宾语从句变成作形式主语，把宾语从句变成后置的主语从句；后置的主语从句；2)把宾语从句里的主语变成被动句的主语，同把宾语从句里的主语变成被动句的主语，同时把宾语从句中的谓语变成不定式短语。时把宾语从句中的谓语变成不定式短语。English is spoken almost all over the world.People believe that he is an honest boy.大家大家认为他是个诚实的孩子。认为他是个诚实的孩子。2.2.含有双宾语的主动句的转换含有双宾语的主动句的转换I gave the boo

10、k to Mr.Smith yesterday.昨天我给了史密斯先生一本书。昨天我给了史密斯先生一本书。It is believed that he is an honest boy.The boy is believed to be an honest one.Mr.Smith was given a book yesterday(by me).The book was given to Mr.Smith yesterday(by me).3.3.含有介词动词的主动句的转换。含有介词动词的主动句的转换。They have never listened to him.人家从不听人家从不听他的话

11、。他的话。表示被动意义的主动句：表示被动意义的主动句：Cotton feels soft.棉花摸上去很柔软。棉花摸上去很柔软。Ripe apples pick easily.熟了的苹果容易摘下来。熟了的苹果容易摘下来。He has never been listened to.I.Rewrite the following sentences in the passive voice.(.(用被动语态改写下列各句用被动语态改写下列各句)：1)They are serving breakfast between eight and ten oclock.Breakfast is being se

12、rved between eight and ten oclock.2)People were talking about the unusually hot weather.The unusually hot weather was being talked about.3)His father allows him a little money every month.A little money is allowed to him by his father every month.4)The teacher will give you some instructions.Some in

13、structions will be given to you.You will be given some instructions.II.II.Rewrite the following sentences in the active voice.(用主动语态改写下用主动语态改写下列句子列句子)1)Many changes can be seen by the year 2008.People can see many changes by the year 2008.2)This letter neednt to be typed.You neednt type this letter.

14、有些情况下动词的主动形式也可以表示被动意义。有些情况下动词的主动形式也可以表示被动意义。一、表示一、表示“开始开始”；“结束结束”类的动词。常见类的动词。常见的这类动词有的这类动词有begin,start,open,close,end,finish,stop等。例如：等。例如：School begins in September.The stores in this area open later at weekends than at weekdays.二、主语是物，谓语是表示主语特征或属性二、主语是物，谓语是表示主语特征或属性的动词。常见的这类动词有的动词。常见的这类动词有write,re

15、ad,wear,wash,clean,sell,run,lock等。这些动词常等。这些动词常与副词或否定词连用。例如：与副词或否定词连用。例如：The machine runs well.This pen writes quite smoothly.The bookshelf hardly sells.三、表示主语状态特征的连系动词：三、表示主语状态特征的连系动词：look,feel,smell,taste,sound,prove,appear等。等。例如：例如：Do you like the material?Yes,it _ very soft.A.is feeling B.felt C.

16、feels D.is feltCYour idea sounds reasonable.What he said proved to be correct.四、动名词主动形式表示被动意义四、动名词主动形式表示被动意义 1.在在need,require,want(需要需要)等动词后，等动词后，表示某物表示某物(人人)要进行要进行处理时，后接动名处理时，后接动名词一般式的主动形式作宾语表示被动意义，词一般式的主动形式作宾语表示被动意义，相当于不定式的被动式。例如：相当于不定式的被动式。例如：Youve come just in time to help us.Fine,what requires

17、doing?(=Fine,what requires to be done?)This sentence needs _.A.an improvement B.improve C.improving D.improvedC2.be worth 后接动名词的主动式表示被动意义。后接动名词的主动式表示被动意义。His suggestion is not worth considering.五、动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义五、动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义 1.不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式有逻不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式有逻辑上的主谓关系时。例如：辑上的主谓关系时。例如：The next

18、train to arrive was from New York.2.作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词有作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词有逻辑上的动宾关系，且句子的主语或间接宾逻辑上的动宾关系，且句子的主语或间接宾语与该不定式有逻辑上的主谓关系时。语与该不定式有逻辑上的主谓关系时。五、在什么情况下不能使用被动语五、在什么情况下不能使用被动语态呢？态呢？1.表示状态的动词，如表示状态的动词，如have，cost，fit，last，own，hold，become等往往不能用于被动语态。等往往不能用于被动语态。例如：例如：【正正】The shirt fits him very well【误误】

19、He is fitted very well by the shirt 2.祈使句一般没有被动语态。例如：祈使句一般没有被动语态。例如：【正正】Look at the blackboard，please【误误】The blackboard is looked at by you 3.某些及物动词的宾语表示处所、地点、某些及物动词的宾语表示处所、地点、组织时不能用于被动语态。例如：组织时不能用于被动语态。例如：【正正】He joined the League in 1998【误误】The League was joined by him in 1998 4.由由“动词名词动词名词”构成的英语习语

20、（如构成的英语习语（如make faces，make friends，take place等）等）一般不可改为被动语态。例如：一般不可改为被动语态。例如：【正正】The boy make faces in class【误误】Faces are made by the boy in class Great changes have taken place in Jinan since last year.5.反身代词在句中作宾语时，不能用被反身代词在句中作宾语时，不能用被动语态。例如：动语态。例如：【正正】You must look after yourself【误误】Yourself must

21、 be looked after 1)How are you today?Oh,I _ as ill as I do now for a very long time.A.didnt feel B.wasnt feeling C.dont feel D.havent felt.2)Old Mc Donald gave up smoking for a while,but soon _ to his old ways.A.returned B.returns C.was returning D.had returnedDA3)They asked me to have a drink with

22、them.I said that it was at least ten years since I _ a good drink.A.had enjoyed B.was enjoying C.enjoyed D.had been enjoyingA4)Tom _ into the house when no one_.A.slipped,was looking B.had slipped,looked C.slipped,had looked D.was slipping,looked A5)The pen I _ I _ is on my desk,right under my nose.

23、A.think,lost B.thought,had lost C.think,had lost D.thought,have lostB6)I dont think Jim saw me;he _ into space.A.just stared B.was just staring C.has just stared D.had just staredB7)Is his raincoat yours?No,mine _ there behind the door.A.is hanging B.has hung C.hangs D hungA8)The price _,but I doubt

24、 whether it will remain so.A.went down B.will go down C.has gone down D.was going downC9)In some parts of the world,tea _ with milk and sugar.A.is serving B.is served C.serves D.servedB10)The train _ arrived at 11:30,but it was an hour late.A.was about to B.was likely to C.was supposed to D.was cert

25、ain toC11)People often want to know what my job is.Often I _ that question.A.ask B.am asking C.get asked D.get asking12)The new dictionaries are very useful.They _ well and _ already.A.sell,have been sold out B.sold,had sold out C.sell,sell out D.are sold,have been sold outCA13)All the preparations for the task _,and were ready to start.A.completed B.complete C.had been completed D.have been completed14)The teacher told his students that they _ to be useful men to the country.A.were all expected B.were all expecting C.all were expected D.all expectedDA