[]comer, abnormal psychology, 6th edition.ppt

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1、Comer,Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology,3e1Chapter 6Stress DisordersSlides&Handouts by Karen Clay Rhines,Ph.D.Slides&Handouts by Karen Clay Rhines,Ph.D.Seton Hall UniversitySeton Hall UniversityComer,Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology,3e2Stress,Coping,and the Anxiety ResponseThe state of stress h

2、as two components:Stressor:event creating demandsStress response:reactions to the demandsInfluenced by how we appraise(a)the event,and(b)our capacity to react to the event effectivelyPeople who sense that they have the ability and resources to cope are more likely to take stressors in strideComer,Fu

3、ndamentals of Abnormal Psychology,3e3Stress,Coping,and the Anxiety ResponseWhen we appraise a stressor as threatening,the natural reaction is fearFear is a“package”of physical,emotional,and cognitive responsesStress reactions,and the fear they produce,are often at play in psychological disordersPeop

4、le who experience a large number of stressful events are particularly vulnerable to the onset of GAD,social phobia,panic disorder,and OCD,as well as other psychological problemsComer,Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology,3e4Stress,Coping,and the Anxiety ResponseStress also plays a more central role in

5、 certain psychological disorders,including:Acute stress disorderPosttraumatic stress disorderTechnically,DSM-IV-TR lists these patterns as anxiety disordersas well as certain physical disorders called psychophysiological disordersThese disorders are listed in the DSM-IV-TR under“psychological factor

6、s affecting medical condition”Comer,Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology,3e5Stress and Arousal:The Fight-or-Flight ResponseThe features of arousal and fear are set in motion by the hypothalamusTwo important systems are activated:Autonomic nervous system(ANS)An extensive network of nerve fibers that c

7、onnect the central nervous system(the brain and spinal cord)to the bodys other organsContains two systems:sympathetic and parasympatheticEndocrine systemA network of glands throughout the body that release hormonesComer,Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology,3e6Stress and Arousal:The Fight-or-Flight Re

8、sponseWhen confronting a dangerous situation,the hypothalamus first activates the sympathetic nervous system,which stimulates key organs either directly or indirectlyWhen the perceived danger passes,the parasympathetic nervous system helps return bodily systems to normalComer,Fundamentals of Abnorma

9、l Psychology,3e7Stress and Arousal:The Fight-or-Flight ResponseThe reactions displayed by these two pathways are referred to as the fight-or-flight responsePeople differ in their particular patterns of autonomic and endocrine functioning and therefore also in their particular ways of experiencing ar

10、ousal and fearComer,Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology,3e8Stress and Arousal:The Fight-or-Flight ResponsePeople differ in:Their general level of anxiety Called“trait anxiety”Some people are usually somewhat tense;others are usually relaxedDifferences appear soon after birthTheir sense of threat Cal

11、led“state anxiety”Situation-based(example:fear of flying)Comer,Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology,3e9The Psychological Stress DisordersDuring and immediately after trauma,many people become highly anxious and depressedFor some,feelings persist well after the traumaThese people may be experiencing:A

12、cute stress disorderPosttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD)The precipitating event usually involves actual or threatened serious injury to self or othersOccurs following an event which would be traumatic to anyone(unlike other anxiety disorders)Comer,Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology,3e10The Psycholog

13、ical Stress DisordersAcute stress disorderSymptoms begin within four weeks of event and last for less than one monthPosttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD)Symptoms can begin at any time following the event but must last for longer than one monthMay develop from acute stress disorderComer,Fundamentals of

14、 Abnormal Psychology,3e11Comer,Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology,3e12What Triggers a Psychological Stress Disorder?Can occur at any age and affect all aspects of life4%of U.S.population affected each year7%of U.S.population affected sometime during lifeApproximately 2/3 seek treatment at some poin

15、tRatio of women to men is 2:1After trauma,20%of women and 8%of men develop disordersSome events including combat,disasters,abuse,and victimization are more likely to cause disorders than others Comer,Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology,3e13What Triggers a Psychological Stress Disorder?Combat and str

16、ess disordersIt has long been recognized that soldiers experience distress during combatCalled“shell shock,”“combat fatigue”Post-Vietnam War clinicians discovered that soldiers also experienced psychological distress after combat30%of Vietnam combat veterans suffered acute or posttraumatic stress di

17、sordersAn additional 22%had some stress symptoms10%still experiencing problemsComer,Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology,3e14What Triggers a Psychological Stress Disorder?Disasters and stress disordersAcute or posttraumatic stress disorders may also follow natural and accidental disastersCivilian tra

18、umas have been implicated in stress disorders at least 10 times as often as combat traumaTypes of disasters include traffic accidents,weather,earthquakes,and airplane crashesComer,Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology,3e15What Triggers a Psychological Stress Disorder?Victimization and stress disorders

19、People who have been abused,victimized,or terrorized often experience lingering stress symptomsCommon victimization is sexual assault/rape1 in 7 women is raped at some time during her life Psychological impact is immediate and may be long-lastingOne study found that 94%of rape survivors developed an

20、 acute stress disorder within 12 days after assaultComer,Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology,3e16Why Do People Develop a Psychological Stress Disorder?Biological and genetic factorsTraumatic events trigger physical changes in the brain and body that may lead to severe stress reactions,and,possibly,s

21、tress disordersSome research suggests abnormal NT and hormone activity(especially norepinephrine and cortisol)There may be a biological/genetic predisposition to such reactionsEvidence suggests that other biological changes and damage may also occur as a stress disorder sets inComer,Fundamentals of

22、Abnormal Psychology,3e17Why Do People Develop a Psychological Stress Disorder?Personality factorsSome studies suggest that people with certain personality profiles,attitudes,and coping styles are more likely to develop stress disorders Risk factors include:Preexisting high anxietyA history of psycho

23、logical problemsNegative worldviewA set of positive attitudes(called resiliency or hardiness)is protective against developing stress disordersComer,Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology,3e18Why Do People Develop a Psychological Stress Disorder?Negative childhood experiencesA wave of studies has found

24、that certain childhood experiences increase risk for later stress disordersRisk factors include:An impoverished childhoodPsychological disorders in the familyThe experience of assault,abuse,or catastrophe at an early ageBeing younger than 10 years old when parents separated or divorcedComer,Fundamen

25、tals of Abnormal Psychology,3e19Why Do People Develop a Psychological Stress Disorder?Social supportPeople whose social support systems are weak are more likely to develop a stress disorder after a negative eventSeverity of the traumaThe more severe the trauma and the more direct ones exposure to it

26、,the greater the likelihood of developing a stress disorderEspecially risky:mutilation and severe injury;witnessing the injury or death of othersComer,Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology,3e20How Do Clinicians Treat the Psychological Stress Disorders?Psychological debriefingA form of crisis intervent

27、ion that has victims of trauma talk extensively about their feelings and reactions within days of the critical incidentFour-stage approach:Normalize responses to the disasterEncourage expressions of anxiety,anger,and frustrationTeach self-help skillsProvide referralsRelief workers themselves may become overwhelmedResearch on this type of intervention has called into question its effectiveness