Chapter5Swaps(期权期货及其衍生市场-厦门大学,郑振龙)精编版.pptx
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1、Chapter 5 SwapsNature of SwapsA s an agreement to exchange cash flows at specified future times according to certain specified rules互换与掉期的区别互换与掉期的区别互换和掉期在英文中都叫Swap,因此很多人误把它们混为一谈。实际上,两者有很大区别。合约与交易的区别合约与交易的区别掉期是外汇市场上的一种交易方法,是指对不同期限,但金额相等的同种外汇作两笔反方向的交易,它并没有实质的合约,更不是一种衍生工具。而互换则有实质的合约,是一种重要的衍生工具。有无专门市场不同
2、有无专门市场不同掉期在外汇市场上进行,它本身没有专门的市场。互换则在专门的互换市场上交易。比较优势理论与互换原理比较优势理论与互换原理比较优势(Comparative Advantage)理论是英国著名经济学家大卫李嘉图(David Ricardo)提出的。李嘉图的比较优势理论不仅适用于国际贸易,而且适用于所有的经济活动。只要存在比较优势,双方就可通过适当的分工和交换使双方共同获利。人类进步史,实际上就是利用比较优势进行分工和交换的历史。互换是比较优势理论在金融领域最生动的运用。根据比较优势理论,只要满足以下两种条件,就可进行互换:双方对对方的资产或负债均有需求;双方在两种资产或负债上存在比较
3、优势。The Comparative Advantage Argument Company A wants to borrow floatingCompany B wants to borrow fixedFixed Floating Company A10.00%6-month LIBOR+0.30%Company B11.20%6-month LIBOR+1.00%合作收益不合作:(LIBOR+0.3%)+11.20%=LIBOR+11.50%合作:10%+(LIBOR+1%)=LIBOR+11%合作的总收益:0.50%假设双方平分合作收益,则A的筹资成本应为(LIBOR+0.3%)-0.
4、25%=LIBOR+0.05%,B的筹资成本应为11.2%-0.25%=10.95%The Swap ABLIBORLIBOR+1%9.95%10%Criticism of the Comparative Advantage ArgumentThe 10.0%and 11.2%rates available to A and B in fixed rate markets are 5-year ratesThe LIBOR+0.3%and LIBOR+1%rates available in the floating rate market are six-month ratesBs fixe
5、d rate depends on the spread above LIBOR it borrows at in the future Although A faces no market risk,he does face default risk.金融互换的功能金融互换的功能 通过金融互换可在全球各市场之间进行套利,从而一方面降低筹资者的融资成本或提高投资者的资产收益,另一方面促进全球金融市场的一体化。利用金融互换,可以管理资产负债组合中的利率风险和汇率风险。金融互换为表外业务,可以逃避外汇管制、利率管制及税收限制。金融互换的种类金融互换虽然历史较短,但品种创新却日新月异。除了传统的货币
6、互换和利率互换外,一大批新的金融互换品种不断涌现。An Example of a“Plain Vanilla”Interest Rate SwapOn March 1,1999,an agreement by“Company B”to receive 6-month LIBOR&pay a fixed rate of 5%per annum every 6 months for 3 years on a notional principal of$100 millionNext slide illustrates cash flowsCash Flows to Company B -Milli
7、ons of Dollars-LIBORFLOATING FIXED NetDateRateCash Flow Cash Flow Cash FlowMar.1,19994.2%Sept.1,19994.8%+2.102.500.40Mar.1,20005.3%+2.402.500.10Sept.1,20005.5%+2.652.50+0.15Mar.1,20015.6%+2.752.50+0.25Sept.1,20015.9%+2.802.50+0.30Mar.1,20026.4%+2.95(+100)2.50(-100)+0.45Typical Uses of anInterest Rat
8、e SwapConverting a liability fromfixed rate to floating rate floating rate to fixed rate Converting an investment from fixed rate to floating ratefloating rate to fixed rate A and B Transform a LiabilityABLIBOR5%LIBOR+0.8%5.2%Financial Institution is Involved AF.I.BLIBORLIBOR4.985%5.015%5.2%LIBOR+0.
9、8%A and B Transform an Asset ABLIBOR5%LIBOR-0.25%4.7%Financial Institution is Involved AF.I.BLIBORLIBOR4.7%5.015%4.985%LIBOR-0.25%Valuation of an Interest Rate SwapInterest rate swaps can be valued as the difference between the value of a fixed-rate bond&the value of a floating-rate bondAlternativel
10、y,they can be valued as a portfolio of forward rate agreements(FRAs)Valuation in Terms of BondsThe fixed rate bond is valued in the usual way The floating rate bond is valued by noting that it is worth par immediately after the next payment date Valuation in Terms of FRAsEach exchange of payments in
11、 an interest rate s an FRAThe FRAs can be valued on the assumption that todays forward rates are realizedAn Example of a Currency Swap An agreement to pay 11%on a sterling principal of 10,000,000&receive 8%on a US$principal of$15,000,000 every year for 5 yearsExchange of PrincipalIn an interest rate
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