英语语法专项复习--名词.ppt

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1、 语法专项-名词 名名词词 是是词词类类的的一一种种，也也是是实实词词的的一种，名词表示人或事物名称的词。一种，名词表示人或事物名称的词。名名词词专有名词专有名词普普通通名名词词可数名词可数名词可数名词可数名词不可数不可数不可数不可数名词名词名词名词个体名词个体名词集体名词集体名词物质名词物质名词抽象名词抽象名词专有名词专有名词语法专项语法专项名词的功能名词的功能普通名词普通名词可数名词可数名词不可数名词不可数名词名词的所有格名词的所有格名词的所有格名词的所有格、表示某一、表示某一特定特定的人、月份、周、日、节的人、月份、周、日、节日、地名、团体、机构、组织等。日、地名、团体、机构、组织等。、

2、表示、表示独一无二独一无二的事物。的事物。、前面一般、前面一般不加冠词不加冠词。、首字母要、首字母要大写大写。专有名词专有名词专有名词专有名词表表示示具具体体的的人人，事事物物，地地点点，团团体体或或机机构构的的专专有有名名称（第一个字母要大写）。称（第一个字母要大写）。例例：ChinaChina、AsiaAsia、BeijingBeijing、the the PeoplePeoples s Republic of ChinaRepublic of China（中华人民共和国）。（中华人民共和国）。专专有有名名词词如如果果是是含含有有名名词词短短语语，则则必必须须使使用用定定冠冠词词theth

3、e。如：。如：the Great Wallthe Great Wall（长城）。（长城）。姓姓氏氏名名如如果果采采用用复复数数形形式式，则则表表示示该该姓姓氏氏一一家家人人（复数含义）。如：（复数含义）。如：the Greensthe Greens。表示日子的专有名词表示日子的专有名词表示日子的专有名词表示日子的专有名词D December ecember 十二月十二月S Spring pring F Festival estival 春节春节 表示地名的专有名词表示地名的专有名词表示地名的专有名词表示地名的专有名词A Asia sia 亚洲亚洲C China hina 中国中国B Beiji

4、ng eijing 北京北京表示人的专有名词表示人的专有名词表示人的专有名词表示人的专有名词表示地名的专有名词表示地名的专有名词表示地名的专有名词表示地名的专有名词the the U United nited NNationsations联合国联合国T Tsinghua singhua U Universityniversity清华大清华大学学Y Yao ao MMing ing 姚明姚明NNewton ewton 牛顿牛顿B Beckham eckham 贝克汉姆贝克汉姆返回返回普通名词普通名词、普通名词表示、普通名词表示一类人一类人、事物事物或者或者抽象概抽象概念念的名称。的名称。、普通名

5、词前面、普通名词前面可以加上可以加上不定冠词不定冠词a/an或者或者定冠词定冠词the，也可以不加也可以不加冠词。冠词。、普通名词分为、普通名词分为个体名词个体名词、集体名词集体名词、物物质名词质名词和和抽象名词抽象名词。个体名词个体名词使用时必须有使用时必须有数量关系。数量关系。1 1 个体名词个体名词：表示个别人或事物。：表示个别人或事物。（car car 汽车汽车 fan fan 风扇风扇photo photo 照片）照片）2 2集体名词集体名词：表示若干个体组成的集体。：表示若干个体组成的集体。(people(people 人们人们 army army 军队军队 government

6、government政府政府)3 3复复合合名名词词：两两个个或或两两个个以以上上名名词词连连在在一一起起构构成成的的复复合合词词.可可以以将将其其看看做做一一种种固固定定形形式式。有有些些复复合合名名词词中间带连字符，有些则没有。中间带连字符，有些则没有。（boy-friendboy-friend男男友友 passer-bypasser-by过过路路人人 highwayhighway高高速公路速公路 earthquake earthquake 地震地震)4 4物物质质名名词词：表表示示物物质质或或不不具具备备确确定定形形状和大小的个体的物质。状和大小的个体的物质。(fire fire 火火

7、steel steel 钢钢 air air 空空气气 water water 水水 milk milk牛奶牛奶)5 5抽抽象象名名词词：表表示示动动作作，状状态态，品品质质或或其他抽象概念。其他抽象概念。(labor labor 劳劳动动 health health 健健康康 friendshipfriendship友情友情 patience patience耐力耐力 ）返回返回、可数名词有、可数名词有单数单数和和复数复数两种形式。两种形式。、单数名词与冠词、单数名词与冠词a/an连用。表示数量为连用。表示数量为“一一”、可数名词、可数名词有复数形式有复数形式，表示数量，表示数量“大于一大于

8、一”。可以可以用数词来修饰复数名词用数词来修饰复数名词，来表示名词的，来表示名词的具体具体数量数量。如果要表示可数名词的。如果要表示可数名词的不确切的数量不确切的数量，可，可以用以用some,many,a lot of等修饰。等修饰。可数名词可数名词1 1、可数名词的复数形式变化规则、可数名词的复数形式变化规则（1 1）一般情况，在词尾加）一般情况，在词尾加-s-s。(2)(2)以以s/x/sh/chs/x/sh/ch结尾的名词，在词尾加结尾的名词，在词尾加-es-es。如：如：boxboxboxes.boxes.(3)(3)以辅音字母以辅音字母+y y结尾的名词，结尾的名词，把把y y变变i

9、 i加加-es-es。如：如：storystorystories.stories.(4)(4)以以o o结尾的名词复数，结尾的名词复数，无生命的无生命的直接加直接加-s-s。如：如：zoos,photos,pianos.zoos,photos,pianos.有有生命的生命的potato,tomato,heropotato,tomato,hero等少数单词加等少数单词加-es.es.(5)(5)以以f f或或fefe结尾的名词，把结尾的名词，把f/fef/fe去掉，加去掉，加-ves-ves；但也有个别；但也有个别词例外。词例外。口诀：口诀：妻子妻子(wifewife)持刀持刀(knifekni

10、fe)去宰狼去宰狼(wolfwolf)，小偷小偷(thiefthief)吓的发了慌。吓的发了慌。躲在架躲在架(shelfshelf)后保已命，半后保已命，半(halfhalf)片树叶片树叶(leafleaf)遮目光遮目光返回返回注意：以下以f或fe结尾的名词变为复数时，直接加s.roofroof roofs safe-safes belief-beliefs roofs safe-safes belief-beliefshankerchief-hankerchiefs/hankerchieveshankerchief-hankerchiefs/hankerchieves 名词变复数的不规则变化

11、（1 1）有有些些名名词词的的单单数数变变复复数数不不规规则则。如如：mousemousemicemice，toothtoothteethteeth，footfootfeetfeet，childchildchildrenchildren，manmanmenmen，FrenchmanFrenchmanFrenchmen.Frenchmen.口诀：男人女人口诀：男人女人a a变变e,e,鹅足牙齿鹅足牙齿oooo变变eeee(2)(2)有些名词的有些名词的单复数相同单复数相同：如：如fish,sheep,deer,fish,sheep,deer,(3).(3).国国家家：中中日日不不变变英英法法变变

12、，其其余余s s加加后后面面。ChineseChinese，Japanese(Japanese(单单复复数数同同形形）;Englishman-Englishman-Englishmen,Frenchman-Frenchmen,Englishmen,Frenchman-Frenchmen,Englishwoman-Englishwomen,Englishwoman-Englishwomen,Frenchwoman-Frenchwoman-Frenchwomen Frenchwomen（4 4）有有些些集集体体名名词词，以以单单数数形形式式出出现现，但但实实为为复数，如：复数，如：people,p

13、eople,policepolice,cattle,cattle（5 5）以以s s结结尾尾，仍仍为为单单数数的的名名词词，如如：mathsmaths，politicspolitics，physicsphysics等等学学科科名名词词，为为不不可可数数名名词词，是单数。是单数。(6 6)另另外外还还有有一一些些名名词词，其其复复数数形形式式有有时时可可表表示示特特 别别 意意 思思，如如：goodsgoods货货 物物，waterswaters水水 域域，fishesfishes（各种）鱼（各种）鱼7)7)以以 o o结结 尾尾 的的 如如：negro,negro,hero,hero,pota

14、to,potato,tomatotomato复复数数加加es,es,其其他他的的加加s s,photosphotos(有有生生命命的的加加es,es,无生命的加无生命的加s)s)。(8)(8)复复合合名名词词的的复复数数通通常常把把复复合合名名词词中中的的主主体体名名词词变变成成复复数数。如如a a boy boy studentstudenttwo two boy boy students,students,但但是是含含有有man man 和和womanwoman的的复复合合名名词词，每每个个部部分分都都要要变变成成复复数数。如如：man teacherman teachermen teac

15、hers.men teachers.(9)(9)有有 些些 名名 词词 只只 有有 复复 数数 形形 式式。如如：trousers,glasses,trousers,glasses,等。等。不可数名词不可数名词、不可数名词、不可数名词没有复数形式没有复数形式，在句子中一，在句子中一 般被视为单数。不和般被视为单数。不和a/an连用，可以和连用，可以和the连连用。用。、如果表示不可数名词的、如果表示不可数名词的确切数量确切数量，可以，可以在不可数名词前在不可数名词前加上单位词加上单位词。如果表示要不如果表示要不可数名词的可数名词的不确切数量不确切数量，可以用，可以用some,much,a so

16、me,much,a little,a lot of,little,a lot of,lots of,a glass of,lots of,a glass of,a bit of,plenty ofa bit of,plenty of等修饰。等修饰。注意注意：不可数名词做主语，谓语从此用单数。：不可数名词做主语，谓语从此用单数。名词的所有格名词的所有格、名词所有格表示、名词所有格表示所有关系所有关系，意为意为“的的”。所有。所有格有两种形式，格有两种形式，“在名词后面在名词后面+s”是表示生命的是表示生命的东西东西的所有格。的所有格。“of所有格形式所有格形式”是表示无生命是表示无生命的的东西东

17、西的所有格的所有格名词所有格的构成：名词所有格的构成：（1 1）单数名词）单数名词 构成构成s s所有格的方法所有格的方法 直接在词直接在词尾尾+s s（2 2）复数名词词尾如果没有）复数名词词尾如果没有s s，构成，构成s s所有格的方所有格的方法法 直接在词尾直接在词尾+s s（3 3）复数名词词尾如果有）复数名词词尾如果有s s，构成，构成s s所有格的方法所有格的方法 直接在词尾直接在词尾+（4 4）表示几个主语共有一样东西，所有格的构成方）表示几个主语共有一样东西，所有格的构成方法是法是 在在最后一个主语后最后一个主语后+s s表示几个主语各自拥有一件东西，所有格的构成方法表示几个主

18、语各自拥有一件东西，所有格的构成方法是是 在每个主语后都在每个主语后都+s s（5 5）通通常常情情况况下下，表表示示无无生生命命的的东东西西的的所所有有格格 应应用用“名名词词+of+of+名名词词”所有格形式所有格形式（6 6）双双重重所所有有格格。如如果果在在表表示示所所属属的的名名词词前前有有冠冠词词、数数词词、不不定定代代词词或或指指示示代代词词时时，常常用用“of+of+所所有有格格”或或“of+of+名名词词性性物物主主代代词词的的形形式式”，即即双重所有格。双重所有格。返回返回名词的功能名词的功能名名词词在在句句中中作作主主语语，宾宾语语，介介词词宾宾语语,定定语语，宾宾语语补

19、足语，表语以及名词短语作状语。补足语，表语以及名词短语作状语。1 1主语：主语：The bag is in the desk.The bag is in the desk.书包在桌子里边。书包在桌子里边。2 2宾语：宾语：I washed my clothes yesterday.I washed my clothes yesterday.昨天我洗了我的衣服。昨天我洗了我的衣服。3 3表语：表语：This is a good book.This is a good book.这是一本好书。这是一本好书。返回返回4 4宾语补足语宾语补足语We choosed him as our monitor

20、.We choosed him as our monitor.我们选他为我们的班长。我们选他为我们的班长。5 5介词宾语介词宾语Mary lives with her parents.Mary lives with her parents.玛丽和她的父母住在一起。玛丽和她的父母住在一起。6 6定语：定语：She is a Party member.She is a Party member.她是一位党员。她是一位党员。练习练习练习练习：1 1、写出下列单数名词的复数形式。、写出下列单数名词的复数形式。.knife_.knife_.orange_.orange_.box_.box_.cap_.c

21、ap_.roof_.roof_.tomato_.tomato_.baby_.baby_.house_.house_.hero_.hero_.photo_.photo_knivesknivesorangesorangesboxesboxescapscapsroofsroofstomatoestomatoesbabiesbabieshouseshousesheroesheroesphotosphotos3 3、请从括号里选出正确的答案。、请从括号里选出正确的答案。、Please give me(two/two cups of)coffee.Please give me(two/two cups o

22、f)coffee.There are a lot of(sheep/sheeps)on the farm.There are a lot of(sheep/sheeps)on the farm.I.Id like some(bread/breads)and(potato/potatoes).d like some(bread/breads)and(potato/potatoes).Look!There is a(mouse/mice)in the corner.Look!There is a(mouse/mice)in the corner.He bought(a piece of/a pie

23、ce)paper.He bought(a piece of/a piece)paper.”Where is(WomanWhere is(Womans/Womens/Womens)Room?s)Room?”asked asked Susan.Susan.(The girl.(The girls/The girls)hobby is drawing.s/The girls)hobby is drawing.Aunt Lucy sent(a child.Aunt Lucy sent(a child/a children/a childrens)book to me.s)book to me.4 4、

24、用下列名词的适当形式填空、用下列名词的适当形式填空（1 1）There are a lot of There are a lot of _(potato)in the basket under the desk.(potato)in the basket under the desk.（2 2）WhoseWhose_（watchwatch）are those over there?are those over there?（3 3）The police have caught all the The police have caught all the _（thiefthief）.（4 4）T

25、om went to see the dentist yesterday and had her two Tom went to see the dentist yesterday and had her two _(tooth)pulled out.(tooth)pulled out.（5 5）There is some There is some _（milkmilk）in the glass.in the glass.（6 6）The The _（GermanGerman）are on a visit to Beijing.are on a visit to Beijing.（7 7）M

26、rs.Green is _(Lucy and Lily)mother.Mrs.Green is _(Lucy and Lily)mother.（8 8）David took many _David took many _（photo)in the park.photo)in the park.（9 9）Look!There are ten _(Japanese)andLook!There are ten _(Japanese)and five_ five_（American)talking under the tree.American)talking under the tree.potat

27、oeswatchesthievesteethmilkGermansLucy and LilysphotosJapaneseAmericans5 5、单项选择、单项选择1 1、She was very happy.SheShe was very happy.She _in the maths test.in the maths test.A.A.makes a few mistake B.made a few mistakesmakes a few mistake B.made a few mistakesC.made few mistakes D.makes few mistakeC.made

28、 few mistakes D.makes few mistake2 2、We need some more_.Can you go and get We need some more_.Can you go and get some,please?some,please?A.Potato B.potatos C.potatoes D.potatoeA.Potato B.potatos C.potatoes D.potatoe3 3、_are_for cutting things._are_for cutting things.A.A.Knife/used B.Knives/usedKnife

29、/used B.Knives/usedC.Knife/using D.Knives/usingC.Knife/using D.Knives/using4 4、What big_ the tiger has!What big_ the tiger has!A.Tooth B.teeth C.tooths D.toothesA.Tooth B.teeth C.tooths D.toothes5 5、Please remember to give the horse some tree_.Please remember to give the horse some tree_.A.Leafs B.l

30、eaves C.leaf D.leaveA.Leafs B.leaves C.leaf D.leaveCCBBB6 6、-Can we have some _?-Can we have some _?-Yes,please.-Yes,please.A.banana B.oranges C.apple D.pear A.banana B.oranges C.apple D.pear7 7、On the table there are five_.On the table there are five_.A.tomatos B.piece of tomatoes A.tomatos B.piece

31、 of tomatoes C.tomatoes D.tomato C.tomatoes D.tomato8 8、They got much _ from those new books.They got much _ from those new books.A.ideas B.photos C.information D.stories A.ideas B.photos C.information D.stories9 9、He gave us_ on how to keep fit.He gave us_ on how to keep fit.A.some advices B.some a

32、dvice A.some advices B.some advice C.an advice D.a advice C.an advice D.a advice1010、When we saw his face,we knew_ was bad.When we saw his face,we knew_ was bad.A.some news B.a news A.some news B.a news C.the news D.news C.the news D.newsBCBCC11 11、I have some_,but not any white_.I have some_,but no

33、t any white_.A.newspapers A.newspapers；paper B.newspaperpaper B.newspaper；paperpaper C.newspaper C.newspaper；papers D.newspaperspapers D.newspapers；paperspapers1212、You need to change _ in Beijing.You need to change _ in Beijing.A.a train B.the train C.trains D.train A.a train B.the train C.trains D

34、.train1313、We have bought two _for the coming party.We have bought two _for the coming party.A.box of orange B.boxes of oranges A.box of orange B.boxes of oranges C.box of oranges D.boxes of orange C.box of oranges D.boxes of orange1414、I Ive read _sports news about the race today.ve read _sports ne

35、ws about the race today.A.two B.pieces C.two pieces D.two pieces of A.two B.pieces C.two pieces D.two pieces ofDACD1 1、（20082008广广东东）_mothers _mothers both both work work in in the the same same hospital.hospital.A.Tim and Peter A.Tim and Peters B.Tims B.Tims and Peters and Peter C.Tim C.Tims and Pe

36、ters and Peters D.Tim and Peters D.Tim and Peter2 2、(2009(2009沈阳）沈阳）WhatWhats in the cupboard?s in the cupboard?A few _,but little _.A few _,but little _.A.apples A.apples；coffee B.coffeecoffee B.coffee；applesapples C.apple C.apple；coffees D.coffeescoffees D.coffees；apple apple 3、(2010青岛）Where are t

37、he _?They are playing _violin in the school hall.A.girl students；不填 B.girls students；the C.girl students；the D.girl student；theCAC4 4、(2010(2010哈尔滨）哈尔滨）A low A low carbon lifestyle has _effect on carbon lifestyle has _effect on our daily life,People are paying more attention to saving our daily life

38、,People are paying more attention to saving _these days._these days.A.A.thethe；energies B.aenergies B.a；energyenergyC.C.an an；energy D.anenergy D.an；energies energies 5 5、(2011)(2011)四川达州四川达州How manyHow many teachers are there in your teachers are there in your school?school?them them over two hundr

39、ed.over two hundred.A.A.woman;The number of;is B.women;The number of;iswoman;The number of;is B.women;The number of;isC.woman;A number of;is D.women;A number of;areC.woman;A number of;is D.women;A number of;are6 6、（、（20112011天津）天津）For my homework I have to write a(n)_ For my homework I have to write

40、 a(n)_ about the wonders of the world.about the wonders of the world.A.music.B.picture.C.composition.D.exam A.music.B.picture.C.composition.D.examCBC用所给单词的适当形式完成句子用所给单词的适当形式完成句子1.1.（20102010上海）上海）Joanna received many Joanna received many _(gift)when graduating from middle school._(gift)when graduati

41、ng from middle school.2.2.（20092009无锡）无锡）The three _(spaceman)The three _(spaceman)of Shenzhou VII Space ship were warmly welcomed of Shenzhou VII Space ship were warmly welcomed in Hong Kong.in Hong Kong.3 3、（、（20102010长春）长春）Mr Black got some nice _on Mr Black got some nice _on FatherFathers Day.Ho

42、w happy he was!(present)s Day.How happy he was!(present)4 4、（、（20092009宿迁宿迁)There are more_(sheep)in)There are more_(sheep)in Australia than in Japan.Australia than in Japan.5 5、（、（20082008南京市）南京市）Look!Look!Two_(monkey)are fighting for food over Two_(monkey)are fighting for food over there.there.giftsspacemenpresentssheepmonkeysNo pains,no gains!（一份耕耘，一份收获！）（一份耕耘，一份收获！）