2018高考---英语名词语法讲解.ppt

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1、2018高考-英语名词语法讲解一、分类一、分类(Classification)(Classification)A:专有名词专有名词(Proper nouns)B:普通名词普通名词(Common nouns)Countable nouns(可数名词可数名词)Uncountable nouns (不可数名词不可数名词)Individual Nouns（个体名词）Collective Nouns （集体名词）Abstract Nouns （抽象名词）Material Nouns （物质名词）2021/5/222二、数二、数(Number)(Number)A:Singular number A:Sin

2、gular number(单数单数)B:Plural number B:Plural number(复数复数)（1 1）一般的词，包括）一般的词，包括元音字母加元音字母加y y结尾的词，直接结尾的词，直接 在词尾加在词尾加s s（2 2）以）以-s s,-,-x x,-,-chch,-,-shsh结尾的词在词尾加结尾的词在词尾加eses（3 3）以）以辅音字母加辅音字母加y y结尾的词，变结尾的词，变y y为为i i再加再加eses（4 4）以）以f f或或fefe结尾的词，应变结尾的词，应变f f或或fefe为为v v再加再加-eses1.1.规则名词单复数变化规则名词单复数变化:2021/

3、5/2232.2.不规则名词单复数变化不规则名词单复数变化:（1）单复数同形单复数同形:sheep,deer,fish,means,species,species,works(工厂),aircraft,spacecraft,Chinese,Japanese,Swiss （2）改变字母改变字母：man-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen,saleswoman-saleswomen,foot-feet,tooth-teeth,goose-geese,Mouse-Mice,abacus-abaci(或abacuses)，phenomenon-phenomena 另

4、另：penny（pence或 pennies）（3）增加字母增加字母:child-children,ox-oxen2021/5/224（4）以以o o结尾的词结尾的词：加加s s:photo,radio,piano,zoo,studio,bamboo,tobacco,kangroo 加加eses:tomato,potato,hero,Negro,dingo 另另：zero（zeros或 zeroes）（5）以以f f或或fefe结尾的词结尾的词:直接加直接加s s：roof,proof,belief,chief,gulf,变变f f为为v v再加再加eses：life,wife,knife,h

5、alf,leaf,wolf,thief 另外另外：handkerchief （handkerchiefs或handkerchieves）beef（beeves菜牛、beefs怨言；牢骚）2021/5/2253.3.名词单复数的特殊情况名词单复数的特殊情况:(1)集体名词只用作复数集体名词只用作复数：police,cattle,people,poultry,the youth(2)集体名词用作不可数名词集体名词用作不可数名词:clothing,jewellery,furniture,luggage(baggage),machinery,wealth(3)集体名词视具体情况而定单复数集体名词视具体

6、情况而定单复数：family,class,population,staff,crew,couple,public,group,team,party,club,company,government,committee,audience,enemy(4)只有复数形式的名词只有复数形式的名词:clothes,trousers,jeans,twins,glasses,compasses,scissors,handcuffs,pincers,goods,thanks,wishes,wages,tears,troops,forces,resources2021/5/226(5)以以s s结尾但不表示复数结

7、尾但不表示复数:mathematics,physics,politics,statistics,news,woods(森林森林),works(工厂工厂)(6)有没有有没有s s结尾意义不同结尾意义不同：glass glasses,cloth clothes,work works,sand sands,snow snows,water waters,wood woods,goodgoods,time times(时代时代),paper papers(论文论文),green greens(青菜青菜),custom customs(海关海关),spirit spirits(酒精酒精,情绪情绪),li

8、ght lights(灯灯),experience experiences(经历经历),arm arms(武器武器),iron irons(镣铐镣铐,熨斗熨斗),compass(指南针指南针)compasses(圆规圆规),(7)姓氏后加姓氏后加s s并带冠词，表一家人或夫妇俩并带冠词，表一家人或夫妇俩:the Greens；the Chengs2021/5/227(8)(8)合成名词的复数形式合成名词的复数形式：将合成名词中的主体名词变为复数将合成名词中的主体名词变为复数：looker(s)-on,passer(s)-by,mother(s)-in-law 将最后一部分变为复数：将最后一部分

9、变为复数：grown-up(s),go-between(s)(中间人中间人），），good-for-nothing(s)(无用之人）无用之人）含含boy,girl,lady等的合成的名词：等的合成的名词：它们始终为单数，其后的名词则用复数形式。它们始终为单数，其后的名词则用复数形式。如：如：boy students,girl friends,lady drivers 含含man或或 woman的合成名词：的合成名词：它们随其后名词单复数的变化而变化。如：它们随其后名词单复数的变化而变化。如：a man doctor,two men doctors 2021/5/228(9)(9)名词只能用复数

10、形式的短语：名词只能用复数形式的短语：do exercises（做操）take notes (做笔记）take turns（轮流）make repairs（搞修理）change trains（改换火车）make friends with（交朋友）shake hands with (握手）as follows（如下）in rags（衣衫褴褛）in dozens（成打的）2021/5/229(9)(9)名词单复数形式意义相同的短语：名词单复数形式意义相同的短语：make faces/a face（做鬼脸）Have talks/a talk with sb.(与某人交谈）Play jokes/a j

11、oke on（拿开玩笑）Make contributions/a contribution to （为做贡献）(10)(10)名词单复数意义不同的短语：名词单复数意义不同的短语：Have a word with sb.（与某人说句话）Have words with sb.（与某人吵架）Make cloth (织布）Make clothes（制衣）2021/5/2210三、名词的格三、名词的格(Case)(Case)A:A:通格通格(Common case):(Common case):主格主格(Subject case)(Subject case)宾格宾格(Object case)(Objec

12、t case)B:B:所有格所有格(Possessive case)(Possessive case)1.1.1.1.ssss属格：属格：属格：属格：原则上只用于表示有生命的人或物的名词。如原则上只用于表示有生命的人或物的名词。如：the teachers book;the horses tail 然而，时间、距离、太阳、地球、月亮、江河、然而，时间、距离、太阳、地球、月亮、江河、海洋、船只、国家、城市、团体机构等名词也海洋、船只、国家、城市、团体机构等名词也 可以用可以用ss属格。如：属格。如：todays newspaper;the citys transportation2021/5/2

13、211 一般的名词，包括不以一般的名词，包括不以s s结尾的复数名词，结尾的复数名词，在词后加在词后加ss。如：。如：the childrens book 以以s s结尾的复数名词的所有格形式只在词后加结尾的复数名词的所有格形式只在词后加。如：如：the teachers office 以以s s结尾的专有名词的所有格，既可加结尾的专有名词的所有格，既可加ss 也可加也可加。如：。如：Engels（s）letter 两者或两者以上共有的所有格形式只在后者用两者或两者以上共有的所有格形式只在后者用 所有格形式，如所有格形式，如:Tom and Mikes room 若表示分别拥有时，则要在每个名

14、词后用若表示分别拥有时，则要在每个名词后用 所有格形式，如所有格形式，如:Toms and Mikes rooms 2021/5/22122.of2.of属格：属格：多用于无生命现象的名词，也可用于有生命现象的名词；当一个名词有较长的定语时，就只能用of短语来表示所有关系。如：the cover of the book;a toy of Li Pings younger brother3 3双重属格双重属格：既有s的属格，又有of的属格。通常s属格表示所有关系，of属格表示部分与整体的关系。如:a friend of my fathers;a book of Toms4.4.表示表示“某人自己

15、的某人自己的”的属格的属格:用of ones ownof ones own表示，不可用of反身代词。例如：This is the house of my own.2021/5/2213四、名词的性四、名词的性（Gender)1.Masculine（阳性阳性）:actor,waiter,master,2.prince,lad,hero3.2.Feminine（阴性阴性）:actress,waitress,mastress,princess,lass,heroine 3.Neuter（中性中性）:teacher,worker,monkey,sheep,tree,crop 2021/5/2214五、

16、名词在句子中的作用五、名词在句子中的作用（Function)功 能 例 子 主语主语Bush was elected president.表语表语These are not goats but sheep.宾语宾语She was reading a book.同位语同位语Mr.Smith,the manager,will host the meeting.定语定语You are supposed to gather at the school gate.补语补语Marx made London the base of revolution.状语状语The couple walked shoul

17、der to shoulder.呼语呼语Be quiet,children.连词连词The moment they saw the tower,they cheered.2021/5/2215精选练习题精选练习题1.The Chinese people _.A.is a great people B.are a great people C.are great people D.are great peoples2.Something was wrong with _car,but luckily they knew how to fix it.A.Jims and Toms B.Jim an

18、d Toms C.Jims and Tom D.Jim and Tom3.He is a friend of _.A.Kates fathers B.Kates father C.Fathers of Kate D.Kate fathers4.The news of Victories _got round quickly.A.is B.are C.have been D./2021/5/22165.The rich _not always happy.A.are B is C.have D.has6.Your trousers _dirty,you must _washed.A.is,it

19、B are,it C.is,them D.are,them 7.He,including his parents,_this novel.A.like B.likes C.are like D.is like8.There are three _in our class.A.Zhous B.Zhous C.Zhous D.Zhouss9.The bridge is _.A.ten-metres B.ten metre C.ten-meters D.ten metres10.Mother made a new skirt with two meters of _.A.clothes B,clot

20、h C.dress D.cloths2021/5/221711.If these trousers are too big,buy a small _ A.one B.copy C.pair D.set12.He dropped the _and broke it.A.cup of coffee B.coffees cup C.cup coffee D.coffee cup13.Lets have a _break.A.ten minutes B.ten-minutes C.ten minutes D.ten minutes14._should be strict with _.A.Teach

21、ers,a student B.The teachers,students C.Teachers,students D.Teachers,a student15.They played in the _for an hour,and when they returned,they found their goods _stolen.A.sand,were B.sand,was C.sands,were D.sands,was2021/5/2218总之，名词是人、动物、事物、地方、状态、品质或动作的名称。它可以表示具体的东西，也可表示抽象的东西。下面斜体字都是名词：1John is my fri

22、endMy children love their teachers（人）2The dog is running after a rat（动物）3This school is goodBroadway is a street in New York City（地方）4My pencil is lostThe window of this house is pretty（东西）5Poverty is a big problemEveryone seeks happiness（状态）6His bravery is well-known。I enjoy the beauty of this mountain。（品质）7His arrival was on SundayHis judgment is not correct（动作）2021/5/2219人有了知识，就会具备各种分析能力，明辨是非的能力。所以我们要勤恳读书，广泛阅读，古人说“书中自有黄金屋。”通过阅读科技书籍，我们能丰富知识，培养逻辑思维能力；通过阅读文学作品，我们能提高文学鉴赏水平，培养文学情趣；通过阅读报刊，我们能增长见识，扩大自己的知识面。有许多书籍还能培养我们的道德情操，给我们巨大的精神力量，鼓舞我们前进。