国际贸易实务英文版第五版ppt课件(完整版).ppt

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1、INTERNATIONAL TRADEPRACTICEByZhou Ruiqi Wang Xiaoou Xu Yuefang ofSchool of English for International Business Guangdong University of Foreign StudiesSEIBOFGDUFSGeneral IntroductionGeneral IntroductionLearning ObjectivesAfter learning this chapter,you should be able to define what is meant by interna

2、tional tradeexplain the reasons for engaging in international tradeidentify the benefits of international tradeExplain the major categories of international tradetell the differences between domestic and international tradeunderstand the major procedure involved in international tradeSEIBOFGDUFS3Con

3、cept of international tradeAlso international trade/world trade/foreign trade/overseas tradeDefinition:The fair and deliberate exchange of goods and services across national boundaries.Concerning trade operations of both import and export Including the purchase and sale of both visible and invisible

4、 goods.SEIBOFGDUFS41.1 Reasons for international tradeResource reasonsNatural resourcesHuman resourcesTechnologyEconomic reasonsBenefitsComparative advantage Economies of scaleOther reasonsPolitical reasonsDifferent taste and preferenceSEIBOFGDUFS51.2 Reasons for international tradeBenefits of Inter

5、national TradeLarger ecnomic growth Cheaper goods or servicesGreater Variety of goods or services SEIBOFGDUFS61.3 Differences from domestic tradeCompared with domestic trade,international trade involves different languages and culturesforeign laws,customs and regulations or international rulesforeig

6、n currencieshigher risks:Political risks,Commercial risks,Financial risks,and Transportation risksmore complex business procedures broader range of management skillsSEIBOFGDUFS7From the direction of cargo flowExport tradedomestic market international market for saleImport tradeforeign countries dome

7、stic market for saleTransit tradeproducing countries via a third country consuming countrySEIBOFGDUFS81.4 Classification of international trade1.4 Classification of international tradeTypes of transit tradeDirect transit tradeIndirect transit tradeSEIBOFGDUFS9From the number of participants involved

8、Direct trade Indirect tradeEntrept trade From the form of the goodsVisible trade/tangible goods tradeInvisible trade/intangible goods tradeFrom settlement instrument involvedBarter trade Free-liquidation tradeSEIBOFGDUFS101.4 Classification of international trade1.4 Classification of international t

9、rade From mode of transportationTrade by RoadwayTrade by SeawayTrade by AirwayTrade by Mail Order SEIBOFGDUFS111.5 Export and import proceduresThe preparation of a transactionThe negotiation of a contractThe performance of the contractThe settlement of disputesSEIBOFGDUFS121.5.1 The preparation of a

10、 transactionSelecting the right market Finding the potential partner Studying creditability of the partners Applying for Export or Import LicenseChecking whether the goods to be transacted are within certain export or import controlsIf so,apply for it before the negotiation startsIf unable to apply

11、or get the import and export licenses,do business under EXW or DDP term SEIBOFGDUFS131.5.2 The negotiation of a sales contractTwo forms of business negotiation in words:oralin writing:business correspondence by letters,faxes,e-mails,telexes,etc.Four main steps involved EnquiryOfferCounter-offerAccep

12、tanceSEIBOFGDUFS141.5.2 The negotiation of a sales contract Definition of a trade contractA trade contract is an agreement which is concluded between seller and buyer based on an accepted offer and which sets forth biding obligations of the parties concerned.Governing ruleThe United Nations Conventi

13、on on Contracts for International Sale of Goods 1980(CISG 1980)Form of a contract Formal or informal;simple or complicated;written or oralAll legally effectiveWrittten form is preferredSEIBOFGDUFS151.5.2 The negotiation of a sales contract A sales contract normally includes:(see Specimen 1.1-1.2)ful

14、l name,address and other necessary information of the seller and the buyerdescription of the commodity:name,quality,quantity and packaging etc.all terms agreed upon:price,delivery,transportation,insurance,payment,inspection,claims,force majeure,arbitration,etc.date,place and signatureSEIBOFGDUFS161.

15、5.2 The negotiation of a sales contract Importance of a written contract It is the only document between Seller and Buyer that evidences their respective rights and obligations.It serves as the basis for the performance of the contract.It serves as the basis for the settlement of disputes.SEIBOFGDUF

16、S171.5.3 The performance of the contractExport procedure(business under CIF on L/C)Examining L/CUrging and expediting the opening of L/CExamining L/C with reference to the sales contractGetting goods readyPreparing goods according to the name,quality,quantity,packing and making required in the contr

17、actApplying for mandatory inspection For goods required inspection by the governments or in the contractDocuments Submitted:commercial invoice,copy of sales contract,L/C,etc.SEIBOFGDUFS18Export procedure(business under CIF on L/C)Receiving importers inspection before shipmentBooking shipping space a

18、fter receiving L/C and getting goods ready Clearing goods for export After the goods are inspected and before the goods are loadedDocuments submitted for export customs clearance:commercial invoice,export license,copy of sales contract,inspection certificates,shipping order,etc.SEIBOFGDUFS191.5.3 Th

19、e performance of the contractExport procedure(business under CIF on L/C)Getting goods loadedDelivering goods to the carrier for loading after the goods are cleared for export Receiving B/L from the carrier after shipmentObtaining insurance Under CIF,insurance is a must for sellerMinimum coverageSEIB

20、OFGDUFS201.5.3 The performance of the contractExport procedure(business under CIF on L/C)Presenting documents for bank negotiationDocuments required for negotiationMain documents:commercial invoice,packing list,billing of lading,insurance policy,inspection certificates,etc.Other documents:the Certif

21、icate of Origin,the Consular Invoice,etc.If documents are in strict line with L/C,the exporter will receive payments from the bankSEIBOFGDUFS211.5.3 The performance of the contract221.5.3 The performance of the contract Import procedure(business under FOB on L/C)Opening L/CApplying in timeAmending L

22、/C in the case of discrepancies Booking shipping spaceAfter booking shipping space,the buyer should notify the exporter sufficiently:the name of the vessel,the loading point,the delivery timeInspecting and supervising at the port of shipmentObtaining insuranceUnder FOB,insurance is not an obligation

23、 but a usual practice SEIBOFGDUFS231.5.3 The performance of the contract Import procedure(business under FOB on L/C)Examining documents and making paymentCareful examination before making paymentReceiving shipping document(B/L)after paymentClearing the goods for importNecessary documents for import

24、customs clearance:commercial invoice,inspection certificate etc.Taking delivery and inspecting The importer can take it from the carrier with B/L after its arrival The importer should inspect the goods carefully If there are any inconformity,the importer can lodge claims against relevant parties for

25、 compensationSEIBOFGDUFS241.5.4 The settlement of disputesIn case of complaints or disputes,the party suffering loss will lodge a claim against the relevant parties:the other party of the sales contract,the carrier or the insurance companyFour ways to settle disputesNegotiationMediationArbitrationLi

26、tigation SEIBOFGDUFS25SEIBofGDUFSInternational Trade TermsInternational Trade TermsChapter Chapter 2 2Learning objectivesAfter learning this chapter you will be able to:understand the trade terms used in international trade outline the major rules regulating the use of trade termsprovide a simple ex

27、planation of the eleven terms under the Incoterms 2020compare and contrast the use of FCA,FOB,CFR and CIFidentify the application issues under the Incotermslist the determining factors when choosing IncotermsSEIBofGDUFS27SEIBofGDUFS282.1 Three sets of rulesWarsaw-Oxford Rules 1932Revised American Fo

28、reign Trade Definitions 1990International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms 2020SEIBofGDUFS29Warsaw-Oxford Rules 1932Initially in 1928-“Warsaw Rules,1928”22 provisions governing the rights and obligations of the parties to a sale of goods on CIF(Cost,Insurance and Freight)contract terms.Re

29、vised in 1932-the“Warsaw-Oxford Rules 1932”21 provisions again mainly about CIFSEIBofGDUFS30Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1990Six Quotations:EXW(Ex Works)F.O.B.(Free on Board)F.A.S.(Free Along Side)CFR(Cost and Freight)C.I.F.(Cost,Insurance,Freight)DEQ(Delivered Ex Quay)SEIBofGDUFS31Int

30、ernational Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms 2020(Incoterms 2020)1936-first created by International Chamber of Commerce(ICC)The purposes of Incoterms:To give the businessmen a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade termsTo clarify the obligations

31、 of the buyer and the sellerTo simplify the contract negotiations To save time and costRevised in 1953,1967,1976,1980,1990,2000,2010 and 2020Incoterms 2020 includes 11 terms under 2 classesSEIBofGDUFS322.2 Basics of Incoterms 20202.2.1 Scope of Governance Parties involved:only 2 parties-seller&buyer

32、Document applied:only to the contract of saleSpecific aspects governed:only settle matters concerning the delivery of tangibles goods sold Focusing only on the delivery of tangible goodsIndicating the division of obligations,costs and risk between seller and buyer SEIBofGDUFS332.2.1 Scope of Governa

33、nce ObligationObligation-a legal duty to do something according to a certain agreement.Universally accepted obligation,eg:The seller-providing goods in conformity with the contract The buyer-making payment as stipulated in the contractOther obligations:handling customs clearance,carriage of goods,in

34、surance,etc.SEIBofGDUFS342.2.1 Scope of Governance Cost local and overseas transportation and insurance costsgoods checking and inspection expenses,customs clearance charges loading and unloading charges of the goods at some particular transport points Transfer of risk“Risk”refers to accidental dama

35、ge to the goods.Time:when will the risk be passed from the seller to the buyer?SEIBofGDUFS352.2.2 Categorization of Terms11 terms into two classes Terms applicable to any mode of transportation:EXW,FCA,CPT,CIP,DAP,DPU,DDPTerms only applicable to sea or inland waterway transport:FAS,FOB,CFR,CIFSEIBof

36、GDUFS362.2.2 Categorization of Terms 11 terms into four categories E-termthe seller only makes the goods available to the buyer at the sellers own premises.F-terms the seller is called upon to deliver the goods to a carrier appointed by the buyer.C-terms the seller has to contract for carriage,but w

37、ithout assuming the risk of loss or damage to the goods or additional costs due to events occurring after shipment or dispatch.D-terms the seller has to bear all costs and risks needed to bring the goods to the place of destination.Figure 2.1Incoterms 2020 WallchartSEIBofGDUFS382.2.3 Brief of Incote

38、rmsThe“E”term(EXW)Sellers obligation is minimum.Placing the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the agreed place usually his own premisesIn practice,also including assisting the buyer in loading the goods on the buyers collecting vehicle free,but bearing no riskFor the buyer to get lower price,but

39、 too demanding for him,therefore only applied to buyers having offshore branches SEIBofGDUFS39EXW Ex Works(named place of delivery)Delivery:at sellers premisesTransfer of risk:goods at the disposal of the buyerPackaging and loading:Usu.seller has no obligation for export packaging and loading;Export

40、 customs clearanceUsu.buyers responsibility,but sometimes seller does it for the buyer,but bears no riskSEIBofGDUFS40The“F”terms(FCA,FAS,FOB)Shipment contractSeller delivers the goods for carriage as instructed by the buyerBuyer signs carriage contract with the carrier and pays freight and notifies

41、the sellerFAS&FOB only for sea or inland waterway transportation modeSeller export license and export customs clearanceBuyer import license and import customs clearanceSEIBofGDUFS41FCA Free Carrier(.Named place)Transfer of risk Goods at the disposal of the(first)carrierDelivery pointIf at sellers si

42、te,seller responsible for loading If anywhere else,seller responsible for delivering the goods to the point required,but not for unloading or reloadingSEIBofGDUFS42FAS Free Alongside Ship(named port of shipment)Delivery point:port of shipmentTransfer of risk:Goods delivered alongside the vesselIf ve

43、ssel unable to enter the port due to force majeure,the seller is responsible for arranging and paying for the lighters to send the goods alongside the vessel offshore.(seller pays for lighter charges)SEIBofGDUFS43FOB Free on Board(named port of shipment)Delivery point:port of shipmentTransfer of ris

44、k:goods on board the vessel Cost and obligation:the seller pays for the necessary handling of goods until they are loaded on board the vessel.SEIBofGDUFS44The“C”terms（CFR,CIF,CPT,CIP）Shipment contractsSeller contracts for carriage on usual terms at his own expense.CFR&CIF only for sea or inland wate

45、rway transportation modeUnder CIF and CIP,seller takes out insurance and pays for insurance cost.SEIBofGDUFS45The“C”terms（CFR,CIF,CPT,CIP）Two“critical”points Port(place)of shipment where the buyer takes over the riskPort(place)of destination to which the seller is bound to arrange and bear the costs

46、 of a contract of carriage SEIBofGDUFS46CFR Cost and Freight(named port of destination)Sharing every feature with FOB except for ocean freight chargeFreight at sellers cost The contract of carriage must be made on usual terms at the sellers cost and provide for carriage by the usual route in a vesse

47、l of the type normally used for the transport of the type of goods sold.Obligation:sellers responsibilityBooking shipping space and getting goods ready for shipment in due timeNotifying buyer about the delivery of goods(Shipping advice)so as to facilitate buyer to fulfill insurance procedures Note:S

48、hipment notice is more important under CFR than under FOB and CIFSEIBofGDUFS47CIFCIF Cost,Insurance and Freight(named port of destination)One step forward from CFRInsurance borne by seller Obtaining insurance vs.bearing risksSeller should pay for the insurance,but does not take the risk of the cargo

49、.Minimum coverageSeller should pay for coverage equal to minimum cover of Clauses(C)of the Institute Cargo Clauses,or FPA of China Insurance Clause or any similar clauses.If required by buyer and at buyers expense,additional coverage can be addedSeller has no responsibility to guarantee the arrival

50、of the goods at the destination.SEIBofGDUFS48 CPT Carriage Paid to(named place of destination)CPT is similar to CFRDifferences:Mode of transportCPT any mode CFR Sea or Inland Waterway Delivery point CPT inland place or port of shipment CFR port of shipment Transfer of risk CPT goods delivered to car