第十五章-The-Second-World-Warppt.pptx

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1、CHAPTER 15THE COLD WAR AND POST-COLD WAR PERIOD,1945 TO THE PRESENTI.THE ORIGINS OF THE COLD WARII.THE WEST IN THE GLOBAL COMMUNITYIII.TERRORISM IN THE LAST QUARTER OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY,THE BERLIN WALLThroughout its 28-year life,the Berlin Wall served as a chilling reminder of the great ideologi

2、cal divide between East and West in the Cold War.Cutting through neighbor-hoods,streets,and railway lines,the Berlin Wall also divided families in two.Yet the wall was porous,if even only slightly so.Passes could be authorized for holidays and special family events,funerals,weddings,and births so th

3、at East Berliners could visit their relatives.But long lines through checkpoints with passport and currency controls prevented circulation.Individuals attempting escape from East Berlin to the West were gunned down from watch towers along the wall.Consisting of over 90 miles of concrete slabs and ba

4、rbed wire,the wall stood as a scar through the center of Berlin and around West Berlin.In 1963,President John F.Kennedy visited West Berlin and proclaimed in solidarityBy 1970,the postwar restrictions of a bipolar world were giving way to signs of republicanism,democracy,and self-rule.Some transform

5、ations were achieved with violence.Most notably,the history of ethnic differences led to war in the Balkans and the former Soviet republics.The United States was embroiled in conflicts throughout the Middle East.The place of the West in the global community continued to depend on social and gender i

6、nequalities.And a new kind of war based on the terrorism of civilian populations emerged as the weapon of choice of dispossessed groups around the globe.“ICH BIN EIN BERLINER”with citizens on both sides of the wall,“Ich bin ein Berliner”(I am a Berliner).In that same speech,Kennedy stated,“There are

7、 some who say that communism is the wave of the future.Let them come to Berlin.”President Ronald Reagan used the occasion of his visit to West Berlin in 1987 to highlight the apparently increasing openness of the Soviet bloc.Applications for authorized immigration to West Germany increased in the 19

8、80s,and in 1984 East Germany allowed 30,000 citizens to emigrate to the West.Throughout the late 1980s,the emigration rate remained high,with an average exodus of 20,000 a year.I.THE ORIGINS OF THE COLD WARThe world in two blocsThe division of GermanyEastern Europe and the Soviet BlocNATOThe Marshal

9、l PlanDecolonizationThe Welfare State and social transformationTHE DIVISION OF GERMANY.In central Europe,Cold War tensions first surfaced over the question of how to treat Germany.The United States and the Soviet Union had very different ideas about the future of their former enemy.With Germanys def

10、eat,its territory had been divided into four zones,occupied by American,Soviet,British,and French troops.An Allied Control Commission consisting of representatives of the four powers was to govern Germany as a whole in keeping with the decisions made at Yalta before the end of the war.As Soviet and

11、American antagonisms over Germanys future deepened,however,Allied rule polarized between the East and the West,with the internal politics of each area determined by the ideological conflicts between communism and capitalist free enterprise.EASTERN EUROPE AND THE SOVIET BLOC.With the support of local

12、 Communist parties,Soviet-dominated governments were established in Poland,Hungary,Bulgaria,and Romania in 1947.The following year,Czechoslovakia was pulled into the Soviet orbit.Czechoslovakia served as a significant marker in the development of Cold War confrontation.The tactics of the Communists

13、in Czechoslovakia taught the West that coalition governments were unacceptable and undoubtedly hardened the resolve ofTHE MARSHALL PLANIn June 1947,Secretary of State George C.Marshall proposed that the United States provide funds to help Europe recover from the destruction caused by World War II.To

14、 receive the aid,European nations had to agree on a cooperative plan to solve their common economic and infrastructure problems.In April 1948,President Harry Truman signed a law that established the European Recovery Program.It provided support for European agricultural and industrial production,boo

15、sted exports,strengthened European currencies,and helped limit the Soviet Unions growing influence in Europe.By successfully distributing more than$12 billion in aid,the Marshall Plan ensured European recovery and encouraged greater cooperation and unity among European nations.This new title delves

16、into the plan that transformed a war-ravaged Europe into a continent of vibrant economies.NATO AND OTHER TREATY ALLIANCES.With the aim of containing the USSR,a policy known as containment,the United States entered into a series of military alliances around the world.In order to provide mutual assist

17、ance should any member be attacked,the United States joined with Belgium,Britain,Canada,Denmark,France,Iceland,Italy,the Netherlands,Norway,and Portugal in 1949 to form the North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO).Greece and Turkey became members in 1952,West Germany in 1955,and edge in the developm

18、ent of the bomb.Stalin understood the political significance of the weapon and committed the Soviet Union to a breakneck program of development following the war.ACCELERATING THE PACE OF NUCLEAR ARMAMENTThe USSR ended the American monopoly and tested its first atomic bomb in 1949.Both countries deve

19、loped the hydrogen bomb almost simultaneously in 1953.Space exploration by satellite was also deemed important in terms of the detection and deployment of bombs,and the Soviets pulled ahead in this area with the launching of the first satellite,Sputnik I,in 1957.Intercontinental ballistic missiles(I

20、CBMs)followed,further accelerating the pace of nuclear armament.The atomic bomb and thermonuclear weapons contributed greatly to the shape of Cold War politics.incineration of Hiroshima and Nagasaki sent a clear message to the world about the power of total annihilation available to those who contro

21、lled the bombs.The threat of such total destruction made full and direct confrontation with an equally armed enemy impossible.Both the United States and the Soviet Union,the first two members of the nuclear club,knew that they had the capability of obliterating their enemy,but not before the enemy c

22、ould retaliate.They also knew that the technology necessary for nuclear arms was available to any industrial power.By 1974,the nuclear club included Great Britain,France,the Peoples Republic of China,and India.Those countries joined the United States and the Soviet Union in spending the billions of

23、dollars necessary every year to expand nuclear arsenals and to develop more sophisticated weaponry and delivery systems.DECOLONIZATION The decolonization of the European overseas empires in Asia,Africa,and the Caribbean came late,and was rapidly concluded.Each moment of independence was exemplary,an

24、d contributed cumulatively to the accelerating process of change,especially after 1957.Anticolonialists contributed greatly to this development,which was given institutional and legal meaning by way of independence as sovereign membership of the United Nations.But“flag independence”was not the end o

25、f decolonization as either a practical or intellectual problem:the legacies and consequences of decolonization remain very important.Formal independence was,though,indicative of a profound reshaping of the international system and its normative architecture after 1945.This may constitute the most si

26、gnificant aspect of decolonization as a process of historical change.II.THE WEST IN THE GLOBAL COMMUNITYEuropean Union and the American superpowerToward a single EuropeThe Berlin Wall 1989The end of the Cold War and emergence of a New EuropeEUROPEAN UNION(EU)International organization comprising 27

27、European countries and governing common economic,social,and security policies.Originally confined to western Europe,the EU undertook a robust expansion into central and eastern Europe in the early 21st century.The EUs members are Austria,Belgium,Bulgaria,Croatia,Cyprus,the Czech Republic,Denmark,Est

28、onia,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,the Netherlands,Poland,Portugal,Romania,Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain,and Sweden.The United Kingdom,which had been a founding member of the EU,left the organization in 2020.WELFARE PROGRAMSWelfare programs aimed to

29、protect citizens through the establishment of a decent standard of living available for everyone.The experiences of the Great Depression had done much to foster concern for economic security.In France,the primary concern of the welfare state was the protection of children and the issue of family all

30、owances.In Great Britain,as in Germany,emphasis was placed on unemployment insurance and health care benefits.Everywhere,however,the welfare state developed a related set of social programs and policies whereby the state intervened in the cycles of individual lives to provide economic support for th

31、e challenges of birth,sickness,old age,and unemployment.THE END OF THE COLD WAR AND THE EMERGENCE OF A NEW EUROPEThe Cold War,while it lasted from the post-1945 period to the late 1980s,provided a way of ordering the world.It served to divide friend from foe,to create spheres of economic interest,an

32、d to promote market relations among blocs of nations.Also,in a seemingly contradictory sense,it was a conflict that promoted stability and peace between the superpowers,no matter how uneasy.Yet chinks in the facade of Communist unity were already present by the mid-1960s,as we have seen in the previ

33、ous chapter.EUROPEAN UNION AND THE AMERICAN SUPERPOWERIn 1957,the founders of the European Economic Community,Robert Schuman and Jean Monnet,envisioned the idea of a United States of Europe.Both men perceived that Europes only hope of competing in a new world system was through unity.The European Co

34、mmunity(EC)had been created in 1967 by merging the three transnational European bodiesthe European Coal and Steel Community,the European Economic Community,and the European Atomic Energy Community.It operated with its own commission,parliament,and council of ministers,though it had little real power

35、 over the operations of member states.In 1974,a European Council was created within the European Community,made up of heads of government who met three times a year.Almost since its inception,the European Community was committed to European integration.THE EUROPEAN UNION.Meeting in Maastricht,the Ne

36、therlands,in December 1991,the heads of the 12 EC countries ratified a treaty momentous for the European Union.They agreed that a common currency,the euro,would replace the national currencies of eligible nations,and that a single central banking system,known as the European Monetary Institute,would

37、 guide member nations in reducing inflation rates and budget deficits.Economic union would be reinforced by political union,with member states sharing a common European defense system and common social policies regulating immigration and labor practices.In that sense,the new European Union(EU)was in

38、tended as something more than the European Community(EC),which had been primarily an economic entity to promote free trade.In the words of French President Franois Mitterrand,the goals of the European Union were:“One currency,one culture,one social area,one environment.”III.TERRORISM IN THE LAST QUA

39、RTER OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURYTerrorism:the“New kind of war”September 2001:a turning pointTerrorism and counterterrorismTERRORISM:THE“NEW KIND OF WAR”A new kind of warfare emerged globally as disfranchised groups rejected the avenues of cooperation and reform and instead chose violence as the sole me

40、ans of achieving their political ends.The history of contemporary terrorism began after World War II.The creation of the state of Israel in part of the land of Palestine in 1948 led to conflict between the Israelis and the Palestinian Arabs,who refused to accept the new Jewish state.Israels Arab nei

41、ghbors went to war to support the Palestinians but were defeated by Israel in late 1948.Hundreds of thousands of Palestinians became refugees in neighboring Arab states,and Palestinian guerrillas decided that the best way to attack Israel and its protectors was with a global strategy of terrorist vi

42、olence.The first Palestinian hijacking took place in the summer of 1968.Ejected from Jordan,Palestinian guerrillas set up their headquarters in Syria and Lebanon in order to continue their terrorist activities.SEPTEMBER 2001:A TURNING POINT.On 11 September 2001,four U.S.passenger planes were hijacke

43、d and used as flying bombs in a coordinated action that targeted the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon just outside of Washington,DC.Two of the four hijacked planes slammed into the twin towers of the World Trade Center,and a third plane hit its mark by diving into the Pentagon.Th

44、e fourth plane crashed in a field in Pennsylvania,its suicide attack foiled by passengers who opposed their captors.More than 3,000 people were killed,thousands more were wounded,and the loss of property was unprecedented in the worst terrorist attack in history.The events horrified people around th

45、e world who understood that two symbols of American global financial and military dominance had been singled out in a carefully planned and executed mission of destruction.Once again,Osama bin Laden was identified as the mastermind of terrorist devastation.President GeorgeTERRORISM AND COUNTERTERROR

46、ISM.Terrorism in the last quarter of the twentieth century was not a single movement but a wide variety of groups and organizations on both the left and right.Some organizations were Marxist;some were nationalist;some were Islamic fundamentalists.All defined the enemy as an imperialist and a coloniz

47、er.Industrial nations,especially the United States and Israel,were common targets of terrorist attacks.Terrorists all shared a vision of the world based on the commonly held belief that destruction of the existing order was the only way to bring about a more equitable system.Palestinian terrorists w

48、ere willing to sacrifice their lives to ensure the establishment of an independent Palestinian state.In the case of bin Ladens fundamentalist Muslim terrorists,holy war was perceived as the only way to create an Islamic state free of Western influence and the corruption of a U.S.-dominated global ec

49、onomy.WHAT LAY AHEAD FOR WESTERN SOCIETIES?Would the third millennium be so different?Arthur Miller,the renowned American playwright,commented in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001,“It is so simple to destroy a city.”Citizens of Western industrial societies had a new and sho

50、cking sense of their own vulnerability as they stood at the beginning of a new age of anxiety and fear.Symbols of civilization and economic achievement skyscrapers and office buildingscould appear to melt in an instant,taking the lives of all those trapped inside.What was best in civilization at the