3-汉英文化比较解析.ppt

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1、汉英文化比较CultureCivilizationMaterial wealthSpiritual wealthartreligionlawsCustom一、文化和语言的关系文化的定义：共有近三百多种定义，不同角度涵盖面最广、最精确的是Edward Tylor 1871年在原始文化一书中提出的：“所谓文所谓文化和文明乃是包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、化和文明乃是包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及包括作为社会成员的个人而法律、习俗以及包括作为社会成员的个人而获得的其他任何能力、习惯在内的一种综合获得的其他任何能力、习惯在内的一种综合体。体。”“That complex whole incl

2、udes knowledge,belief,art,morals,law,custom,and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”文化的广狭之分Big C culture(achievement culture)refers to such things as education,history,geography,institutions,literature,art,music,etc.“第一种文化”、”狭义的文化”、”正式文化”、”知识文化”。Culture as high

3、civilization（胡文仲）Small c culture(behavior culture)means the way of life of a people,including values,beliefs,and perceptions.“第二种文化”、”广义的文化”、“普通文化”、“交际文化”Culture as a set of traits（胡文仲）中英文化差异The Loess&Agriculture-based culture 黄土、农耕文明黄土、农耕文明槁木死灰 骨瘦如柴 对牛弹琴 众人拾柴火焰高 竹篮打水一场空 挥金如土The Blue Sea&Commodity-b

4、ased culture 海洋、商业文明Hoist your sail when the wind is fair.Still waters run deep.In a calm sea,every man is a pilot.A small leak will sink a great ship.between the devil and the deep sea To cast pearl before swineMany hands make light work.好风扬快帆。平静的海上易驶船平静的海上易驶船 小洞沉大船小洞沉大船;小患不治成大灾小患不治成大灾 withered woo

5、d or cold ashes be lean as a rake To draw water with a sievespend money like water 中文的“海”遥远，神秘莫测，遥远，神秘莫测，不可控制不可控制Examples？海阔天空、海市蜃楼、海阔天空、海市蜃楼、海角天涯、海外奇谈、海角天涯、海外奇谈、海底捞针海底捞针语言和文化密不可分语言是文化的一部分，文化影响着语言语言是文化的载体，又是文化的写照语言文字当中，处处都打有文化的烙印，语言活动过程中，时时可觅见文化的踪迹二、语言中的文化解析词汇中的文化语法中的文化成语中的文化语用中的文化语言和文化差异在很大程度上源于心理文

6、化的差异，而在心理文化中，对语言文化转换最具阻力的是思维方式。中国文化属于人文文化，西方文化属于科学文化。中国文化重在求善，西方文化重在求真。中英思维方式对比中国人注重伦理(ethics)，英美人注重认知(cognition)。中国人重整体(integrity)，英美人重个体(individuality)。中国人重直觉(intuition)，英美人重实证(evidence)。中国人重形象思维(figurative thinking)，英美人重逻辑思维(logical thinking)。整体思维与个体思维1.用词语为事物命名的整体观照.金星、木星、水星、火星、土星、天王星、海王星、冥王星Ven

7、us,Jupiter,Mercury,Mars,Saturn,Uranus,Neptune,Pluto2.整体性重复的句子安排a.镇子坐落在一个峡谷里，东面是山，西面是山，南面是山，北面也是山。The small town lies in a valley surrounded with mountains.b.这年头什么都要送礼，生要送礼，老要送礼，病要送礼，死要送礼。Nowadays youll have to send presents on almost every occasionPresents for childbirth,on the birthday of the aged,

8、to show your care when somebody is ill or some help to make arrangement for somebodys funeral.d.我建议我们分头干：我来做菜，做饭，洗碗；你去取车，洗车，擦车；或者你来做菜，做饭，洗碗；我去取车，洗车，擦车。I suggest we divide up our job:one of us does the cooking and wash-up and the other to fetch the car,wash and grease it.3.表现法的程式化综合性倾向。还有一些人相爱，一是通过长期

9、在工作中的接触；二是性格相近，三是对工作和爱情的看法也相同。Still others became lovers through long contact at work.They usually had similar character and each attached the same importance to work and love.“三省十八县，汉家客商，瑶家猎户，药匠，壮家小贩，都在这里云集贸易。猪行牛市。蔬菜果品，香菇木耳，懒蛇活猴，海参洋布，日用百货，饮食小摊晴天是一片头巾、花帕、草帽，雨天是一片斗篷、纸伞、布伞。”（芙蓉镇）“From eighteen countie

10、s in three provinces came Han merchants,Yao hunters and physicians,and Zhuang peddlers.There were two markets for pigs and buffaloes,stalls of vegetables,fruit,mushrooms and edible fungus,snakes and monkey,sea-slugs,foreign cloth,daily necessities and snacksThe place swarmed with people,rang with a

11、hubbub of voices.If you look down from the back hill on fine days,you saw turbans,kerchiefs,straw hats;on wet days,coir caps and umbrellas of cloth or oiled paper.”统一与对立，顺向思维与逆向思维统一与对立，顺向思维与逆向思维您（先）请！After you.可是我们已说到故事的后面去了。But we are getting ahead of the story.前事不忘，后事之师。Past experiences,if not for

12、gotten,is a guide for the future.(Lessons learned from the past can serve as a guide in the future.)登幽州台歌 （陈子昂）前不见古人，后不见来者。念天地之悠悠，独怆然而涕下。Looking _,I do not see the ancients,Looking _,I cant see the wise ones to come.Brooding on the endless universe,Alone,in my sorrow,tears stream down.On Climbing Yo

13、uzhou TowerWhere are the sages of the past And those of future years?Sky and earth forever last,Lonely,I shed sad tears.Tr.X.Y.Z东西方文明之根本差异（李大钊）“东西方文明有根本不同之点，即东洋文化主静，西方文明主动是也。一为自然的，一为人为的；一为安息的，一为战争的；一为消极的，一为积极的；一为依赖的，一为独立的；一为苟安的，一为实进的；一为因袭的，一为创造的；一为保守的，一为进步的；一为直觉的，一为理智的；一为空想的，一为体验的；一为艺术的，一为科学的；一为精神的，

14、一为物质的；一为灵的，一为肉的；一为向天的，一为立地的；一为自然支配的，一为人间征服自然”代表人物：Susan Bassnett(英);Andre Lefevere(美)1990 翻译、历史与文化 “翻译的文化学转向”“翻译的目的是使译文在目的文化中起原文在源语文化中同样的功能。”rewriting“翻译是各种社会力量用来操纵特定社会、建设所需文化的主要文学手段。”文化学派三、三、文化与翻译文化与翻译国俗语义词（文化词）culture-loaded words;culture-bound words;culturally-loaded words所谓“国俗语义词”，就是其“语义在反映概念的基础

15、上增添了附加的民俗文化色彩，离开特定的民族文化背景，难以理解语言单位的意义”。王德春 国俗语义学概论“语言的学多特点，同时也是普遍的文化特点，而且只有把意义同文化与思维联系起来，对意义的研究才能收到最佳效果”。著名社会语言学家 R.A.赫德森 v词义空缺（p.47）表示独特文化的词语在另一种语言中没表示独特文化的词语在另一种语言中没有对应的词语，造成零指称意义或零蕴有对应的词语，造成零指称意义或零蕴涵意义的现象。涵意义的现象。糖葫芦、文房四宝、章草、文明礼貌月、站票、特困生、三八红旗手、三八式干部、三教九流、一穷二白、乌纱帽、五星红旗、五岳、四书五经、道、仁、阴阳、太极拳、武术等。文化词语的翻

16、译直译法直译加注法音译法转换形象法灵活套译法直译路遥知马力，日久见人心。A long road tests a horses strength and a long task proves mans heart.直译加注法1 这对年轻夫妻并不匹配，一个是西施，一个是张飞。2 树倒猢狲散。This young couple is not well-matched,one is Xi Shia famous Chinese beauty,while the other is Zhang Feia well-known ill-tempered brute.Once the tree falls,t

17、he monkeys on it will flee helter-skelter.穷棒子闹翻身，是八仙过海，各显神通？The way we poor folks try to emancipate ourselves is just like the way the Eight Fairies crossed the sea each displaying his own talentNote:The Eight Fairies are the eight immortals of Taoism in Chinese folklore.音译法叩头叩头旗袍旗袍太极拳太极拳饺子饺子阴阳阴阳功夫功

18、夫包子包子台风台风KowtowQi paoTaijiquan/shadow boxingJiaoziYin YangKung fuBaozityphoon半边天半边天暴发户暴发户洗手不干洗手不干易拉罐易拉罐红榜红榜垄断垄断旺季（淡季）旺季（淡季）Half the skyInstant richWash ones hands out of a thingPop-top;pull-topHonor rollMonopolyHigh season/low season翻翻译译磨磨刀刀石石转换形象法上海警方昨日在火车站抓住了一伙贩卖火车票的黄牛。Yesterday,the police caught

19、a jingbang of yellow bulls at Shanghai Railway Station.(scalp:to buy and sell at very high prices)scalpers灵活套译法1 我毕竟比你我毕竟比你多吃了几年咸盐多吃了几年咸盐，什么样的男，什么样的男人，打眼一看，就能看出人品好坏来。（梁人，打眼一看，就能看出人品好坏来。（梁晓声晓声黑纽扣黑纽扣）2 更有趣的是当我们在槐树中间穿过的时候，更有趣的是当我们在槐树中间穿过的时候，好像另走进了一个草木青春的仙境，真正的好像另走进了一个草木青春的仙境，真正的桃花源桃花源。（谢冰莹。（谢冰莹黄昏黄昏）I w

20、as breathing air in the world thirteen years before your lungs were even formed.I will be able to tell at a glance whether he is a man of character.（所罗门之歌所罗门之歌）Whats more,in passing through the locust trees,we often felt as if we had entered a fairyland with lush greenerya real Shangri-la.（Shangri-l

21、a源自英国作家源自英国作家James Hilton的的小说小说Lost Horizon,表示表示hidden paradise的的意思。）意思。）翻译磨刀石翻译磨刀石杀手锏杀手锏一个和尚挑水吃，两一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。和尚没水吃。杀鸡取卵杀鸡取卵好死不如赖活好死不如赖活Sunday punchOne boy is a boy,two boys half a boy,three boys no boy.Kill the goose to get the eggs.A live dog is better than a dead lion.文化色彩的消失

22、钱先生周岁时“抓周”，抓了一本书，因此得名“钟书”。When Qian was just one year old,he was told by his parents to choose one thing among many others;he picked up a book of all things.Thereupon his father very gladly gave him the name:Zhongshu(book lover).赵辛楣一肚皮的酒，几乎化成赵辛楣一肚皮的酒，几乎化成酸醋酸醋The wine in Hsin-meis stomach turned to s

23、our vinegar in his jealousy.段落翻译赏析我曾经仔细想：阿Quei，阿桂还是阿贵呢?倘使他号叫月亭，或者在八月间做过生日，那一定是阿桂了；而他既没有号也许有号，只是没有人知道他，又未尝散过生日征文的帖子：写作阿桂是武断的。又倘若他有一位老兄或令弟叫阿富，那一定是阿贵了；而他又只是一个人：写作阿贵，也没有佐证。I have given the question a careful thought.Ah Queiwould that be the“Quei”meaning fragrant osmanthus or the“Quei”meaning nobility?If

24、 his other name had been Moon Pavilion,or if he had celebrated his birthday in the month of the Moon Festival,then it would be the“Quei”for fragrant osmanthus.But since he had no other name or if had,no one knew it and since he never sent out invitations on his birthday to secure complimentary verses,it would be arbitrary to write Ah Quei(fragrant osmanthus).Again,if he had had an elder or younger brother called Ah Fu(prosperity),then he would be certainly called Ah Quei(nobility).But he was all on his own;thus there is no justification for writing Ah Quei(nobility).