机器视觉大作业2.pdf

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1、江苏大学江苏大学（机器视觉）（机器视觉）大作业报告大作业报告题题目目：图像增强专业：测控技术与仪器班级：1202学号：学生姓名：完成时间：2015 年 6 月说说明明大作业的要求和内容：大作业的要求和内容：一、内容要求对机器视觉中所用的某一技术进行综述，必须用英文书写。二、格式要求参照报告样例格式。三、评分依据书写内容是否详尽到位50%语言方面是否通顺，有无错误20%对应 PPT 制作的好坏10%英文演讲的好坏20%四、其他说明大作业务必独立完成，一经发现雷同作“0”分处理。教师小结：成绩：教 师 签 名：2目录1 The introduction.52 The research status

2、 at home and abroad.73 Key technology(method)is introduced.114 conclusion.13参考文献.153图像增强技术图像增强技术（江苏大学机械工程学院仪器科学与工程系，江苏，镇江，212013）摘要：图像增强技术是增强图像中的有用信息，它可以是一个失真的过程，其目的是要改善图像的视觉效果，针对给定图像的应用场合，有目的地强调图像的整体或局部特性，将原来不清晰的图像变得清晰或强调某些感兴趣的特征，扩大图像中不同物体特征之间的差别，抑制不感兴趣的特征，使之改善图像质量、丰富信息量，加强图像判读和识别效果，满足某些特殊分析的需要。本文就

3、图像增强技术的分类、基本方法以及国内外发展状况做一些简单的介绍。关键词：图像增强；视觉效果；图像质量Image enhancementImage enhancementAbstract:Image enhanced technology,a process of distortion,is the useful informationto enhanced image,whose purposes is to improved the Visual effect of theimage.According to the given application occasions of the im

4、agine,to stressed theoverall or local characteristics of the imagine.It will turn the originally blur imageinto clear or stressed some features of intrest,expanded the gap in different objectsfeatures of the image,inhibit the features that are not interest,to improved the imagequality,and rich its i

5、nformation,strengthened images effect of interpretation andrecognition,to meet some special needsof analysis.This article simply introducedthe categories of the image enhancement technologies,the basic methods and thedevelopments at home and abroad.Keywords:Image enhancement;Visual effects;Image qua

6、lity41 The introductionIn general,the image transmission and conversion,such as imaging,replication,scanning,transmission and display,etc.,often cause the image quality decline,that is,image distortion.In photography due to the light illumination is insufficient orexcessive,will make the image is to

7、o dark or too bright;optical system distortion,relative motion,air flow will make the image fuzzy,transmission will introducevarious types of noise.In short,the image of the image in the visual effect andidentification of the convenience and other aspects may exist many problems,suchproblems might a

8、s well collectively referred to as quality issues.Image enhancementis based on the specific need to highlight the important information in the image,while weakening or removing the need for information.Images obtained fromdifferent ways,through appropriate enhancement,the originally smudgy even unab

9、leto distinguish the original image into clear contains a lot of useful information can usethe image and effectively remove image noise,enhance image edges or otherinterested regional and thus easier to image in the target detection and measurement.Whether the image is kept undisturbed or not is irr

10、elevant,and will not be consciousof the images authenticity because of the ideal form of the image.The purpose of theimage enhancement is to enhance the visual effect of the image,and convert theoriginal image into a form that is more suitable for the observation of human eyes andcomputer analysis.I

11、t is generally based on the visual characteristics of the human eye,to obtain the visual effect of the visual effect,and seldom involves the objective anduniform evaluation criteria.The effect of the enhancement is usually related with theconcrete images,and it is evaluated by the subjective feeling

12、 of the person.At present,the application of image enhancement has been penetrated into themedical diagnosis,aviation,military reconnaissance,fingerprint identification,non-destructive testing,satellite image processing and other fields.Such as X-rayimages,CT and endoscopic mirror image enhancement,

13、allow doctors to more easily5identify the lesion area,from the details of the image region finding problem,taken atdifferent times on the same area of remote sensing image enhancement processing todetect whether the enemy troop movements or military equipment and building;incoal mine industrial TV s

14、ystem with enhanced processing to improve the clarity ofindustrial TV image,overcome due to the lack of light,dust and other reasons causedby image fuzzy and deviation,reduce TV system maintenance workload.Imageenhancement technology rapid development with its wide application is inseparable,the mot

15、ive force of the development from the emergence of stable new application,we can expect,in the future society image enhancement technology will play a moreimportant role.62 The research status at home and abroadPictures for the first time in the 1920 s through the cable from London to New York.Peopl

16、e at that time through the character simulation to get the middle value method torestore the image.Early image enhancement technology often involves hardwareparameters Settings,such as the choice of printing process and the distribution ofbrightness level.At the end of 1921,this paper proposes a new

17、 technology based onoptical reduction.During this period due tothe introduction of a coded modulationbeam images to convey to adjust the degree of photographic film,the grey levelgrayscale increased from 5 to 15 grey scale,this method obviously improved theeffect of image restoration.To the early 19

18、60 s first can perform tasks of largecomputer digital image processing,it marks the use of computer technology theadvent of the era of digital image processing.In 1964,researchers at the jet propulsionlaboratory(JPL)in the use of computers and other hardware devices,using geometriccorrection,gray le

19、vel transformation,noise,such as Fourier transform and 2-d linearfiltering enhancement method for space probe prowler 7 back to thousands ofZhang Yueqiu photo processing,at the same time they also consider the influence ofthe sun and the moon environment,finally succeeded in mapping out the map on t

20、hesurface of the moon.Then they for 1965 years prowler 8 tens of thousands ofphotos in the back to earth more complex digital image processing,further improvethe image quality.These achievements not only attract the attention of the world manyrelevant parties and JPL itself also pay more attention t

21、o the digital image processingresearch and improvement of the equipment,and set up the image processinglaboratory IPL.Success in the IPL for the hundreds of thousands of photos tospacecraft to send back the more complicated image processing,finally obtained thetopography of the moon,color chart,and

22、panoramic Mosaic.From the digital imageenhancement technology into the field of aeronautics and astronautics.In the late 1960 s and early 1970 s some scholars began to image enhancement7technique for medical image,the earth remote sensing monitoring and astronomy,andother fields.X ray is one of the

23、earliest used in imaging of the electromagneticradiation sources,X-ray by roentgen discovered in 1895.Mr Godfrey n.1970 sHounsfield and Allan m.Cormack invented the computer,a professor at axialtomography(ct)technology:a detector around the patient,and X-ray source rotatearound the object.X-rays thr

24、ough the body and by the corresponding detector arecollected on the other side of the ring.Its principle is to use the data of perception toslice image reconstruction.When objects along the perpendicular to the direction ofthe detector will produce a series of slices,the section of the internal repr

25、esentation ofthe object.In the 1980 s,the development of a variety of hardware that makes peoplenot only can deal with 2 d images,and start dealing with three-dimensional images.Many can obtain three-dimensional images of three-dimensional image processingequipment and analysis of the system has bee

26、n successfully developed,the imageprocessing technology has been widely used.Into the 1990 s,the image enhancementtechnology has gradually involved in all aspects of human life and social development.A computer program used to enhance the contrast or brightness coding for color,inorder to explain X

27、rays,and used in industrial,medical and biological sciences inareas such as other images.Geography with the same or similar technology researchpollution mode from the aviation and satellite images.In the field of archaeologyfuzzy images using image processing method has been successfully recovered.I

28、n thefield of physics and related computer technology can enhance experiment in the fieldof high energy plasma and electron microscope images.Histogram equalizationprocessing is one of the commonly used methods for image enhancement technology.Kim,1997,if you want to image enhancement technique used

29、 in digital cameras andother electronic products,then the algorithm must maintain the brightness of theimage features.In the article,Kim keep brightness characteristics of histogramequalization algorithm was presented(BBHE).Kim,the improved algorithm is raised,caused the attention of many scholars.I

30、n 1999,Wan subgraph two-dimensionalhistogram equalization algorithm is put forward by(DSIHE).Then,Chen and Ramliminimum mean square error(MMBEBHE)double histogram equalization algorithm.8In order to keep the image features,many scholars to study local enhancementprocessing technology,many of the new

31、 algorithm is proposed:recursion averagestratified balanced treatment(RMSHE),recursive subgraph equalization algorithm(RSIHE),dynamic histogram equalization algorithm(DHE),maintain brightnesscharacteristics dynamic histogram equalization algorithm(BPDHE),multi-layerhistogram equalization algorithm(M

32、HE),brightness to keep clusters of histogramequalization processing(BPWCHE)and so on.In relatively mature theoretical system and draw lessons from foreign technologyunder the conditions of application system,enhancement technique and application ofdomestic also had the very big development.In genera

33、l,image enhancementtechnology in the development of its initial stage,development,popularization andapplication of four stages.Early-stage began in the 1960 s,when the image in pixelstype raster scan display,in the USES mostly,mainframe to deal with it.During thisperiod due to image storage cost is

34、high,the processing equipment cost is high,thusits application is very narrow.The entered the period of 1970 s,is used in greatquantities in the mainframe processing,image processing is gradually convert rasterscan display mode,especially in the CT and satellite remote sensing image,the imageenhance

35、ment processing put forward a higher request.In the 1980 s,imageenhancement technology into the popularization period,the computer has been able toto undertake the task of image processing.Entered the application period in the 1990 s,people use digital image enhancement technology processing and ana

36、lysis of remotesensing images,in order toeffectively resources and mineral resources exploration,investigation,agricultural and urban land planning,crop yield estimation,weatherforecast and disaster monitoring and military targets,etc.In biomedical engineering,and using image enhancement technique o

37、f X-ray images,ultrasound images,andbiological section microscopic image processing,such as to improve image clarityand resolution.In industrial and engineering,mainly used in nondestructive flawdetection,automatic quality inspection and process control,etc.In public security,portraits,processing an

38、d identification of fingerprints and other trace,and trafficmonitoring,accident analysis using image enhancement technology in different extent.9Image enhancement is an important part of image processing,the traditional imageenhancement method plays a very important role to improve image quality.Wit

39、h thedeepening of the research of image technology and development,a new imageenhancement method appear constantly.For example,some scholars will beintroduced to the theory of fuzzy mapping image enhancement algorithms,includingfuzzy relaxation,fuzzy entropy is proposed,fuzzy enhancement algorithm t

40、o solve theproblem of enhancement algorithm of mapping function selection,and with theapplication of interactive image enhancement technology,can control the subjectiveimage enhancement effect.And image enhancement using histogram equalizationtechnology has many new progress,such as multilayer histo

41、gram combined with abalanced of brightness algorithm is proposed,dynamic hierarchical histogramequalization algorithm.These algorithms by image segmentation,and then in thesub-layer do balance in image processing,better solve the contrast through stretchingproblem in the process of histogram equaliz

42、ation,and it can control sub-layer graymapping scope,strengthen effect is better.103 Key technology(method)is introducedImage enhancement can be divided into two categories:frequency domain and spatialdomain method.The former the image as a two-dimensional signal,based on thetwo-dimensional Fourier

43、transform to signal enhancement.Using low pass filter(thatis,only through low frequency signal)method,can get rid of the noise in the graph;Using the high-pass filtering method,can enhance the high frequency signal,such asthe edge,the fuzzy image becomes clear.The latter is the typical algorithms in

44、 spatialdomain method with local averaging method and median filter(in the middle of thefield of local pixels)method and so on,they can be used to remove or less noise.Image enhancement method is to through certain means for additional information orto transform of the image data,particularly intere

45、sted in the image features orselectively inhibit(hide)the image features,some dont need to match the images andvisual response.In the process of image enhancement,not this paper analyzes thereasons of images is qualitative,not necessarily close to the original image afterprocessing.Image enhancement

46、 technology based on the enhanced processing inspace is different,can be divided into the airspace based algorithm and based onfrequency domain algorithm two kinds big.Based on the algorithm of the airspace tohandle directly do arithmetic of image grayscale,based on the algorithm of frequencydomain

47、is in a transform domain of the image to some correction,image transformcoefficient value is a kind of indirect enhancement algorithm.Algorithm based on airspace is divided into the neighborhood denoising arithmeticalgorithm and algorithm.Algorithm namely grayscale correction arithmetic,such asgray

48、transform and histogram modification,purpose or for uniform image imaging,orexpand the dynamic range image,expand the contrast.Neighborhood enhancementalgorithm into image smoothing and sharpening two kinds.Smooth generally used toeliminate image noise,but also easy to cause the edge of the fuzzy.Co

49、mmonly usedalgorithm with average filtering and median filtering.Sharpen the purpose is to11highlight the edge contour of the object,is advantageous for the target identification.Commonly used algorithm with gradient method,operator,high-pass filtering,maskmatching method,statistical difference meth

50、od,etc.124 conclusionOf image enhancement technology is introduced,through this homework,made me more solid grasp the related knowledge of machine vision,whilein the process of finish this assignment have a few problems,but afterthinking again and again,and again andagain on theInternet to collectre