勃朗特三姐妹BronteSisters.ppt

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1、Englands literary folle -The Bronte SistersThe Bronte SistersCharlotteBronteEmilyBrontAnneBront(1816-1855)(1820-1849)(18181848)CharlotteBronteLifeWorksWritingstyleInfluence（JaneEyre）简爱1847（Shirley）雪莉1849（Villette）维莱特1853（TheProfessor）教师1857MasterpieceShirley一八四九年五月，妹妹安妮勃朗特离世。在死亡的阴影和困惑下，夏洛蒂勃朗特坚持完成了雪莉

2、，寄托她对妹妹的哀思，书中描写有英国早期自发的工人运动，获得至高评价。Villette本书是夏洛蒂勃朗特的最后一部作品，无论从创作思想或艺术手法上都比以前的作品更为成熟。本书的女主人公从许多方面来说，就是作者本人的真实写照，作者借本书展示了自己的主要经历，向世人倾诉自己的心声。TheProfessor教师（TheProfessor），创作于简爱之前，不过因为许多出版社拒绝出版，所以直到夏洛蒂死后1857年才出版。Writingstyle夏洛蒂勃朗特巧妙改造早期的男式风格罗曼司（骑士文学）而成的妇女专有文学形式。在勃朗特的小说里，“高贵的男性模式”被淡化，那种手持锋利的宝剑，身穿闪闪的盔甲的骑士

3、已经不是罗曼司的主要画面，取而代之的是女主人公的行动背景、感情世界、生活行为。从女性文学的角度看，简爱的出走正体现了夏洛蒂勃朗特那隐约表露的女权主义倾向，然而，她的这种意识却并没有“革命彻底”。在写作风格上，夏洛蒂也独树一帜。她文笔简洁而传神，质朴而生动，加之第一人称的叙述语言，使得小说贴近读者，贴近现实。同时，小说又体现了欧洲浪漫主义文学传统的特点，显示出作者丰富的想象力和诗人的气质。作者在叙述中自然地使用了梦境、幻觉、预感和象征、隐喻等手法，使小说的“自然”境界扑朔朦胧，情节扣人心弦。Influence夏洛蒂勃朗特虽然一生仅写了四部小说（即：教师、简爱、谢利和维莱特，其中教师在她去世后才出

4、版），但她在文学史上却有着相当重要的地位。在她的小说中，最突出的主题就是女性要求独立自主的强烈愿望。这一主题可以说在她所有的小说中都顽强地表现出来，而将女性的呼声作为小说主题，这在她之前的英国文学史上是不曾有过的她是表现这一主题的第一人。此外，她的小说还有一个特点，那就是人物和情节都与她自己的生活息息相关，因而具有浓厚的抒情色彩。女性主题加上抒情笔调，这是夏洛蒂勃朗特创作的基本特色，也是她对后世英美作家的影响所在。后世作家在处理女性主题时，都不同程度地受到她的影响，尤其是关心女性自身命运问题的女作家，更是尊她为先驱，并把她的作品视为“现代女性小说”的楷模。EmilyBrontLifeWorks

5、WritingstyleInfluenceWuthering heightsPlotPrologue(chapters 1 to 3)MrLockwood,arichmanfromthesouth,hasrentedThrushcrossGrangeinthenorthofEnglandforpeaceandrecuperation(恢复;挽回).Soonafterarrival,hevisitshislandlord,MrHeathcliff,wholivesintheremotemoorland(荒野;高沼地)farmhousecalledWutheringHeights.Hefindst

6、heinhabitantsofWutheringHeightstobeastrangegroup:MrHeathcliffappearsagentlemanbuthismannersandspeechsuggestotherwise;themistressofthehouseisinhermidteens,anattractivebutreserved,evenrudewoman;andthereisayoungmanwhoappearstobeoneofthefamilyalthoughhedressesandtalkslikeaservant.Beingsnowedin,hehastost

7、aythenightandisshowntoanunusedchamberwherehefindsbooksandgraffiti(涂鸦)fromaformerinhabitantofthefarmhousecalledCatherine.Whenhefallsasleep,hisdreamsarepromptedbythispersonandhehasanightmarewhereheseesherasaghosttryingtogetinthroughthewindow.Hewakesandisunabletoreturntosleepso,assoonasthesunrises,heis

8、escortedbacktoThrushcrossGrangebyHeathcliff.Thereheaskshishousekeeper,EllenDean,totellhimthestoryofthefamilyfromtheHeights.The Childhood of Heathcliff(chapters 4 to 17)ThestorybeginsthirtyyearsbeforewhentheEarnshawfamilylivedatWutheringHeightsconsistingof,aswellasthemotherandfather,Hindley,aboyoffou

9、rteen,andsix-year-oldCatherine,thesamepersonthathehaddreamtaboutandthemotherofthepresentmistress.Inthatyear,MrEarnshawtravelstoLiverpoolwherehefindsahomeless,gypsyboyofaboutsevenwhomhedecidestoadoptashisson.HenameshimHeathcliff.Hindley,whofindshimselfexcludedfromhisfathersaffectionsbythisnewcomer,qu

10、icklylearnstohatehimbutCatherinegrowsveryattachedtohim.SoonHeathcliffandCatherineareliketwins,spendinghoursonthemoorstogetherandhatingeverymomentapart.Becauseofthisdiscord,Hindleyiseventuallysenttocollegebuthereturns,threeyearslater,whenMrEarnshawdies.Withanewwife,Frances,hebecomesmasterofWutheringH

11、eightsandforcesHeathclifftobecomeaservantinsteadofamemberofthefamily.HeathcliffandCathycontinuetorunwildand,inNovember,afewmonthsafterHindleysreturn,theymaketheirwaytoThrushcrossGrangetospyontheinhabitants.AstheywatchthechildishbehaviourofEdgarandIsabellaLinton,thechildrenoftheGrange,theyarespotteda

12、ndtrytoescape.Catherine,havingbeencaughtbyadog,isbroughtinsideandhelpedwhileHeathcliffissenthome.Fiveweekslater,CatherinereturnstoWutheringHeightsbutshehasnowchanged,lookingandactingasalady.ShelaughsatHeathcliffsunkemptappearanceand,thenextdaywhentheLintonsvisit,hedressesuptoimpressher.ItfailswhenEd

13、garmakesfunofhimandtheyargue.Heathcliffislockedintheatticwhere,intheevening,Catherineclimbsovertherooftocomforthim.HevowstogethisrevengeonHindley.Inthesummerofthenextyear,Francesgivesbirthtoachild,Hareton,butshediesbeforetheyearisout.ThisleadsHindleytodescendintoalifeofdrunkennessandwaste.Twoyearson

14、andCatherinehasbecomeclosefriendswithEdgar,growingmoredistantfromHeathcliff.OnedayinAugust,whileHindleyisabsent,EdgarcomestovisitCatherine.ShehasanargumentwithEllenwhichthenspreadstoEdgarwhotriestoleave.Catherinestopshimand,beforelong,theydeclarethemselveslovers.Later,CatherinetalkswithEllen,explain

15、ingthatEdgarhadaskedhertomarryhimandshehadaccepted.ShesaysthatshedoesnotreallyloveEdgarbutHeathcliff.Unfortunatelyshecouldnevermarrythelatterbecauseofhislackofstatusandeducation.ShethereforeplanstomarryEdgarandusethatpositiontohelpraiseHeathcliffsstanding.UnfortunatelyHeathcliffhadoverheardthefirstp

16、artaboutnotbeingabletomarryhimandfleesfromthefarmhouse.Hedisappearswithouttraceand,afterthreeyears,EdgarandCatherinearemarried.Sixmonthsafterthemarriage,Heathcliffreturnsasagentleman,havinggrownstrongerandricherduringhisabsence.CatherineisdelightedtoseehimalthoughEdgarisnotsokeen.Isabella,noweightee

17、n,fallsmadlyinlovewithHeathcliff,seeinghimasaromantichero.Hedespisesherbutencouragestheinfatuation,seeingitasachanceforrevengeonEdgar.WhenheembracesIsabellaonedayattheGrange,thereisanargumentwithEdgarwhichcausesCatherinetolockherselfinherroomandfallill.HeathcliffhasbeenstayingattheHeights,gamblingwi

18、thHindleyandteachingHaretonbadhabits.Hindleyisgraduallylosinghiswealth,mortgagingthefarmhousetoHeathclifftorepayhisdebts.WhileCatherineisill,HeathcliffelopeswithIsabella,causingEdgartodisownhissister.ThefugitivesmarryandreturntwomonthslatertoWutheringHeights.HeathcliffhearsthatCatherineisillandarran

19、geswithEllentovisitherinsecret.Intheearlyhoursofthedayaftertheirmeeting,Catherinegivesbirthtoherdaughter,Cathy,andthendies.ThedayafterCatherinesfuneral,IsabellafleesHeathcliffandescapestothesouthofEnglandwheresheeventuallygivesbirthtoLinton,Heathcliffsson.HindleydiessixmonthsafterhissisterandHeathcl

20、ifffindshimselfthemasterofWutheringHeightsandtheguardianofHareton.The Maturity of Heathcliff(chapters 18 to 31)Twelveyearson,Cathyhasgrownintoabeautiful,high-spiritedgirlwhohasrarelypassedoutsidethebordersoftheGrange.EdgarhearsthatIsabellaisdyingandleavestopickuphersonwiththeintentionofadoptinghim.W

21、hileheisgone,CathymeetsHaretononthemoorsandlearnsofhercousinandWutheringHeightsexistence.EdgarreturnswithLintonwhoisaweakandsicklyboy.AlthoughCathyisattractedtohim,HeathcliffwantshissonwithhimandinsistsonhavinghimtakentotheHeights.Threeyearslater,EllenandCathyareonthemoorswhentheymeetHeathcliffwhota

22、kesthemtoWutheringHeightstoseeLintonandHareton.HisplansareforLintonandCathytomarrysothathewouldinheritThrushcrossGrange.CathyandLintonbeginasecretandinterruptedfriendship.InAugustofthenextyear,whileEdgarisveryill,EllenandCathyvisitWutheringHeightsandareheldcaptivebyHeathcliffwhowantstomarryhissontoC

23、athyand,atthesametime,preventherfromreturningtoherfatherbeforehedies.Afterfivedays,EllenisreleasedandCathyescapeswithLintonshelpjustintimetoseeherfatherbeforehedies.WithHeathcliffnowthemasterofbothWutheringHeightsandThrushcrossGrange,CathyhasnochoicebuttoleaveEllenandtogoandlivewithHeathcliffandHare

24、ton.Lintondiessoonafterwardsand,althoughHaretontriestobekindtoher,sheretreatsintoherself.ThisisthepointofthestoryatwhichLockwoodarrives.Afterbeingillwithacoldforsometime,LockwooddecidesthathehashadenoughofthemoorsandtravelstoWutheringHeightstoinformHeathcliffthatheisreturningtothesouth.Epilogue(chap

25、ters 32 to 34)InSeptember,eightmonthsafterleaving,LockwoodfindshimselfbackintheareaanddecidestostayatThrushcrossGrange(sincehistenancy(租赁；租约；租用权)isstillvaliduntilOctober).HefindsthatEllenisnowlivingatWutheringHeights.Hemakeshiswaythereandshefillsintherestofthestory.EllenhadmovedtotheHeightssoonafter

26、Lockwoodhadlefttoreplacethehousekeeperwhohaddeparted.InMarch,Haretonhadhadanaccidentandbeenconfinedtothefarmhouse.Duringthistime,afriendshiphaddevelopedbetweenCathyandHareton.ThiscontinuesintoAprilwhenHeathcliffbeginstoactverystrangely,seeingvisionsofCatherine.Afternoteatingforfourdays,heisfounddead

27、inhisroom.HeisburiednexttoCatherine.Lockwooddepartsbut,beforeheleaves,hehearsthatHaretonandCathyplantomarryonNewYearsDay.CharactersHeathcliff:Found,andpresumablyorphaned,onthestreetsofLiverpool,heistakentoWutheringHeightsbyMr.Earnshawandreluctantlycaredforbytherestofthefamily.HeandCatherinelatergrow

28、close,andtheirlovebecomesthecentralthemeofthefirstvolume;hisrevengeanditsconsequencesarethemainthemeofthesecondvolume.HeathcliffistypicallyconsideredaByronichero(拜伦式英雄),butcriticshavefoundhischaracter,withacapacityforself-invention,tobeprofoundlydifficulttoassess.Hispositioninsociety,withoutstatus(H

29、eathcliffservesasbothhisgivennameandsurname),isoftenthesubjectofMarxistcriticism(马克思批判主义)CatherineEarnshaw:FirstintroducedinLockwoodsdiscoveryofherdiaryandetchings,Catherineslifeisalmostentirelydetailedinthefirstvolume.Sheseeminglysuffersfromacrisisofidentity,unabletochoosebetweennatureandculture(an

30、d,byextension,HeathcliffandEdgar).HerdecisiontomarryEdgarLintonoverHeathcliffhasbeenseenasasurrendertoculture,andhasimplicationsforallthecharactersofWuthering Heights.ThecharacterofCatherinehasbeenanalysedbymanyformsofliterarycriticism,including:psychoanalytic(心理分析的)andfeminist(男女平等主义者)EdgarLinton:I

31、ntroducedasachildoftheLintonfamily,whoresideatThrushcrossGrange,EdgarslifeandmannerismsareimmediatelycontrastedwiththoseofHeathcliffandCatherine,andindeedtheformerdislikeshim.Yet,owingmuchtohisstatus,CatherinemarrieshimandnotHeathcliff.Thisdecision,andthedifferencesbetweenEdgarandHeathcliff,havebeen

32、readintobyfeministcriticisms.NellyDean:Thesecondandprimarynarratorofthenovel,NellyhasbeenaservantofeachgenerationofboththeEarnshawandLintonfamilies.Sheispresentedasacharacterwhostraddlestheideaofacultureversusnaturedivideinthenovel:sheisalocaloftheareaandaservant,andhasexperiencedlifeatWutheringHeig

33、hts.However,sheisalsoaneducatedwomanandhaslivedatThrushcrossGrange.Thisideaisrepresentedinherhavingtwonames,Ellenhergivennameandusedtoshowrespect,andNellyusedbyherfamiliars.WhetherNellyisanunbiasednarratorandhowfarheractions,asanapparentbystander,affecttheothercharactersaretwopointsofhercharacterdis

34、cussedbycriticsIsabellaLinton:IntroducedaspartoftheLintonfamily,Isabellaisonlyevershowninrelationtoothercharacters.SheviewsHeathcliffasaromantichero,despiteCatherineswarningheragainstsuchaview,andbecomesanunwittingparticipantinhisplotforrevenge.AfterbeingmarriedtoHeathcliffandabusedatWutheringHeight

35、s,sheescapestoLondonandgivesbirthtoLinton.Suchabusivetreatmenthasledmany,especiallyfeministcritics,toconsiderIsabellathetrue/conventionaltragicromanticfigureofWuthering Heights.HindleyEarnshaw:CatherinesbrotherwhomarriesFrances,anunknownwomantothefamily,andonlyrevealsthiswhenMr.Earnshawdies.Hespiral

36、sintodestructivebehaviourafterherdeathandruinstheEarnshawfamilywithhisdrinkingandgambling.HaretonEarnshaw:ThesonofHindleyandFrances,initiallyraisedbyNellybutpassedovertoineffectJosephandHeathcliff.TheformerworkstoinstillasenseofprideinEarnshawheritage,eventhoughHaretonhasnorighttothepropertyassociat

37、edwithit.ThelatterstrivestoteachhimallsortsofvulgaritiesasawayofavenginghimselfonHaretonsfather,Hindley.HaretonspeakswithasimilaraccenttoJosephandworksasaservantinWutheringHeights,unawareofhistruerights.HisappearanceregularlyremindsHeathcliffofCatherine.CatherineLinton:ThedaughterofCatherineEarnshaw

38、andEdgarLinton,sheisaspiritedgirl,thoughunawareofherparentshistory.EdgarisveryprotectiveofherandasaresultsheisconstantlylookingbeyondtheconfinesoftheGrange.LintonHeathcliff:ThesonofHeathcliffandIsabella,heisaveryweakchildandhischaracterresemblesHeathcliffs,thoughwithoutitsonlyredeeming(买回;赎回)feature

39、:love.HemarriesCatherine,butonlyunderthedirectionofhisfather,whomhediscoversonlyasheentershisteens.Joseph:AservantatWutheringHeightswhoisadevoutChristian.Hespeakswithanalmostunintelligibleaccent,thoughBrontehasbeenoftencommendedonherveryaccuratetranscriptionofit.Lockwood:Thenarratorofthebook,hecomes

40、torentThrushcrossGrangefromHeathclifftoescapesocietybutfinallydecideshepreferscompanyratherthanendupasHeathcliff.Frances:Agenerallyamiablecharacter,hermarriagetoHindleyisunrevealeduntilMrEarnshawdies.Kenneth:AdoctorinthenearbyvillageofGimmerton.Zillah:AservanttoHeathcliffatWutheringHeightsinthetimea

41、fterCatherinesdeath.欧美文学中的哥特传统是研究呼啸山庄的创作源泉的一个重要课题，艾米莉勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统，同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力，将现实与超现实融为一体，给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度、新鲜活力，达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一，使呼啸山庄具有永恒的艺术魅力。Writingstyle1.主题与哥特传统艾米莉的呼啸山庄也继承了哥特传统，大量采用了哥特手法。首先，其主题就涉及了仇恨、阴谋和继承权的争夺。弃儿希刺克厉夫被“呼啸山庄”的主人欧肖收养，欧肖的女儿凯瑟琳与他从小友爱，产生了炽烈的爱情。而庄主的儿子辛德礼却仇

42、恨他。老欧肖死后，把他降为奴仆，百般凌辱。凯瑟琳为了得到“画眉田庄”主人林顿的财产资助希刺克厉夫而嫁给了林顿。希刺克厉夫得知后愤然出走。几年后，希刺克厉夫致富归来，使辛德礼倾家荡产，并诱骗林顿之妹与他成婚，恣意虐待。凯瑟琳终因不能同希刺克厉夫结合而凄然病逝。对这样一个故事情节，评论家却有种种不同的解释。有的认为作者借这部作品表达了爱情的主题，还有人把它作为一部神秘小说来看待。笔者认为，作者借这一故事情节深刻地揭示了人性这一重大主题。人性原本是美好的，和谐的，但这种美好与和谐却会被某种因素打破，而打破之后，人性就会丧失。对我们每个人来说，人性的丧失是可怕的。面对丧失人性的人，我们往往是恐惧的，这

43、种恐惧是源自心灵深处的。但在我们的心灵深处，还存在另一层意念，那就是希望人性的回归。这部探索人性的小说就是从人性的冻结状态入手，为我们展现人性丧失的全过程，最后，在大家的期待之中，我们迎来了人性的回归。2人物刻画与哥特传统艾米莉勃朗特在哥特人物的刻画方面大大地超越了传统的哥特体模式。她冲破惯有的哥特模式，进一步对主人公的心理深度进行了开拓。呼啸山庄中的人物各具个性，栩栩如生，尤其是两个主要人物的塑造，更是给读者留下了不可磨灭的印象。让人既爱又恨的希刺克厉夫就源自哥特传统中的“恶棍英雄”形象。凯瑟琳的性格发展大大超越了以往的哥特人物。她是一个矛盾的统一体。在对希刺克厉夫和林顿做出取舍时，一方面她

44、认为:“林顿将要很有钱，我愿意做附近最了不起的女人，而我有这么一个丈夫就会觉得很骄傲”；另一方面，她又感到非常爱希刺克厉夫，认为“他比我更像我自己”，而“现在，嫁给希刺克厉夫就会降低我的身份”。这种矛盾的、充满心理冲突的婚姻态度使凯瑟琳被这种不同的爱撕扯着。当林顿逼迫她做出选择时，凯瑟琳的心理冲突达到了高潮。凯瑟琳在痛苦和幻象中挣扎的心理状态，她的心已经游离到昔日她和希刺克厉夫在一起的欢乐时光中去了。这种濒于心理崩溃的痛苦和充满病态的呓语为哥特体裁开拓了新的发展空间。它标志着小说从陈旧的解释和反应转移到对人性的内在现实和心理深度的探索，从而赋予了小说以新的特色，使我们在被强大的超自然力震撼的同

45、时，感受到人物的血肉丰满、栩栩如生。对哥特人物进行深层次的心理探索修正了传统的哥特小说较为粗浅的制造恐怖的技巧，对原始、单纯的恐怖感起到了一定的缓冲作用。它要求读者在体验惊险感和紧张感的同时对作品人物做出更成熟、更复杂、更抽象的反应和判断。这大大加强了哥特小说的思想深度和审美意识。3.环境刻画与哥特传统艾米莉的呼啸山庄在环境刻画方面采用典型的哥特手法，铅云密布、狂风大作的荒原是一幅灰黑色调的油画。艾米莉酷爱荒原，“在她眼中，最幽暗的石楠丛会开放出比玫瑰还要娇艳的花；在她心里，铅灰色的山坡上一处黑沉沉的溪谷，会变成人间乐园，她在荒凉寂寥的处所找到许多开怀的乐趣”。故事发生在一个地狱般的环境里。山

46、庄外面是一望无际、晦暗凄凉、毫无生气的荒原，日夜经受着风暴的侵袭。山庄里面则因为缺少光线而昏暗阴森，荆棘、枞树、雪、雾作为整个故事的背景，渲染出一种哥特式的悲凉气氛。进入庄园之前，首先映入眼帘的是“房屋前面大量的稀奇古怪的雕刻”，走进屋内，读者看到的是“壁炉台上杂七杂八的老式难看的枪，椅子是高背的，老式的结构，涂着绿色”。凯瑟琳的幻影出现在洛克乌德梦中那一幕被拉尔夫福克斯称为“整个英国文学中最动人的场面，”一张苍白的脸孔，从外边靠在玻璃上，还有一只血迹斑斑的手，伸进打破的窗玻璃，要求进屋来。于是梦中的洛克乌德“把她的手腕向碎玻璃上拉，玻璃窗上，来回的摩擦，直到淌下来的血水浸透了被褥”。这大概是

47、小说中最为残忍的意象。艾米莉把鬼魂出没、幽灵游荡、梦魇奇想和尸首同眠等令人触目惊心、毛骨悚然的可怕场面渲染到极致，使这部奇作更具有了神秘、粗犷、阴郁和悲壮之美。4情节描写与哥特传统在情节构成上，哥特式作品总是充满神秘与暴力。整个故事充满了哥特式的情节。希刺克厉夫听到凯瑟琳小姐和耐莉的对话后离开家庭。凯瑟琳在对话中表现出对虚荣的赞扬，认为为了财产而嫁到画眉田庄对于她和希刺克厉夫都是最好不过的。虽然言谈中表现出她深爱希刺克厉夫，甚至也是为了帮助希刺克厉夫而嫁给埃德加林顿。希刺克厉夫听到这里的时候悄然离去，他没有听到凯瑟琳后面对他的爱情诉说。希刺克厉夫离开呼啸山庄的时间是夏季的夜晚，小说中的形容是“

48、那倒真是一个非常黑的夜晚，阴云密布，很像要有雷雨”，甚至“起了一阵狂风，打了一阵霹雷，不知是风还是雷把屋角的一棵树劈倒了”。非常恐怖的气氛让读者感到一阵阵心悸，担心希刺克厉夫在大雨滂沱之夜流落何处？书中的人物对希刺克厉夫的出走表现各不相同，呼啸山庄的主人开始并不知情，但他一向憎恶希刺克厉夫；凯瑟琳小姐认为希刺克历夫的出走完全是因为她说的那些话，便把这次出走的责任包揽到自己的身上；耐莉是忠实的女仆，虽然对希刺克厉夫有所嫌恶，但始终保持中立观点并怀着善良的心对希刺克厉夫的安危有所关心。3年后回来的希刺克厉夫大变模样，已经改变了经济地位的他甚至在赌场上赢回了呼啸山庄。这是希刺克厉夫重回画眉田庄从他已

49、改变的气质上告诉人们的。但是，对希刺克厉夫三年出走却没有一个真切的说法。这就是哥特式情节不急于表达本质，而是给予细丝一样的线索，耐人寻味的特点。哥特传统文学中的哥特传统在牛津简明英国文学史中有这样的描述：哥特式小说“这一批评式术语涵盖了大量的反常性作品，这些作品表现了自然力和超自然力的聚合与冲突。这类小说在18世纪的最后几年进入繁荣期，它的影响的余波，它的耸人听闻的手法的重要方面，从勃朗特到狄更斯时期直至当代的英语文学，可以连续的被感受到”。哥特一词来自日尔曼民族一个部落的名称。该部落人以野蛮、骠悍著称。在罗马帝国灭亡一千多年后，意大利人法萨里用哥特一词来指中世纪的一种建筑风格“高耸的尖顶、厚

50、重的石壁、狭窄的窗户、染色的玻璃、幽暗的内部、阴森的地道甚至地下藏尸所等”。在文艺复兴思想家的影响下，哥特一词被赋予了“野蛮、恐怖、落后、神秘、黑暗时代、中世纪”等多种含义。这部小说的副标题就是“一个哥特故事”(AGothicStory)。这种小说的故事通常发生在过去或遥远的中世纪;以阴森恐怖的古堡、废墟或者荒原为背景;主人公大多为性格孤傲的叛逆式边缘人物。Byronichero“拜伦式英雄是指十九世纪英国浪漫主义诗人拜伦作品中的一类人物形象。他们高傲倔强，既不满现实，要求奋起反抗，具有叛逆的性格；但同时又显得忧郁、孤独、悲观，脱离群众，我行我素，始终找不到正确的出路。例如，抒情长诗恰尔德哈洛