修辞格与翻译.ppt

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1、LectureTwelve修辞格与翻译修辞格与翻译Translation ofTranslation of Figures of SpeechFigures of Speechv胡曙中，英语修辞学，上海外语教育出版社v范家材，英语修辞赏析，上海vIcame,Isaw,Iconquered!vRhetoric修辞学修辞学vRhetoricistheartofdiscourse,anartthataimstoimprovethecapabilityofwritersorspeakersthatattempttoinform,persuade,ormotivateparticularaudience

2、sinspecificsituations.v1.Phonetic语音语音v2.Lexical词汇词汇v3.Syntactic句法句法vvAristotle v英语主要修辞格：英语主要修辞格：v1.明喻（明喻（simile）v2.暗喻（暗喻（metaphor）v3.借代借代/转喻（转喻（metonymy）v4.拟人（拟人（personification）v5.仿拟仿拟（parody）v6.夸张夸张（hyperbole）v7.委婉委婉/讳饰讳饰（euphemism）v8.拟声拟声（Onomatopoeia)v9.双关双关(Pun)v10.层进层进(Climax)1.Simile（明喻）（明喻）v

3、Asimileisafigureofspeechwhichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristicincommon.vSimile一词源于拉丁语一词源于拉丁语similis,其意为其意为like（像）。（像）。v它根据人们的联想，利用不同事物之间的相似点，它根据人们的联想，利用不同事物之间的相似点，借助比喻词（如借助比喻词（如as,like等）起连接作用，说明等）起连接作用，说明事事物甲物甲在某方面像在某方面像事物乙事物乙。vSimile通常由三部分构成，即本体通常由三部分构成

4、，即本体(tenor)、喻体、喻体(vehicle/reference)和比喻词（和比喻词（comparativeword）。）。vMy love is like a red red rose.v tenor comparative word vehiclevO my luve is likeared,redrosev Thats newly sprung in June;vO my luve is likethemelodie,v Thats sweetly playd in tune.v (Robert Burns)v啊，我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰像一朵红红的玫瑰v 六月里迎风初开v啊，我的

5、爱人像一曲甜蜜的歌像一曲甜蜜的歌v 弹唱得合拍又柔和。v （王佐良译）Simile（明喻）的表现形式：（明喻）的表现形式：v(1)likevLivingwithoutanaimislikesailingwithoutacompass.(JohnRuskin)v生活没有目标犹如航行没有指南针。生活没有目标犹如航行没有指南针。vHewaslikeacatonhotbricksbeforehisdrivingtest.v在驾照考试之前，他紧张得像热锅上的蚂蚁。在驾照考试之前，他紧张得像热锅上的蚂蚁。vMarriageislikeabeleagueredfortress:thosewhoarewith

6、outwanttogetin,andthosewithinwanttogetout.(P.M.Quitard)v婚姻像是一个被包围的城堡：外边的想要进去，里边的想婚姻像是一个被包围的城堡：外边的想要进去，里边的想要出来。要出来。v(2)asvAsthelioniskingofbeasts,soistheeaglekingofbirds.v鹰是鸟中之王，犹如狮是兽中之王。鹰是鸟中之王，犹如狮是兽中之王。vLovegoestowardslove,asschoolboysfromtheirbooks;vButlovefromlove,towardsschoolwithheavylooks.(Will

7、iamShakespeare)v赴恋人的约会，像学童抛开书本；赴恋人的约会，像学童抛开书本；v和恋人分别，像学童板着脸上学。和恋人分别，像学童板着脸上学。vAsfirmasarock坚如磐石坚如磐石vAslightasafeather轻如鸿毛轻如鸿毛vAscloseasanoyster守口如瓶守口如瓶vAssureasagun千真万确千真万确vAscoolasacucumber泰然自若泰然自若vAsmuteasafish噤若寒蝉噤若寒蝉vAsblueasthegreatseav(3)asif;asthoughvThefirsttimeIreadanexcellentbook,itistomea

8、sifIhadgainedanewfriend.v我头一回读到一本好书，对我来说好像交了一位我头一回读到一本好书，对我来说好像交了一位新朋友。新朋友。vMyhandwritinglooksasifaswarmofants,escapingfromaninkbottle,hadwalkedoverasheetofpaperwithoutwipingtheirlegs.v我的笔迹看起来就好像一群蚂蚁从墨水瓶里逃出我的笔迹看起来就好像一群蚂蚁从墨水瓶里逃出来，没把脚抹干净就在纸上行走似的。来，没把脚抹干净就在纸上行走似的。v(4)whatvA)AistoBwhatCistoD.vB)WhatCist

9、oD,AistoB.vThepenistoawriterwhatthegunistoafighter.v作家的笔犹如战士的枪。作家的笔犹如战士的枪。vReadingistothemindwhatexerciseistothebody.v阅读之于思想，如同锻炼之于身体。阅读之于思想，如同锻炼之于身体。vThemanwhocannotbetrustedistosocietywhatabitofrottentimberistoahouse.v无信的人之于社会，犹如朽木之于住宅。无信的人之于社会，犹如朽木之于住宅。vWateristofishwhatairistomen.v水之于鱼，犹如空气之于人。水

10、之于鱼，犹如空气之于人。vWhatsaltistofood,witandhumoraretoconversationandliterature.v妙语与幽默对于会话与文学，恰似盐对于食物一妙语与幽默对于会话与文学，恰似盐对于食物一样。样。vWhatsculptureistoablockofmarble,(that)educationistothesoul.v教育之于心灵，犹如雕刻之于大理石。教育之于心灵，犹如雕刻之于大理石。vWhatbloodvesselistoamansbody,(that)railwayistotransportation.v铁路之于运输，犹如血管之于人体。铁路之于运输，

11、犹如血管之于人体。v(5)andvLoveandcoughcannotbehid.v恋爱如同咳嗽，难逃他人耳目。恋爱如同咳嗽，难逃他人耳目。vTruthandroseshavethornsaboutthem.v真理如玫瑰，全身都带刺。真理如玫瑰，全身都带刺。vWordsandfeathersaretossedbythewind.v言语如羽毛，风刮随风飘。言语如羽毛，风刮随风飘。vAwordandastoneletgocannotberecalled.v说出去的话就像扔出去的石头是收不回的。说出去的话就像扔出去的石头是收不回的。v一言既出，驷马难追。一言既出，驷马难追。vKingsandbear

12、softenworrytheirkeepers.v国王跟熊一样，总使照料者坐立不安。国王跟熊一样，总使照料者坐立不安。2.Metaphor（暗喻；隐喻）（暗喻；隐喻）vAmetaphoralsomakesacomparisonbetweentwoelements,butunlikesimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.vMetaphor借自希腊语借自希腊语metapherein一词，原意一词，原意为为transfer（转换）。它也是一种比喻手法，但（转换）。它也是一种比喻手法，但是形式简练，表达含蓄，无需借助比喻词，而是是形式简练，表达含

13、蓄，无需借助比喻词，而是直接将甲事物当作乙事物来描写。直接将甲事物当作乙事物来描写。v试比较：试比较：vThesoldierwasasbraveasalioninthebattle.(simile)vThesoldierwasalioninthebattle.(metaphor)Metaphor（隐喻）的常见形式：（隐喻）的常见形式：v（1）名词型）名词型v最常见的是最常见的是“甲是乙甲是乙”，喻体一般出现在表语部，喻体一般出现在表语部分。分。vTheworldisastage,andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers.v(WilliamShakespeare)v世界

14、是个大舞台，男男女女，演员而已。世界是个大舞台，男男女女，演员而已。vHappinessisaperfumeyoucannotpouronotherswithoutgettingafewdropsonyourself.(RalphW.Emerson)v快乐犹如香水，你不可能向别人喷洒而不沾上几快乐犹如香水，你不可能向别人喷洒而不沾上几滴。滴。vThepainofseparationvThelightoflearningvAviciouscirclevRoomfornegotiationvAnangryskyvGravesyawnedvKillinghalf-an-hourvShoulderof

15、thehill山脊山脊vFriendlyrivervLaughingvalleysvMarriageisabookofwhichthefirstchapteriswritteninpoetryandremainingchaptersinprose.(BeverleyNicolas)v婚姻，是一本第一章以诗写成，其余各章则以散婚姻，是一本第一章以诗写成，其余各章则以散文写成的书。文写成的书。vBeauty,strength,youth,areflowersbutfadingseen;vDuty,faith,loveareroots,andevergreen.(GeorgePeele)v美貌、体力

16、、青春，就像花朵，终将衰尽；美貌、体力、青春，就像花朵，终将衰尽；v义务、信念、爱情，就像树根，万古长青。义务、信念、爱情，就像树根，万古长青。v（2）动词型）动词型vSomebooksaretobetasted,othersswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.(FrancisBacon)v书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则需咀嚼消化。书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则需咀嚼消化。vHethatcannotforgiveothersbreaksthebridgeoverwhichhemustpassforeverymanhasneedtobeforg

17、iven.(Fuller)vBetolerablevThecasesnowballedintooneofthemostfamoustrialsintheU.S.history.v像滚雪球似地，像滚雪球似地，v1994年年6月，美国最著名的橄榄球星辛普森被控谋杀前妻月，美国最著名的橄榄球星辛普森被控谋杀前妻及其男友，被送上法庭。公诉方出具证据及其男友，被送上法庭。公诉方出具证据723件，血证如件，血证如山；辩护方以山；辩护方以392件证据反证件证据反证“证据不足证据不足”，控辩双方唇，控辩双方唇枪舌剑历时枪舌剑历时460天，天，1995年年10月月3日，这起双重谋杀案最日，这起双重谋杀案最终经陪

18、审团裁定，辛普森无罪释放，美国历史上最著名谋终经陪审团裁定，辛普森无罪释放，美国历史上最著名谋杀案的审判划上了句号。采访此案的记者超过杀案的审判划上了句号。采访此案的记者超过1000人，人，美国新闻媒介把辛普森案的审判称为美国新闻媒介把辛普森案的审判称为“世纪审判世纪审判”。vv（3）形容词型）形容词型vShehasaphotographicmemoryfordetail.vIvegotoneofmySaharathirstsontonight.v(O.Henry:The Clarion Call)vThemountainouswavesswalloweduptheship.vBythisho

19、urthevolcanicfiresofhisnaturehadburntdown,andhavingdrunknogreatquantityasyethewasinclinedtoacquiesce.v(ThomasHardy)v到这时候，他天性中那种暴烈的火焰已经燃烧殆尽，酒还到这时候，他天性中那种暴烈的火焰已经燃烧殆尽，酒还喝得不多，他就打算加以默认了。喝得不多，他就打算加以默认了。v（4）of短语型短语型vA)a/the+N1+of+N2vthevalleyofdespair;thebridgeoffriendshipvB)a+N1+of+a+N2vaflowerofagirl;afo

20、xofamanvThetreeoflibertymustberefreshedfromtimetotimewiththebloodofpatriotsandtyrants.Itisitsnaturalmanure.(ThomasJefferson)v自由之树需要爱国者和暴君的鲜血来浇灌。鲜血自由之树需要爱国者和暴君的鲜血来浇灌。鲜血是养育自由之树的天然基肥。是养育自由之树的天然基肥。vWiththisfaithwewillbeabletohewoutofthemountainofdespairastoneofhope.Withthisfaithwewillbeabletotransformth

21、ejanglingdiscordsofournationintoabeautifulsymphonyofbrotherhood.(MartinLutherKing,Jr.)v抱有这个信念，我们就能从绝望之山凿出一块希抱有这个信念，我们就能从绝望之山凿出一块希望之石。抱有这个信念，我们就能把我们民族刺望之石。抱有这个信念，我们就能把我们民族刺耳的噪音改变为一部歌颂手足之情的美妙交响曲。耳的噪音改变为一部歌颂手足之情的美妙交响曲。v FOGvThe fog comesvon little cat feet.vIt sits lookingvover harbor and cityvon silen

22、t haunchesvand then moves on.v(Carl Sandburg)飘过来的雾，飘过来的雾，像小猫般轻盈迈步。像小猫般轻盈迈步。坐在港口城市上空，坐在港口城市上空，四周环顾。四周环顾。悄悄躬一下腰，悄悄躬一下腰，又开始赶路又开始赶路（卡尔桑德堡）v在地铁站内 埃兹拉庞德vIn a Station of the MetrovThe apparition of these faces in the crowd;Petals on a wet,black bough.v这几张脸在人群中幻景般闪现；湿漉漉的黑树枝上花瓣数点。3.Metonymy（借代（借代/转喻）转喻）vWhat

23、ismetonymy?换称换称vMetonymy is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another.In other words,it involves a“change of name”,the substituted name suggesting the thing meant.vMetonymy一词源于希腊语一词源于希腊语metonymia,意为意为changingofname（换称）。（换称）。v该辞格的修辞方式为故意不用需要说

24、明的人或物该辞格的修辞方式为故意不用需要说明的人或物的本称，而是借与改人或物密切相关的事物名称的本称，而是借与改人或物密切相关的事物名称来代替，即来代替，即借乙名代甲称借乙名代甲称。例如：。例如：vPen:whatiswrittenbythepen;books;articles;vBottle:liquor,wine,alcohol;vHetooktothebottle.(=Hetooktodrinking.)汉语借代：汉语借代：v汉语中的借代有汉语中的借代有旁代，对代和它代旁代，对代和它代等三种形式：等三种形式：v1）旁代是用随伴事物代替主干事物的一种形式。）旁代是用随伴事物代替主干事物的一

25、种形式。v但愿人长久，千里共婵娟。但愿人长久，千里共婵娟。苏轼苏轼v三十功名尘与土，八千里路云和月。三十功名尘与土，八千里路云和月。v2）对代是两个相对的事物或人物相互代替。全体）对代是两个相对的事物或人物相互代替。全体与部分互代，普通与特殊互代。与部分互代，普通与特殊互代。v沉舟侧畔千帆过，病树前头万木春。沉舟侧畔千帆过，病树前头万木春。刘禹锡刘禹锡v3）它代指其他借代形式，原因结果互化，以数量）它代指其他借代形式，原因结果互化，以数量代替人或事物；以性状、情感代替事物等。代替人或事物；以性状、情感代替事物等。v谜语：一减一不是零谜语：一减一不是零v谜底：三谜底：三v用一代算术减号。用一代算

26、术减号。v手无寸铁 v戎马生涯v巾帼须眉v六出纷飞v说曹操，曹操到v檀郎谢女晋代潘安，小字檀奴，姿仪秀美。晋代谢道蕴，聪慧过人。“檀郎”代美男子；“谢女”代才女。v弄瓦之喜、弄璋之喜“瓦”，原始的纺锤，古人把瓦给女孩玩，希望她将来能善于女工。“弄瓦”代女孩。“璋”是玉器。“弄璋”，古人把璋给男孩玩，希望他将来有玉一样的品德。“弄璋”代男孩。3.1SourcesofMetonymyvA:Namesofpersonsv(1)John Bull:England,or the English peoplev(2)Uncle Sam:the U.S.v(3)Ivan:the Russian people

27、vB:Animalsv(1)British Lion:England or the English governmentv(2)the bear:the former Soviet Union or the Soviet govenmentvC:Partsofthebodyv(1)heart:feelings or emotionsv(2)head,brain:wisdom,intelligence,reasonv Her heart ruled her head.她的感情战胜了她的理智。v Use your brains.v(3)gray hair:old agev 华发华发vD:Profe

28、ssionsv(1)the bar:the legal profession;v He has been called to the bar.v(2)the bench:position of judge or magistrate;v He has been appointed to the bench.v(3)the veil:the vocation of a nun;v She took the veil at 20.v(4)the press:newspapers;newspaper reporters;v Hes meeting the press this morning.vPr

29、essconferencevE:Locationsofgovernment,ofbusinessorindustrialenterprisesv(1)Downing Street:the British governmentv(2)the White House:the U.S.governmentv(3)the Pentagon:the U.S.Department of National Defensev(4)Wall Street:U.S.financial circlesv(5)Hollywood:American film-making industryv(6)Buckingham

30、Palace:the British Royals3.2UsageofMetonymyv（1）以事物特征代替事物本身）以事物特征代替事物本身vA thousand moustaches can live together,but not four breasts.(A Proverb)v千条汉子能共处，两个婆娘难相容。vSoapy stood still with his hands in his pockets and smiled at the sight of brassbuttons.v (O.Henry:The Cop and the Anthem)v苏比不声不响地站着，两手插在口袋

31、里，一见到警察就露出微笑。v（2）以工具代替动作或行为者）以工具代替动作或行为者vA hundred bayonets were marching down the street.v100个手握刺刀钢枪的士兵正沿街前进。vSometimes thepen is mightier than thesword.v有时候笔杆子比刀剑更有力。v有时候文人文人比武士武士更有力量。vFacts speak louder than words.v（3）以人体部位代替其功能）以人体部位代替其功能vShe has asharptongue.v她言语尖刻。vThepracticedear can recogniz

32、e a classic flavor.v有音乐修养的人能听出古典音乐的韵味。vShe has theeye for the fair and the beautiful.v她有审美眼光。vI have an opinion of you,sir,to which it is not easy to give themouth.(Charles Dickens)v我对你有点意见，先生，不过很难用话语表达出来。v（4）以抽象事物代替具体事物）以抽象事物代替具体事物vSee,from his hands,his head,his side,sorrow and love flow mingled d

33、own.(Issac Watt)v瞧，从他的双手，他的头，他的腰，流下交织着哀和爱的血。v（指耶稣被钉在十字架上受难的情形。）vIn the present instance,it was sickness and poverty together that she came to visit.v (Jane Austen)v在目前这种情况下，她一并前来探望的是病人和穷人。v（5）借名代实）借名代实vHave you read JackLondon?v你读过杰克杰克伦敦的作品伦敦的作品吗？vThe kettle is boiling.v壶（水）开了。vWe discussed the matt

34、er over a bottle.v我们边饮酒边讨论此事。4.Personification（拟人）（拟人）vPersonification is a figure of speech that gives human form or feelings to animals,or gives life and personal attributes to inanimate objects,or to ideas and abstractions.vWebsters New World Dictionary:“a figure of speech in which a thing,qualit

35、y,or idea is represented as a person.”vPersonification 是一种将物当作人来描写的修辞手法，即把通常仅用于描写人的各类词移用于描写物，赋予各种物（包括有生命的和无生命的，具体的和抽象的）以人类所特有的言行、品质、思想和感情。（1）英语谚语中的拟人）英语谚语中的拟人vLies have short legs.谎言总是站不住脚的。vWalls have ears.隔墙有耳。vHunger never saw bad bread.饥不择食。vBeggars cannot be choosers.vExperience is the mother o

36、f wisdom.v经验乃智慧之母。vFailure is the mother of success.v失败乃成功之母。vZeal without knowledge is the sister of folly.v无知的热情无异于愚蠢。（2）文学作品中的拟人）文学作品中的拟人vLaziness travels so slowly,that poverty soon overtakes him.(Benjamin Franklin)v懒惰缓缓而行，贫穷迎头赶上。vA lie can travel half way around the world while the truth is put

37、ting on its shoes.(Mark Twain)v当真理刚刚穿上鞋子，谎言可能已经走了半个世界。vMosquitoes were using my ankles for filling stations.(Cornelia O.Skinner)v蚊子们正把我的脚踝当作加油站。5.Onomatopoeia（拟声）（拟声）v拟声(Onomatopoeia)是英语语音修辞格的一种。Onomatopoeia源自希腊语onomatopeiia，意为name-making（造词）。v拟声是通过模仿、描绘和渲染人类万物的声音来修辞的一种辞格，使用拟声能增强语言表达的直观性、生动性和形象性，给人一

38、种如闻其声、身临其境的感觉。v按照拟声词所模拟的对象及特点，可以将其分为以下四类：v（1）模仿人类声音的拟声词）模仿人类声音的拟声词vsh 嘘，示意安静vaha 啊哈，表示得意vOuch 哎哟，表示疼痛vahem 嗯哼，清嗓子或引人注意vhurrah 呜啦，欢呼声vMurmur 低语声vmumble 咕哝地说vgiggle 咯咯笑vChuckle vgrunt 哼嗤(表示恼怒、轻蔑)vgroan 呻吟声vchatter 唧唧喳喳的说话声vhiss表示嘲弄或厌恶的嘘声。vSpring,the sweet Spring,is the years pleasant king;vThen blooms

39、 each thing,then maids dance in a ring,vCold doth not sting,the pretty birds do sing,vCuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,to-witta-woo!v(Thomas Nashe:Spring)v春，甘美之春，一年之中的尧舜,v处处都有花树，都有女儿环舞,v微寒但觉清和，佳禽争着唱歌,v啁啁，啾啾，哥哥，割麦、插-禾!v (托马斯纳什:春郭沫若译)v周迪裔则根据拟声词的来源将其翻译成：v“杜鹃咕咕，夜莺喳喳，田凫噗喂，鸱鸺(音chxi)啕鸣。”v（2）模仿动物的声音的拟声词）模仿动物的声音的拟声词vAss

40、es bray(heehaw).vBees hum(buzz,drone).vBulls bellow.vCows moo.vCocks crow(cock-a-doodle-doo).vHens cackle(cluck).vChicken cheepvCats meow(purr).vDogs bow-wow.vDoves coo.vDucks quack.vElephants trumpet.vFrogs croak.vGeese gaggle.vHorses neigh(snort).马嘶。vMagpies chatter.喜鹊vMice squeak.vPigs grunt.vLio

41、ns roar.狮吼。vSnakes hiss.vWolves howl.狼嚎。v（3）模仿自然界声音的拟声词）模仿自然界声音的拟声词v大自然中的风雨雷电，波涛流水等各种声音也都被语言记录下来。v雷声隆隆：peal,crack,clap,rumble,v风声沙沙：rustle,whisper,v波涛汩汩：swish,splash,v流水淙淙：babble,murmur,gurgle,chatter,v雨声淅淅沥沥：hiss,spatter,v风吹树叶：rustle,murmur,v还有嗖嗖的子弹声：whiz,v墙倒的扑通声：crash 等等。vThe ice was here,the ice

42、was there,vThe ice was all around:vIt cracked and growled,and roared and howled,vLike noise in a swound!v (Samuel T.Coleridge:The Rime of the Ancient Mariner)v译文:这里是冰，那里是冰,v到处是冰墙重重。v崩裂、咆哮、吼鸣、嚎啸,v真个是震耳欲聋。v (吕千飞译)v赏析：v柯勒律治一连用了四个拟声词(crack,growl,roar,howl)来模拟海上冰裂的嘎嘎声，把环境和气氛渲染得极其逼真，把读者带到了一个如闻其声、如观其色、如见其形

43、的境地，波涛汹涌的壮观景象栩栩如生地展现在读者眼前。vAnd they scuffled and huffled and shuffled and puffled,muffled and buffled and duffled and fluffled and guffled and bruffled and screamed and shrieked and squealed and squeaked,and clawed and snapped and bit,and bumped and thumped,and dumped and flumped each other-till the

44、y were all torn into little bits.vAnd at last there was nothing left to record this painful accident,except the cherry and seven small green feathers.And that was the vicious and voluble end of the seven young parrots.v这伙鸟儿扭成一团，噗哧噗哧，嘴撕脚抓，吱啦吱啦!你死我活，唏哩哗啦!最后，只落得七败俱伤，血迹斑斑。剩下的，惟有那颗樱桃和七片绿色的羽毛!饶舌、贪婪，七小鹦哥就这

45、么个下场!(刘宓庆译)v（4）模仿各种工具、机械的声音的拟声词）模仿各种工具、机械的声音的拟声词v钟表滴嗒:ticktack,tick tock,v铃声丁零:jingle,ding-a-ling,ting-a-ling,v号声嘟嘟:tattoo,v车声隆隆:rumble,thump,v鼓声咚咚:drum,v锣声哐哐:gong 等等v清幽的小巷里响起了清脆的自行车铃声。vI heard the crisp tickling of the bicycle rising from the quiet alley.v上学路上，我能看见溪中的潺潺流水，能听见树林中的青蛙鸣杜鹃啼麻雀叫。vOn my wa

46、y to school I can see the babbling water in the brook,hear the frogs creaking,cuckoos cuckooing,sparrows chirping in the woods.v深巷中不时传来狗吠声和墙头上的鸡叫声。vFrom time to time,dogs were heard bark in the deep lanes and cocks crow on the top of courtyard walls.v深深的秋夜，只有蟋蟀的叫声和案头的灯光伴着我。vLate into the autumn nigh

47、t,there are only the chirping of crickets and the light on my desk that keep me company.v她笑骂道：“该死的，吓死我了。”vShe cursed him,giggling:“Damn you!What fright you gave me.”v老板厉声说道：“你昏了头了，教训起我来了。”vThe boss snarled:“Youre crazy!You dare to lecture me!”v“畜生！”阿Q怒目而视的说，嘴角上飞出唾沫来。（鲁迅：阿Q正传）v“Stupid ass!”hissed Ah

48、Q,glaring furiously and foaming at the mouth.v每逢卖得了一块钱，看见顾客欣然挟着纸包而去，林先生就忍不住心里一顿，在他心里的算盘上就加添了五分洋钱的血本的亏折。（茅盾：林家铺子）vWatching the satisfied customer going out with a package under his arm,Mr.Lin suffered a pang with every dollar he took in,as the abacus in his mind clicked a five percent loss off the co

49、st price he had raised through sweat and blood.v林老板是位精明的商人，心里总有一把算盘。打折卖东西让他心疼不已，翻译时增加click一词，巧妙地再现了林老板拨动心里算盘的动作，算盘珠子卡搭的响声似乎都能听见。林老板痛惜作亏本生意的心理状态借助拟声词click表现得淋漓尽致。6.Pun（双关）（双关）v朗文当代英语辞典：vPun:“also play on wordsan amusing use of a word or phrase that has two meanings,or words with the same sound but di

50、fferent meanings”.vWebsters Third New International Dictionary:vPun:the humorous use of a word in such a way as to suggest different meanings or applications or of words having the same or nearly the same sound but different meanings;a play on words.（1）英语双关的分类）英语双关的分类v对于双关的分类，不同语言学者持不同的观点。按照结构成分所起的作