云计算入门(英文版).pdf

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1、Sun Cloud Computing|Sun Cloud Computing|Table of ConTenTsCloud Computing at a Higher Level.4Why Cloud Computing?.5Clouds:Much More Than Cheap Computing.5IT Efficiency on a Whole New Scale.6Faster,More Flexible Programming.7Compelling New Opportunities:The Cloud Ecosystem.8How Did Cloud Computing Sta

2、rt?.9Harnessing Cloud Computing.Use the Cloud.Leverage the Cloud.Build the Cloud.Be the Cloud.Public,Private,and Hybrid Clouds.Cloud Computing Defined.Cornerstone Technologies.3The Architectural Services Layers of Cloud Computing.Software as a Service(SaaS).Platform as a Service(PaaS).Infrastructure

3、 as a Service(IaaS).4Inside the Cloud.4 Virtualization.Operating System Virtualization.Platform Virtualization.6Network Virtualization.6Application Virtualization.Table of ConTenTsSun Cloud Computing|3Software Deployment.Software Packaging.Machine Images.Suns Cloud Philosophies.Open Source and Inter

4、operability.8Comprehensive Product Portfolio.9Enterprise-grade Systemic Qualities.9Efficiency/Economy.Reliability/Availability.Density/Scalability.New Sun Technologies Relevant to the Cloud.Virtualization.Modular Systems.Open Storage.What You Can Do.5Copyright 1994-2009 Sun Microsystems,Inc.Table of

5、 ConTenTsSun Cloud Computing|4Cloud CompuTing aT a HigHer levelin many ways,cloud computing is simply a metaphor for the internet,the increasing movement of compute and data resources onto the Web.but theres a difference:cloud computing represents a new tipping point for the value of network computi

6、ng.it delivers higher efficiency,massive scalability,and faster,easier software develop-ment.its about new programming models,new iT infrastructure,and the enabling of new business models.For those developers and enterprises who want to embrace cloud computing,Sun is developing critical technologies

7、 to deliver enterprise scale and systemic qualities to this new paradigm:Interoperability While most current clouds offer closed platforms and vendor lock-in,developers clamor for interoperability.Suns open-source product strategy and Java?principles are focused on providing interoperability for lar

8、ge-scale computing resources.Think of the existing cloud“islands”merging into a new,interoperable“Intercloud”where applications can be moved to and operate across multiple platforms.High-density horizontal computing Sun is pioneering high-power-density compute-node architectures and extreme-scale In

9、finiband fabrics as part of our top-tier HPC deployments.This high-density technology is being incorporated into our large-scale cloud designs.Data in the cloud More than just compute utilities,cloud computing is increasingly about petascale data.Suns Open Storage products offer hybrid data servers

10、with unprecedented efficiency and performance for the emerging data-intensive computing applications that will become a key part of the cloud.These technology bets are focused on driving more efficient large-scale cloud deployments that can provide the infrastructure for next-generation business opp

11、ortunities:social networks,algorithmic trading,continuous risk analysis,and so on.Cloud CompuTing aT a HigHer levelSun Cloud Computing|5Why Cloud Computing?“The rise of the cloud is more than just another platform shift that gets geeks excited.It will undoubtedly transform the IT industry,but it wil

12、l also profoundly change the way people work and companies operate.”The Economist,“Let it Rise,”0/3/08Clouds:much more Than Cheap ComputingCloud computing brings a new level of efficiency and economy to delivering IT resources on demand and in the process it opens up new business models and market o

13、pportunities.While many people think of current cloud computing offerings as purely“pay by the drink”compute platforms,theyre really a convergence of two major interdependent IT trends:IT Efficiency Minimize costswhere companies are converting their IT costs from capital expenses to operating expens

14、es through technologies such as virtualization.Cloud computing begins as a way to improve infrastructure resource deployment and utilization,but fully exploiting this infrastructure eventually leads to a new application development model.Business Agility Maximize return using IT as a competitive wea

15、pon through rapid time to market,integrated application stacks,instant machine image deployment,and petascale parallel programming.Cloud computing is embraced as a critical way to revolutionize time to service.But inevitably these services must be built on equally innovative rapid-deployment-infrast

16、ructure models.To be sure,these trends have existed in the IT industry for years.However,the recent emergence of massive network bandwidth and virtualization technologies has enabled this transformation to a new services-oriented infrastructure.Cloud computing enables IT organizations to increase ha

17、rdware utilization rates dramati-cally,and to scale up to massive capacities in an instant without constantly having to invest in new infrastructure,train new personnel,or license new software.It also creates new opportunities to build a better breed of network services,in less time,for less money.W

18、HY Cloud CompuTing?Sun Cloud Computing|6“By 2011,early technology adopters will forgo capital ex-penditures and instead purchase 40%of their IT infrastruc-ture as a service.Cloud computing will take off,thus untying applications from specific infrastructure.”Gartner Press Release,“Gartner Highlights

19、 Key Predictions for IT Organisations and Users in 008 and Beyond,”/3/08it Efficiency on a Whole new ScaleCloud computing is all about efficiency.It provides a way to deploy and access everything from single systems to huge amounts of IT resources on demand,in real time,at an af-fordable cost.It mak

20、es high-performance compute and high-capacity storage available to anyone with a credit card.And since the best cloud strategies build on concepts and tools that developers already know,clouds also have the potential to redefine the relationship between information technology and the developers and

21、business units that depend on it.Reduce capital expenditures Cloud computing makes it possible for companies to convert IT costs from capital expense to operating expense through technolo-gies such as virtualization.Cut the cost of running a datacenter Cloud computing improves infrastructure utiliza

22、tion rates and streamlines resource management.For example,clouds allow for self-service provisioning through APIs,bringing a higher level of automa-tion to the datacenter and reducing management costs.Eliminate overprovisioning Cloud computing provides scaling on demand,which,when combined with uti

23、lity pricing,removes the need to overprovision to meet demand.With cloud computing,companies can scale up to massive capacities in an instant.For those who think cloud computing is just fluff,take a closer look at the cloud offerings that are already available.Major Internet providers A,Google,and o

24、thers are leveraging their infrastructure investments and“sharing”their large-scale economics.Already the bandwidth used by Amazon Web Services(AWS)exceeds that associated with their core e-tailing services.Forward-looking enterprises of all types from Web.0 startups to global enterprises are embrac

25、ing cloud computing to reduce infrastructure costs.The New York Times archive(from 85 to 980)to PDF.Their Internal IT said it would take them seven weeks.In the meantime,one developer using 00 Amazon EC simple Web service interface instances running Hadoop(an open-source implementation similar to Ma

26、pReduce)completed the job in 4 hours for less than$,“Self-service,Prorated Super Computing Fun!”puting-fun/WHY Cloud CompuTing?Sun Cloud Computing|7Faster,more Flexible programmingCloud computing isnt only about hardware its also a programming revolution.Agile,easy-to-access,lightweight Web protocol

27、s coupled with pervasive horizontally scaled architecture can accelerate development cycles and time to market with new applications and services.New business functions are now just a script away.Accelerated cycles The cloud computing model provides a faster,more efficient way to develop the new gen

28、eration of applications and services.Faster development and testing cycles means businesses can accomplish in hours what used to take days,weeks,or months.Increase agility Cloud computing accommodates change like no other model.For example,Animoto Productions,makers of a mashup tool that creates vid

29、eo from images and music,used cloud computing to scale up from 50 servers to 3,500 in just three days.Cloud computing can also provide a wider selection of more lightweight and agile development tools,simplifying and speeding up the development process.The immediate impact will be unprecedented flex

30、ibility in service creation and acceler-ated development cycles.But at the same time,development flexibility could become constrained by APIs if theyre not truly open.Cloud computing can usher in a new era of productivity for developers if they build on platforms that are designed to be federated ra

31、ther than centralized.But theres a major shift underway in programming culture and the languages that will be used in clouds.WHY Cloud CompuTing?Sun Cloud Computing|8Today,the integrated,optimized,open-source Apache,MySQL,PHP/Perl/Python(AMP)stack is the preferred platform for building and deploying

32、 new Web applications and services.Cloud computing will be the catalyst for the adoption of an even newer stack of more lightweight,agile tools such as lighttpd,an open-source Web server;Hadoop,the free Java software framework that supports data-intensive distributed applications;and MogileFS,a file

33、 system that enables horizontal scaling of storage across any number of machines.Compelling new opportunities:The Cloud ecosystemBut cloud computing isnt just about a proliferation of Xen image stacks on a restricted handful of infrastructure providers.Its also about an emerging ecosystem of complem

34、en-tary services that provide computing resources such as on-ramps for cloud abstraction,professional services to help in deployment,specialized application components such as distributed databases,and virtual private datacenters for the entire range of IT providers and consumers.These services span

35、 the range of customer requirements,from individual developers and small startups to large enterprises.And they continue to expand the levels of virtualization,a key architectural component of the cloud that offers ever-higher abstractions of underlying services.WHY Cloud CompuTing?Sun Cloud Computi

36、ng|9How did Cloud Computing start?At a basic level,cloud computing is simply a means of delivering IT resources as services.Almost all IT resources can be delivered as a cloud service:applications,compute power,storage capacity,networking,programming tools,even communications services and collaborat

37、ion tools.Cloud computing began as large-scale Internet service providers such as Google,Amazon,and others built out their infrastructure.An architecture emerged:massively scaled,horizontally distributed system resources,abstracted as virtual IT services and managed as continuously configured,pooled

38、 resources.This architectural model was immortalized by George Gilder in his October 006 Wired magazine article titled“The Information Factories.”The server farms Gilder wrote about were architecturally similar to grid computing,but where grids are used for loosely coupled,technical computing applic

39、ations,this new cloud model was being applied to Internet services.“In this architecture,the data is mostly resident on servers somewhere on the Internet and the application runs on both the cloud servers and the users browser.”Eric Schmidt in Information Factories by G.GilderBoth clouds and grids a

40、re built to scale horizontally very efficiently.Both are built to withstand failures of individual elements or nodes.Both are charged on a per-use basis.But while grids typically process batch jobs,with a defined start and end point,cloud services can be continuous.Whats more,clouds expand the types

41、 of resources available file storage,databases,and Web services and extend the applicability to Web and enterprise applications.At the same time,the concept of utility computing became a focus of IT design and operations.As Nick Carr observed in his book The Big Switch,computing services infrastruct

42、ure was beginning to parallel the development of electricity as a utility.Wouldnt it be great if you could purchase compute resources,on demand,only paying for what you need,when you need it?For end users,cloud computing means there are no hardware acquisition costs,no software licenses or upgrades

43、to manage,no new employees or consultants to hire,no facilities to lease,no capital costs of any kind and no hidden costs.Just a metered,per-use rate or a fixed subscription fee.Use only what you want,pay only for what you use.Cloud computing actually takes the utility model to the next level.Its a

44、new and evolved form of utility computing in which many different types of resources(hardware,software,storage,communications,and so on)can be combined and recombined on the fly into WHY Cloud CompuTing?Sun Cloud Computing|the specific capabilities or services customers require.From CPU cycles for H

45、PC projects to storage capacity for enterprise-grade backups to complete IDEs for software development,cloud computing can deliver virtually any IT capability,in real time.Under the circumstances it is easy to see that a broad range of organizations and individuals would like to purchase“computing”a

46、s a service,and those firms already building hyperscale distributed data centers would inevitably choose to begin offering this infrastructure as a service.Harnessing Cloud Computing So how does an individual or a business take advantage of the cloud computing trend?It s not just about loading machi

47、ne images consisting of your entire software stack onto a public cloud like AWS there are several different ways to exploit this infrastructure and explore the ecosystem of new business models.use the CloudThe number and quality of public,commercially available cloud-based service offerings is growi

48、ng fast.Using the cloud is often the best option for startups,research projects,Web.0 developers,or niche players who want a simple,low-cost way to“load and go.”If youre an Internet startup today,you will be mandated by your investors to keep you IT spend to a minimum.This is certainly what the clou

49、d is for.leverage the CloudTypically,enterprises are using public clouds for specific functions or workloads.The cloud is an attractive alternative for:Development and testing This is perhaps the easiest cloud use case for enterprises(not just startup developers).Why wait to order servers when you d

50、ont even know if the project will pass the proof of concept?Functional offloading You can use the cloud for specific workloads.For example,SmugMug does its image thumbnailing as a batch job in the cloud.“We really dont want to operate datacenters anymore.We d rather spend our time giving our custome