考研形近词、近义词辨析宝典(完美打印版).pdf

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1、考研近义词、形近词辨析宝典（共90组）*abnormal,uncommon abnormala.不正常的，反常的(但并非罕见)，指行为或现象(如气候)的异常。His body temperature has been abnormal for 3 days,the highest point reaching 40.5 degree centigrade.他的体温三天来一直都不正常，最高的时候达到40.5 摄氏度。uncommon a.罕见的，不平常的，指很少经历或很少见到的状况；特别的，出色的。Hurricanes are uncommon in England.飓风在英国非常罕见。That

2、 is uncommon instant coffee;it tastes great!那速溶咖啡质量上乘，味道好极了！*abide,adhere,conform,comply abide v.后接 by 表示“遵守，同意”。I will abide by the director decision.我将遵从主任的决定。adhere v.后接 to 表示“遵守”。(当然 adhere 一词的其它意思如“坚持；粘附”也经常被考到。)Car drivers must adhere to the rules of driving.汽车司机必须遵守驾驶规则。conform v.后接 to 表示“遵守，

3、符合”。All individuals are required to conform to the laws made by their governments.每个人都应该遵守政府制订的法律。comply v.后接 with 表示“遵守，服从”，用于正式的场合。Our company complies with governmental regulations on paying taxes.我们公司遵守政府有关纳税的规定。*abstract,digest,outline,summary 这一组名词都有“要点，摘要”的意思。abstract n.概要，摘要，尤其指对学术论文或法律论据作的简

4、述。I have read the abstract of his book.我已经读了他的书的概要。digest n.(篇幅较长的)摘要，文摘，它是对原文的浓缩而不是对原文的简单解释，浓缩后仍保持原文的顺序、重点和风格。Readers Digest读者文摘outline n.要点，大纲，概要。She made an outline of ideas she wanted to present in her talk.她把自己要谈的想法列了一个提纲。summary n.总结，摘要，指用寥寥数语概括文章或者讲话的要点，不考虑原文的风格。*absurd,ridiculous这一组形容词都有“愚蠢，

5、可笑”的意思。absurd a.荒谬的，可笑的，指因不符合常识、违反真理或不合逻辑而令人发笑。There was an absurd idea that the earth was flat and motionless.过去曾经有一种荒谬的观点认为地球呈扁平状而且静止不动。ridiculous a.荒唐可笑的，指因为愚昧无知而令人发笑并成为笑柄，含有蔑视成分。It is ridiculous to judge a foreign culture only by its food.仅仅根据一个国家的饮食来评价该国家的文化是荒唐可笑的。*accent,tone,dialect accent n.

6、口音，指某一地区语言的发音特征；重音。He speaks English with a Spanish accent.他讲英语带有西班牙口音。tone n.语气，音调，指说话人的口气或声音的高低、轻重等。He speaks to his baby in soft tones.他用柔和的语调和他的婴儿说话。dialect n.方言，土语，地方话，指一个地区人们所使用的语言。the Yorkshire dialect约克郡方言 the Sichuan dialect四川方言*accommodate,afford,furnish accommodate v.提供住宿、房间；适应，迎合，迁就。This

7、 hotel can accommodate up to 500 guests.这家饭店可供500 位来宾住宿。The company accommodated the customers wish and sent the delivery overnight.公司满足了顾客的愿望，连夜将货物发了出去。afford v.负担，支付；当“提供”讲时，多用于指抽象事物的提供。We cant afford that expensive sports car.我们买不起那辆昂贵的跑车。The tall building affords a beautiful view of the ocean.从这

8、幢高楼上可以看到大海的美丽景致。furnish v.指提供生活或某种用途所需要的东西。Reading furnishes the mind only with materials of knowledge,it is thinking that makes what we read ours.阅读虽然为我们的思想提供了各种知识，然而只有思考才能将我们读到的内容变成自己的东西。*accomplishment,attainment,achievement accomplishment n.成功，成就；才艺，修养。Climbing that high mountain was an accompli

9、shment for the hikers.对于登山运动员来说，爬上了那座山就是成功。Being able to paint well is just one of her accomplishments.画画得好只是她的许多才能之一。attainment n.指学识和造诣(常用作复数)；达到，到达。a scholar of the highest attainments造诣极高的学者achievement n.可指抽象的“成就”，或具体的“成绩”，与accomplishment是同义词。*acute,critical,crucial,urgent acute a.剧烈的，严重的；急性的(病)

10、。An acute lack of food brought hunger to the Iraqi people.食品严重缺乏，伊拉克人民正在忍饥挨饿。critical a.意为 关键的 ，表示处于极度缺乏的状态或事件的转折点，与crucial相似。与 crucial的区别在于它对缺乏的或危急的程度有更准确的衡量；还指批判性的，分析性的It is critical that you study hard for the exam or you will fail it.为了考好你必须用功学习，否则你会不及格的。crucial a.意为 决定性的，紧要关头的，至关重要的，最为笼统，适用于上述两

11、种情况。Improved consumer confidence is crucial to an economic recovery.消费者信心的增强对经济的复苏是至关重要的。urgenta.意为 紧迫的，急迫的，紧要的，它不强调所指的问题是最重要的，仅强调紧急的 状态。We have an urgent need for help;we are running out of water.我们急需要帮助，我们的水就快要用光了。*admit,confess,concede admit v.指由于说服、再三追问而承认 某一事实或过错。I admit that you have a point.我

12、承认你有理。confess v.供认(罪行、过错等)，含有 坦白、招认 的意思。He confessed his crimes to the judge.他向法官供认了他的罪行。concede v.指曾想隐瞒或不愿意承认某一错误，但由于证据确凿而不得不勉强承认，还可以指 以退为进 的承认。The man who caused the accident finally conceded to the police that he had done it.造成这次交通事故的人最终向警察承认他是肇事人。*aggravate,reinforce,strengthen,intensify这一组动词都有加

13、强 的意思。aggravate v.加重(负担、罪行、病情等)，使之恶化。I hurt my foot,then aggravated it by trying to walk too soon.我的脚受伤了，而过早的下地走路又加重了伤情。reinforce v.增援，一般用于军队或警察的行动；(以添加材料等)加固。A police officer saw three thieves robbing a bank and radioed to reinforce him.一位警察看到三个盗贼抢劫银行，用无线电话要求增援。increase v.指数量上的增加。The number of peop

14、le has increased.人数增加了。strengthen v.加强，巩固，增强，相当于to become stronger。Exercising every day strengthens the heart.每天锻炼可以提高心脏的功能。Competition,they believe,strengthens the national character rather than corrupt it.人们认为竞争加强了民族性而不是破坏了它。intensify v.使变得更强烈、剧烈，加剧，相当于to become more intense or intensive。intensify

15、 colors加深色彩intensify hatred加深仇恨*alert,cautious,considerate这一组形容词都表示 小心的，谨慎的。alert a.警惕的，留神的。The hostess remained standing,alert to every guests drinking need.女主人一直站在旁边，时刻准备给大家斟酒。cautious a.细心的，谨慎的。He has a cautious attitude about spending money.在花钱的问题上他态度谨慎。considerate a.关心他人的，体贴的。He is always consi

16、derate of others;he is kind and sympathetic.他总是很体谅他人，并且慈祥而富有同情心。*alive,live,living,lively这一组形容词都跟 活 有关。alive a.活着的，有活力的，常作表语，作定语时必须后置。After the accident,he was barely alive.交通事故后，他奄奄一息。all man alive所有活着的人live a.活的，有活力的，现场直播的。We watched the live broadcast of the opera on TV.我们通过电视观看了这部歌剧的实况。living a.

17、活着的，作定语可前可后，可修饰人也可修饰物。Who is the worlds greatest living artist?谁是现在还健在的世界上最伟大的艺术家？living room起居室lively a.活泼的，栩栩如生的。She is a lively young girl,always laughing and doing things.她是个活泼可爱的小姑娘，总是欢声笑语忙个不停。*alleviate,diminish,reduce,decrease,decline这一组动词都有减少，减轻 的意思。alleviate v.在痛苦方面的减轻，缓和The painkiller alle

18、viated the pain.止疼药减缓了疼痛。diminish v.指因为不断消耗，在数量方面缓慢减少，也指在素质或者价值的下降。The supply of oil has diminished because of the war.由于战争石油的供应减少了。reduce v.指人为地使某物在数量或重量方面的减少或降低。He reduced the amount of money they could spend.他缩减了他们的开销。decrease v.指数量上的减少；力量或者强度的减弱。The population decreased a lot last year.去年人口数量急剧下

19、降。decline v.(数目、价格、比率)下降；谢绝，婉言推辞；衰退，衰落。Last year,the crime rate in Chicago has sharply declined.去年芝加哥的犯罪率明显下降。He declined our invitation to dinner.他婉拒了我们请他吃饭的邀请。*allocate,separate,detach,divide这一组动词都有 分开 的意思。allocate v.分配，把,拨给。The city government allocated money for schools and the police in this ye

20、ars budget.市政府在今年的预算中给学校和警察部门分配了资金。separate v.人为地分开，使隔离开。We separated the salad forks from the dinner forks.我们把沙拉叉与餐叉分隔开。detach v.拆开组合的物体；远离，疏远。We need a carpenter to detach this bookshelf from the wall.我们需要一名木匠将书架从墙上拆下来。divide v.指将整体分为若干个部分。The huge corporation divided into smaller companies.这家特大公司

21、分成一些较小的公司。*amplify,enlarge,stretch,magnify,reinforce,expand amplifyv.扩大，增加，尤其指通过增强电压或电流使声音扩大；补充叙述(故事、事件等)。We must ask you to amplify your statement.我们得请你对你的说法作进一步的说明。enlarge v.扩大，多指具体物品如相片的放大。enlarge photograph放大照片enlarge a house扩建房屋stretch v.(有弹性地)伸展，延伸，并有可能超过限度；伸长、伸出(身体某部位)并绷紧肌肉(尤指在放松后或为了够着某物)。The

22、 pullover stretched after I had worn it a few times.这件套头毛衣我穿了几次之后就撑大了。Having finished their morning work,the clerks stood up behind their desks,stretching themselves.完成了早间工作之后，职员们站到桌子后面伸伸懒腰。magnify v.放大，指用透镜或显微镜使物体看上去大一些。His eyeglasses magnify words so he can read them.他借助眼镜把字放大以便能够阅读。reinforce v.增援

23、，加固。expand v.指范围、体积的扩大、增大，也可以指内容或细节的充实。The balloon expanded,then exploded.气球先是膨胀，然后就爆破了。*anger,fury,indignation,resentment这一组名词都有 愤怒、生气 的意思。anger n.气愤，生气，是一般用语。After their argument,he expressed his anger by punching the other man in the face.争吵之后，他一拳打在那个人的脸上以发泄怒气。fury n.暴怒，大怒，程度较anger 要强。indignation

24、 n.义愤，尤其指出于道义上的激愤。Arise/arouse/attract general indignation at the sudden steep rise in bus fares公共汽车票价突然猛增激起的公愤resentment n.愤恨，怨恨，不满，是正式用语，尤指由于受侮辱或自尊心受到伤害后而产生的愤慨。There was a feeling of resentment in the office after everyones pay was lowered.大家的工资降低后，办公室里怨声载道。*apparent,evident,manifest,obvious,disti

25、nct这一组形容词都有 明显的 之意。apparent a.明显的，显而易见的，尤其指容易观察到或认识到的事物。He is very unhappy,and it is apparent that he wants to leave now.他很不高兴，显然他现在想走了。evident a.明白的，明显的，与apparent基本同意，多用于推理或由事实证明的事物。It is evident that he is guilty;his fingerprints were found at the crime scene.显然他是有罪的，在犯罪现场发现了他的指纹。manifesta.清楚的，明显的

26、，多指根据外部特征或迹象便能看出或了解其意义，常作表语。Her ability is manifest,but she is not attractive.她才能出众，但长相并不动人。obvious a.明显的，显而易见的，含有无可辩白，不需证明之意。It is obvious that woman has had too much to drink.很显然，那个妇女酒喝的太多了。distinct a.清楚的，明显的；不同的，独特的。修饰性质明显不同的东西。Medical care has made a distinct improvement in his health.治疗已使他的健康有了

27、明显的好转。*applaud,clap,commend,praise applaud v.鼓掌，赞扬，指因精湛表演或某种行为得到别人的赞许，大声叫好或热烈鼓掌。The boss applauded my efforts by praising my work.老板表扬了我的工作，对我的努力表示赞许。clap v.拍打，其用法是clap ones hand=applaud,不能说 applaud ones hands。clap sb.为某人鼓掌，clap sth.拍打某物commend v.为正式用词，用于对具体功绩或成就表示嘉奖，通常指上级对下级、长辈对晚辈的赞赏。The teacher co

28、mmended the student for doing well on the exam.老师表扬学生们的考试成绩优异。praise v.为一般用词，用于对某人的优秀品质表示钦佩羡慕；赞颂，赞美。A supervisor praised the employee for her good work.一位主管称赞这位员工的工作做得不错。Survivors of the crash praised God for saving them.坠机事件的幸存者赞颂上帝使他们得救。*area,district,region,zone这一组名词都有区域 的意思。area n.泛指面积较大的地区；面积；专

29、业领域。The New York area has high rents.纽约地区房租很高。district n.行政区划的小范围地区。如Xicheng District北京西城区region n.行政区划上更大的地区，如 自治区 ；身体部位。The northeast region of the USA includes New York and the six New England states.美国东北部包括纽约和新英格兰地区的那六个州。zone n.指特定的地方、地带。The city passed a law to create a business zone on some em

30、pty land.市政府通过法律，在一些空地上开辟商业区。*assembly,conference,congress,rally,seminar,session,summit,symposium 这一组名词都表示会议 的意思。assembly n.集合，集会。The assembly of students takes place in the auditorium.学生们在大礼堂举行集会。conference n.(专门性的)会议，讨论会。The conference on international economic problems met in Geneva.关于世界经济问题的会议在日

31、内瓦召开。congress n.代表大会，(美国的)国会。Congress passes laws that must be obeyed by the people.美国国会通过的法律，人民一定要遵守。rally n.(鼓舞士气的)集会；群众性集会。The football coach called a rally to build up the teams excitement for the next game.足球教练召开了一个动员会，以便鼓舞士气打好下次比赛。seminar n.(大学的)研究班，研讨会。During summer vacations some teachers at

32、tend seminars at college.暑假里，一些教师在学院里参加研究班。session n.(一届)会议，回合。the autumn session of Parliament议会的秋季会议summit n.最高级会议，峰会(通常为领导人参加)。Next year,the summit will be held in Vienna.明年将在维也纳举行最高级会谈。symposium n.(学术、科研方面的)座谈会，专题报告会。The symposium on SARS research lasted two days.非典型性肺炎研究的研讨会持续了两天。*assessment,es

33、timate,evaluation这一组名词都有 评估 的意思。assessment n.评估，估价，常常表示对于财产、价值的评估。We have a low assessment on our property.我们对我们的资产评估很低。estimate n.估计，强调进行评估得出的结果，常与动词give 搭配。The mechanic gave me a rough estimate of two or three hundred dollars for the repairs to my car.机械师给我的汽车修理费的粗略估计是200 或 300 美元。evaluation n.(对于

34、能力，价值、工作业绩的)评价，估价，常带有肯定的、正确的含义。He gave a positive evaluation of our scientific research.他对于我们的科学研究给予了积极的评价。*associate,ally,combine,unite这一组词都有 联合 的意思。associate v.交往，结交；联系，联想。多指平等友好的合作，后接with，表示与某人交往或合作，后接in 表示在某个方面合作。We associate with our neighbors at church.在教堂里，我们同邻居交往。ally v.使结盟，使联姻，多与with搭配。Seve

35、ral political parties allied with each other against higher taxes.几个政治党派联合起来反对提高税收。combine v.联合，化合，混合，多指为了某个目的将不同的人或物混合而成一个整体。The girl combined sugar,butter,and flour to made the dough.小姑娘把糖、黄油和面粉混合到一起做成面团。unite v.联合，合并，团结，尤指不同的事物或人组成统一体，强调结果的一致性。The nation united against its enemy.国民团结一致共同对敌。*award

36、,reward award v.指正式地或官方地颁发，授予，给予；也可以指法庭裁决给予。后面可跟双宾语。The school principal awarded a prize in history to the best student.学校校长将历史奖授予最出色的学生。reward v.酬劳，奖赏，回报，通常指因做了某一件事或提供了某种服务而应得到报酬或酬谢，其后一般以人或人的行为作宾语。后跟with 用来说明以何物作为报酬。I will reward to the person who returns my lost dog.我将出 50 美元，酬谢帮我找回丢失的狗的人。*aware,c

37、onscious aware a.知道的，意识到的，强调感官对外界事物的意识。He was aware of his mistake.他意识到自己的错误。conscious a.有意识的，意识到的，一般指内心所意识到的。The salesman is conscious of the fact that he must increase sales.销售员意识到他必须增加销售量。*basic,elementary,fundamental basic a.基本的，基础的，既可用于具体事物，也可用于抽象事物。He has a basic understanding of the problem.他

38、对问题有基本的了解。elementary a.初步的，初级的。elementary school小学fundamental a.根本性的，一般只用于抽象的事物；必要的，必须的。Honesty is a fundamental principle in dealing with others.诚实是与别人相处的基本原则。*bewilder,puzzle,confuse,embarrass这一组词都有 迷惑 的意思。bewilder v.使困惑，使茫然，强调非常困惑，通常表现为心理和智力的紊乱，语气最重。He was fired without warning and is completely

39、bewildered about the reason.他没有得到事先警告就被开除了，完全不明白是什么原因。When the farmers visited the city for the first time,they were bewildered by its complicated traffic system.当这些农夫们第一次到城里的时候，他们对城市复杂的交通系统感到迷惑不解。puzzle v.使迷惑，感到不解，强调不理解或解决不了。Where the sunken treasure is puzzles explorers.沉没宝藏的下落令探险家们大惑不解。confuse v.

40、一般用语，使混乱，使糊涂，强调因混淆而使人产生迷乱。He sent the wrong reports because he confused them with other ones.他发错了报告，因为他把它们同另外一些报告混淆在一起了。embarrass v.使窘迫，使为难，使困惑，有令人不快、难为情和内心混乱的意味。Her boyfriend embarrassed her by teasing her about her new hairstyle in front of others.她的男友在别人面前嘲笑她的新发型，使她感到难堪。*blame,condemn,reproach,sc

41、old这一组动词都有责怪 的意思。blame v.责怪，把,归咎于。You cant blame anyone in case you fail the exam.万一你考试不及格，你不能怪罪任何人。condemn v.谴责，用于比较正式的、严肃的场合。The wife condemned her husband for drinking too much.妻子因丈夫贪杯而责怪他。reproach v.(书面语)责备，表示不满。His teacher reproached him for not doing his homework.老师责备他不做作业。scold v.责骂，训斥。*blund

42、er,error,mistake这一组词都表示 错误。blunder n.(因为无知、疏忽犯下的)大错，愚蠢的错误。I think that I committed a blunder in asking her because she seemed very upset by my question.这位女士由于我的问题感到很难过，我感觉到犯了一个大错。error n.指判断、计算或行为上的错误，也可指智力或道义上的错误。The accident was the result of human error.这事故是人为的错误造成的。mistake n.误会，误解；(粗心、遗忘所导致的)错误。

43、I took your bag instead of mine by mistake.我错拿了你的手提包。*brittle,fragile,frail,crisp,invalid这一组形容词都有 弱的意思。brittle a.易碎的，易损坏的，通常是指坚硬的东西。The bones of elderly people become brittle and easily broken.老年人的骨头变得脆弱，很容易骨折。fragile a.常常修饰使用时必须小心才不会破碎的东西，也引申为体弱的，虚弱的。He s feeling a bit fragile after last nights par

44、ty.他参加了昨晚的聚会以后，现在感觉有些虚弱。frail a.(指人)体弱的，虚弱的，也可以指东西易碎的。His mother has grown old and frail.他母亲已经年老体弱。crisp a.指食品的松脆；清新的，爽快的；活跃的，有生气的，干净利落的。crisp biscuit松脆的饼干The student gave a clear,crisp answer to the teachers question.学生干净利落地回答了老师的问题。invalid a.不正确的，缺乏证据的；无效的，作废的。作名词时，表示病弱者，伤残者，久病者。Your ideas about t

45、he first humans are interesting but invalid.你关于最早的人类的观点很有意思，但是缺乏证据。A bad car accident made him an invalid.一次严重的车祸使他变成了残疾。*boundary,border,frontier,rim,verge这几个名词都有边界 的意思。boundary n.边界；界线。多指作为界线的标识物等。The fence marks the boundary between my land and hers.这道栅栏是我的地和她的地的分界线。border n.较宽的边缘，边界，多指两国或两地之间的分界

46、处附近的边缘地区、边界地带；也可以指物体的边缘等。We crossed the Mexican borders into the USA.我们穿过墨西哥边界进入美国境内。frontiern.边界，边境，边疆，指靠近边界(boundary)的区域；也可引申为 未开发的领域，(学术的)前沿 等。The American West was still a frontier a century ago.一个世纪以前美国西部还是一片边疆。She is a biochemist who works on the frontiers of biology.她是从事生物学前沿研究的生化学家。rim n.边，边

47、缘，尤指圆形或近似圆形的物体的边缘。verge n.(道路、花坛等长着草的)边缘，引申为某事即将发生之际。on the verge of war战争爆发之际*brief,concise,curt,succinct这一组形容词都有 简短的 意思。brief a.简明扼要的，简短的，指时间短暂，办事利索，态度明了等；有时含有 虽短但却不失全面 的意味。The manager made a brief statement to open the meeting.经理致了简短的开幕词。concise a.(文字等的)简要、精练，常含有保留主要部分的意思。His letter was concise,o

48、mitting everything not pertinent to the job.他的信写得简明扼要，省略掉了所有与该项工作无关的部分。curt a.三言两语的，简短的，常含有 草率 的意思。He asked his boss a question,but got a curt reply,I have no time for you now!他问老板一个问题，但是老板草率的说：我没时间搭理你。succinct a.简明的，简洁的，简练的，尤指用词简练，除含有concise的意思外，还有经过压缩的或简化的意思。succinct summary of the argument论点的概要*c

49、ertify,rectify,testify,verify这是一组形近易混词。certify v.证明，声称是真的。He certified it was his wifes handwriting.他证明那是他妻子的手迹。rectify v.改正，纠正；整顿。He rectified the mistake in the contract by changing its wording.他通过改变措辞纠正了合同里的错。testify v.(在法庭上)宣誓作证；表明。He is the only person who can testify in this case,because the o

50、ther witnesses were killed mysteriously.由于其他的证人已经被神秘地杀害，他成为这件案例中唯一可以作证的人。verify v.(用事实)证实或核实。I verified the stores address by calling to check it.我打电话询问，以核实商店的地址。*compel,constrain,force,oblige这一组动词都有 强迫 的意思。compel v.强迫，迫使，常表示运用权利、力量迫使对方做某事；有时也表示 别无办法，不得不做。His illness compelled him to stay in bed.他的病