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1、英语语法 英语句子成分分析句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的,表达一个完整的意义。一个句子一般由两部分构成,即主语部分和谓语部分,这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语,定语,状语,表语等。句子成分是句子中起一定功用的组成部分。1)主语:是一句的主体,是全句述说的对象,常用名词,数词或代词担任,一般放于句首。如:Students study.(学生学习。)We are friends.(我们是朋友)这两句话中单词students是个名词,we 是代词,它们在句中做主语。2)谓语:是对主语加以陈述,表示主语的行为或状态,常用动词或者动词词组担任,放在主语的后面。如:Students s
2、tudy.(学生学习。)We are friends.(我们是朋友)这两句话中单词study和 are 都是动词,study叫做实意动词,are 叫做 be动词,它们在句中作谓语。3)宾语:表示行为的对象,常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。如:They are teachers.(他们是老师。)I play with him.(我和他一起玩。)这两句话中单词teachers是名词,单词 him是带词,它们在句中作宾语。4)定语:是用来说明或者限制名词的成分,常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任。形容词放在名词之前,相当于形容词的短语或从句放在名词的后面。如:This is
3、a red sun.(这是个红太阳.)He is a tall boy.(他是个高个子男孩。)这两句话中单词red和 tall都是形容词,它们作定语。)状语是用来说明动词,形容词,副词或整个句子的成分。常由副词担任。修饰动词时可以放在动词之前,也可以放在动词之后;修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前。如:The students study hard.(这些学生学习努力。)I often write to him.(我常给他写信。)The bag is too heavy.(这个书包太重了。)这三句话中单词hard 和 often修饰的都是动词,第三句话中单词too修饰的是形容词,它们都作状语。)表
4、语:用来说明主语的性质或状态。一般由名词或者形容词担任。如:This table is long.(这个桌子是长的。)通常情况下,主语和宾语前的成分是定语,谓语前的成分是状语,时间词作状语放在句子后面。句子的成分分布如下:(定语)主语(状语)谓语(定语)宾语(状语)如:(The tall)boy(often)go(to the big)zoo.(The happy)child-went(his)home yesterday.请分析下面句子的结构说出各个成分1)I have two elder sisters.(我有两个姐姐。)2)They dont swim very well.(他们游泳不太
5、好。)3)Do you go to school every day?(你每天去上学吗?)4)I really want a cup of tea.(我真的想要一杯茶。)5)Miss Smith teaches English very well.(史密斯先生教英语非常好。)语法其实并没有一些人想象的那么可怕,其实里面有很多趣味。第一讲 英语句子成分WARM-UP:1)The teacher in the classroom.2)Sang many songs and danced happily.3)She attracts.4)Many people living in the count
6、ry.5)All the books on the desk over there.以上这些形式都不能构成英语句子。英语句子(sentence)=主语+谓语(核心:主动词)英语句子成分歌英语句子八呀八大块,主谓宾表真呀真实在;补语跟着宾语表语跑,定语同位(语)专把名词踹。状语的位置它自由自在,忽右忽左随心所欲摆。浑身的毛病真呀真不少,前后乱窜它还会加塞。(RAP)I 八大成分的概念和构成1主语(名词代词形):句子的主体,是谓语陈述,说明的对象。If you want the rainbow you have to put up with the rain.不经历风雨,怎么见彩虹。The sec
7、ret of success is to start from scratch and keep on scratching.成功的秘诀在于从磨练开始,并要坚持不断磨练。充当主语的形式:1)名词 2)代词 3)名词短语 4)名词从句 5)数词 6)不定式7)-ing形式8)介词短语(少见)形式主语(名词从句,不定式,动名词)(见第六讲主语和宾语)2谓语:表示主语的行为或进行的活动。I have a dream.You don t always want what you need,or need what you want.所需之物未必皆所欲,所欲未必皆所需。谓语形式:动词(英语句子的灵魂)3
8、宾语:行为或活动的对象,接受者或受影响者。You don t find opportunitiesyou make them.你找不到机会。你得去创造机会。You probably won t hear opportunity knock if your television is always on.如果你常开着电视,你就可能听不到机会的敲门声。充当宾语形式:1)名词2)代词 3)名词短语 4)名词从句 5)数词6)不定式 7)-ing形式形式宾语(名词从句,不定式,动名词)(见第六讲主语和宾语)4表语:说明主语的身份和情况。(跟在系动词后)Time is money.Three o clo
9、ck is always too late or too early for anything you want to do.你想做什么事,三点钟总是太早或太迟。构成形式:1)名词2)形容词 3)代词4)数词 5)不定式 6)ing 形式 7)过去分词8)副词 9)介词短语 10)小品词 11)名词从句5补语:补充说明。(由动词类别来决定)构成形式:1)名词 2)代词 3)形容词 4)数词 5)不定式 6)-ing形式 7)过去分词 8)介词短语 9)副词小品词 10)名词从句主语补语Tom was made monitor.宾语补语I made Tom monitor.表语补语I am su
10、re to succeed.6.定语:对名词性形式进行范围限定。7.This is beautiful music.There are only two kinds of musicgood and bad.自古音乐分两种,好的和坏的。构成形式:1)限定词 2)形容词 3)名词 4)数词 5)不定式 6)-ing形式7)过去分词 8)介词短语 9)副词 10)关系从句8.同位语:对被修饰对象进行补充说明或进一步解释。Puff,the magic dragon,lived by the sea.构成形式:1)名词 2)代词 3)名词短语 4)数词 5)不定式 6)-ing形式7)名词从句9.状语
11、:修饰词,短语,从句和整句。位置:自由自在。1)修饰性状语:修饰动词,形容词,副词等(时间,地点,肯定,否定,程度,频度,方式,伴随,原因,目的,比较等)。Can you feel the love tonight?Home never looks so good as when you come back from getting away from it.只有出走又回家时,家才最感亲切。2)连接性状语:连接上下文(顺序,递进,转折,让步,结果,推论,比较)。First comes spring,then summer.I ve never been to America,therefore
12、 I don t know much about it.3)评述性状语:修饰整个句子,表示说话人的看法或态度。Frankly speaking,the food is not very good.II 成分关系1补语跟着宾语表语跑:补语跟在宾语和表语的后面构成宾补和表补。把有宾补的句子变成被动语态,则宾补就变成了主补。To love others makes us happyto love ourselves makes us lonely.(宾补)We are made happy to love otherswe are made lonely to love ourselves.(主补)
13、爱他人使我们幸福,在自己使我们孤单。2定语,同位(语)专把名词踹:定语,同位语修饰名词性形式Experience is the best teacher.(被定语所修饰的形式为名词)They are going to Melbourne,the beautiful city in southern Australia.(同位语所修饰的形式为名词)3谓语动词由状语修饰When you reach for the stars,you may not quite get one,but you won t come up with a handful of sand either.你想摘下天上的星星
14、,可能一个也摘不下;但也不会一无所获。1、主语:(1)由名词、代词(人称代词用主格)、动词不定式、动名词等充当,说明动作是“谁”发出的。如:The painter painted a very nice picture.(画家画了一幅漂亮的画。)/They fought against SARS bravely.(他们勇敢地与非典搏斗。)/To see is to believe.(耳听为虚眼见为实)./Helping animals is to help people.(帮助动物就是帮助人类。)(2)动词不定式或动名词做主语时可用it 代替,而不定式或动名词移至表语或宾语之后。如:It is
15、 very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey.(在长途旅行中能有个甲等座位简直太舒服了。)/Eating too much is bad for your health.(=It is bad for your health eating too much.)(吃得太多对你的身体不利。)(3)口语中常见主语或“主-系”省略:(It is)nothing.(那)没有什么。)/(It)doesn t matter.(那)没有关系。)/(I)thank you.(我)谢谢你。)(4)反 意 问 句 的 附 加 问 句
16、,主 语 必 须 是 代 词:The man looks worried,doesn t he?(这个人看上去很着急不是吗?)/Tigers are dangerous animals,aren t they?(老虎是危险的动物不是吗?)(5)祈 使 句 一 般省 略主 语。加主 语时 往往 用 来 指 定 某 个 人。Keep the keyboards clean,children.(孩子们请保持键盘的清洁。)(省略了主语)/You go there and fetch me a glass of water.(你去给我弄一杯水来。)(6)主语一般在句首,但在问句中会处于第二位和句尾;倒装
17、句及there be 句型主语在动词之后。如:Computers are made in this factory.(计算机生产于这家工厂。)/Where are they?(他们在哪儿?)/Does the boy like staying home?(这个男孩喜欢呆在家里吗?)(7)主语与谓语必须保持单、复数的一致,而谓语与表语或宾语之间没有这一要求。Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam.(Jim和 Rose都没有通过考试。)/The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people.(中华民族是
18、一个勤劳勇敢的民族。)(8)主语可以由从句充当,详见“主语从句”。2、谓语:(1)由“不及物动词”、“及物动词+宾语”或“系动词+表语”等构成,说明主语所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么样”。如:He travelled in space for the first time.(他首次在太空旅行。)/Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语?)/The pizza has gone bad.(那块烤馅饼已经变坏。)/(2)谓语动词必须反映出人称、单复数、时态等信息,谓语动词往往由下列词语依序排列构成:情态动词+时态助动词+语态助动词+主要动词(不一定
19、全部出现)。(见动词的时态和语态构成表)记住:谓语部分第一个动词往往是变形动词。如:I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to.(对不起我发出了太大的声音但是只能这样。)/He can t have finished reading the 800-page-long novel.(他不可能读完了那本长达800 页的小说。)/Something must be done to stop the fowl flu from spreading out.(该采取措施防止禽流感蔓延。)(3)谓语动词切忌用“行为动词 1+原形动词”、“be+原
20、形动词”。记住使用下列正确形式:情态动词+原形动词。如:You d better go over the lesson.(你最好复习这一课。)shall/will/would+原形动词。如:They should have been there once.(他们应该去过那儿。)be+现在分词或者过去分词。如:What are you doing this evening?(今晚你打算做什么?)/Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.(自从 20 世纪70 年代大批树木被砍伐。)have+过去分词。如:Many trees have been cut
21、 down since 1970s.(意思同上)一般时问句和否定句中:do/does/did+原形动词。如:He does not enjoy himself very much.(他日子过的不好。)/Did any of you see dinosaur eggs?(你们当中有谁见过恐龙蛋吗?)行为动词 1+行为动词 2(不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词等形式)。如:He made up his mind to be a vet.(他拿定主意要做个兽医。)/Feeling good about yourself is essential to feeling good about life
22、.(自尊 自 爱 是 享 受 生 活 的 根 本。)/They wake up the other family members,calling,“Merry Christmas!”(他们叫醒家庭的其他成员,呼喊着:圣诞快乐!)/The kings of ancient Egypt had strong tombs built for themselves.(古代的埃及国王让人给他们自己修建坚固的坟墓。)(4)不可用形容词、名词、代词、副词、介词短语等独立作谓语,必须在此之前加连系动词。(5)谓语动词单复数形式:单数形式的动词有:is,was,has,does以及“动词+s”;复数形式的动词有
23、:are,were,have以及动词原形。其他动词不分单、复数。谓语部分第一个动词的形式单数形式复数形式一般现在时 be(是)动词;现在某些时态和语态的助动词be am(单一);are(单二);is(单三);are 一般过去时 be(是)动词;过去某些时态和语态的助动词be was(单一);were(单二);was;(单三)were 一般现在时 have(有)动词;现在完成时态的助动词have have(单一);have(单二);has(单三);have 一般现在时行为动词和助动词do do(单一、单二);does(单三)do 实意动词和连系动词的一般现在时动词(否定和疑问句除外)原形动词(单
24、一、单二);动词+s/es(单三)原形动词其他各时态语态的谓语动词单复数形式相同记住:主语、谓语单复数必须保持一致。(参见“4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题:”)Air and water is necessary to us all.(空气和水对于我们大家是必不可少的。)(6)一般问句和反意问句的回答不使用行为动词,应该使用“是”动词、情态动词、助动词(be,will,have,do以及变形)。如:The Olympic Games is held every other year,isn t it?-Yes,it is.(奥运会每两年举办一次,是吗?-是的。)3、宾语:(
25、1)由名词、代词(人称代词要用宾格)、不定式、动名词、(宾语)从句充当,表示动作的承受者是“谁”或者是“何物”。如:The angel also came to Joseph and told him the same thing.(那个天使同样来到约瑟夫面前并且告诉他同样的事情。)(代词和名词充当两个宾语)/He told me that the company could not afford to pay him so much money.(他告诉我说公司付不起他那么多的钱。)(不定式作宾语)/They enjoy watching football games so much tha
26、t they often forget their lessons.(他们如此喜爱看足球以至于常常忘记了他们的功课。)(动名词作宾语)/I think to be a children s doctor is very rewarding.(我认为当个儿童医生是很值得的。)(从句作宾语)(2)只有及物动词或介词才有宾语,不及物动词没有宾语,如果涉及到事物,则必须在不及物动词后面加合适的介词。Listen to the radio.(listen不是及物动词,故加 to。)/Can you hear anything exciting?(你能听到什么令人兴奋的消息吗?)(3)宾语一般放在及物动词
27、或介词的后面,但是在疑问句中,如果宾语是疑问词,则宾语要放在句首。介词的宾语如果是疑问词,则可以放在介词后或句首。如:What did he see?(他看见了什么?)/What does he write a letter with?(他用什么写的信?)/With what does he write a letter?(他用什么写的信?)(4)“动词+副词+宾语”结构中,如果宾语是代词,则代词必须放在“动”“副”之间。如:Please put the shoes away.(请把鞋子收起来。)/Please put away the shoes.(请把鞋子收起来。)/Please put
28、them away.(请把它们收起来。)(5)动词后面跟双宾语时可以采用两种结构:动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)。如:He often gives me some help.(他常常帮我。)动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。注意,一般情况介词用 to,但动词是 make,buy,borrow时,介词用 for.如:Please make me a kite.(请给我做个风筝。)或 Please make a kite for me.(6)在“动词+宾语+宾补”结构中,如果宾语是不定式、动名词、宾语从句,则常用 it做形式宾语,而将实际的宾语移到补语后面去。如:I found the job
29、 rather difficult.(我发觉这个工作相当难做。)/I found it rather difficult to do the job.(7)宾语可以由从句充当,详见“宾语从句”。4、表语:(1)说明主语的身份、性质、状况等含义的成分,通常由形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、代词等充当。如:He became a doctor after he left high school.(高中毕业他当上了医生。)/The rubber wheels are over there.(橡胶轮子在那边。)/He does not feel like eating anything today be
30、cause he has caught a bad cold.(他今天不想吃任何东西因为他得了重感冒。)/Who is it?(谁呀?)(2)表 语 只 能 放 在 连 系 动 词(如:be,look,become,turn get,grow,feel,seem)之后,对表语进行提问的句子除外。(3)代词做表语一般用主格,口语中常用宾。如:It s I.(It s me.)是我。(4)只能作表语的形容词有:sorry,afraid,alone,asleep,awake,ill,well,sure,interested等等。He was terribly sorry for his carele
31、ssness.(他很为他的粗心而歉疚。)/Please make no noise here;the baby is asleep.(请不要发出响动,婴儿正熟睡呢。)/I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!(我只是对独坐孤舟无所事事感兴趣。)/I am not alone in thinking so.(并非只有我才这样想的。)(5)表语也可以由从句充当,详见“表语从句”。5、定语:(1)修饰名词或代词的成分,常由形容词、名词(含所有格)、代词(物主、指示、疑问、不定)、介词短语、不定式(短语)充当
32、,在初三阶段还学习了定语从句做定语的知识。如:Put it in the top drawer.(把它放在最上层的抽屉里。)/France and Switzerland are European countries.(法国和瑞士是欧洲国家。)/His mother and father are both college teachers.(他的父母都是大学教师。)/This is the day that I can never forget in my life.(这是我一辈子难忘的日子。)(2)单词做定语时一般放在被修饰的名词前面,而且有一定的次序:冠词/物代年龄/形状/大小/温度色彩来
33、源质地/材料目的/用途被修饰的名词(中心词)athemyhisold,young,red,yellow,blue,Chinese,English,American,wooden,woolen,glass,silk,papermeeting,tennis,sports,reading,swimming,box,shoes,room,piglong,short,round,squarebig,large,small,littlehot,cold,warm,cool(3)时 间 副 词(now,then,today,yesterday,.)、地 点 副 词(here,there,back,in,ou
34、t,home,.作定语时放在被修饰的名词后面。如:I could not find my way out,so I stayed there all along.(我找不到出去的路,所以就一直呆在那儿。)(4)介词短语修饰名词时只能放在名词的后面:The monkey in the cage was caught yesterday.(笼子里的猴子是昨天逮着的。)(5)形 容 词 修 饰 复 合 不 定 代 词 时,往 往 后 置。如:He remembered everything unusual.(他记得所有不寻常的事情。)(6)定语还可以用从句充当,详见 定语从句。(7)注意:由于定语属
35、于修饰性的成分,因此它常归入主语、宾语、表语之中,不作为句子的主要成分。6、状语:(1)说明动作“何时”、“何地”、“如何”发生,或者说明形容词或副词的程度,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式、状语从句等充当。如:I was not born yesterday.(我 又 不是昨 天才出世 的 娃娃。)/For many of these families a college education was something new.(对其中的许多家庭来说,大学教育是件新事物。)/He woke up to find his house on fire.(他醒来发现房子着火了。)/You cannot
36、 leave until your work is finished.(在你的工作被完成以前你不能离开)(2)副词作状语位置较为灵活;介词短语作状语,位置基本固定;不定式作状语,一般表示目的、结果;从句作状语.(3)多个状语相连时,一般先单词、后短语,先地点、后时间,先小概念、后大概念。如:He went ouf of the room at a quarter to 23:00 last night and then disappeared into the dark.(他昨夜 22 点3 刻从房间里出来,然后消失在黑暗之中。)/(4)状语还可以用从句来充当,有时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原
37、因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句等。详见“状语从句”。(5)注意:由于状语属于修饰性的成分,常归入谓语,因此不作为句子的主要成分。7、宾语补足语:(1)补充说明宾语的动作、状态的成分为宾语补足语,常由名词、形容词、动词非谓语形式(不定式、现在分词、过去分词等)、介词短语等充当。如:Call him Jim,please.(请叫他 Jim。)/I tried my best to make him happy.(我竭尽所能让他开心。)/Ask her to come to dinner tomorrow.(请他明天来。)/He let the smaller animals bring food to him.(他让小动物们给他带食物来。)(2)部分表示位置、方向的副词也可以作宾语补足语。如:Let him in,I tell you!(我跟你说,让他进来!)/Please put it away.(请把它收起来。)(3)不定式或分词作宾语补足语
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