翻译技巧转换.pdf

《翻译技巧转换.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《翻译技巧转换.pdf（6页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、由于英汉两种语言在语法和表达方式等方面存在着许多差异，因此英译汉时常常有必要改变表达方式，使译文通顺流畅、地道可读。这种变通技巧就是转换法（shift of perspective）。转换的形式多种多样，大体可分为7 种：词类转换，句子成分转换，表达方式转换，自然语序与倒装语序转换；正面表达与反面表达转换，主动式与被动式转换，分句转换。一、词类转换词类转换是指英语中的某一词类译成汉语时转换成另一词类。（一）英语名词、介词、形容词或副词转换为汉语动词（1）The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a pol

2、icy of first importance to a public man.因此，对于一个从事社会活动的人来讲，培养一种爱好和新的情趣方式，乃是至关重要的对策。（2）The Red Army Men marched on bravely against the piercing wind.红军冒着刺骨的寒风英勇前进。（3）All were unconscious that this experience was a test of character;and,when the first excitement was over,felt that they had done well,an

3、d deserved praise.大家都没有认识到这番经验却是一次个性的考验，最初的兴奋过去以后，又觉得自己已经干得不错了，理应受到赞扬。（4）He appeared at her side,breathing audibly,a moment after she reached the stop.She gazed ahead,rigid.她到车站不一会儿，他便出现在她的身旁，听见他喘息的声音。她凝视着前方，表情严峻。（5）Yet to both classes the need of an alternative outlook,of a change of atmosphere,of

4、a diversion of effort,is essential.然而，对所有这两种类型的人来说，变换一下看法、改变一下环境和转换一下注意力都是最基本的需要。（6）and it was on the first stage of this journey,in Kenya,that she received the news of her fathers death and her own accession to the throne.就在此行的第一站肯尼亚，她接到了父亲去世并由她本人继承王位的消息。（二）英语动词、副词转换为汉语名词、形容词（1）The inflammation is

5、characterized by red,swelling,fever,and pain.炎症的特点是红、肿、热、痛。（2）The visiting guests were escorted to the Yellow Crane Tower last Sunday.上星期天，来访的客人和陪同人员一起参观了黄鹤楼。（3）Our government shows great concern for the Chinese residents abroad.我国政府十分关心海外华侨。（4）Formality has always characterized their relationship.他

6、们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。（5）Most US spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earths atmosphere after completing their missions.美国绝大多数间谍卫星，按其设计，是在完成使命后，在大气层中焚毁。（三）英语名词转换为汉语形容词、副词（1）He added:I understand and respect those views,but I deeply believe in the correctness of my decision.他还说：我理解并尊重他们的看法，但我深

7、信我的决定是正确的。（2）They came back game and glee.他们兴高采烈地回来了。二、句子成分转换句子成分转换是指英语中的某一句子成分译成汉语时转换成另一种句子成分。句子成分转换在主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语之间展开。例如：（1）You can always tell the somebodies from the nobodies at a cocktail party.The somebodies come late.在鸡尾酒会上人们常常可以看出大人物和无名小卒来。那些迟到的就是大人物。（主语转换为表语；谓语转换为主语）（2）With the fear of

8、largely imaginary plots against his leadership,his self-confidence seemed totally to desert him.由于害怕有人阴谋推翻他的领导，他似乎完全丧失了自信。但所谓的阴谋在很大程度上是他自己假想出来的。（主语转换为宾语，宾语转换为主语）（3）Cheerful,efficient and warm-hearted,they will do everything to make your journey smooth and comfortable.他们乐观、能干、热情，总是想方设法使你一路上顺利舒适。（状语转换

9、为谓语）（4）Her presence of mind had not completely deserted her;but she could not have trusted herself to speak.她还没有完全失去镇静，一时却又找不出话可说。（主语转换为宾语，宾语转换为主语）（5）This is the unexpected kind of remark that makes me like the colonel;there is a touch of rough poetry about him.正是这种出人意料的言论使我喜欢上了上校。他这个人还有那么点诗意呢。（主语转换

10、为宾语；介词宾语转换为主语）三、表达方式转换英汉两种语言在表达方式上往往因角度不同而异。要克服这些差异，翻译时也就常有必要把一种表达方式转换为另一种表达方式，使译文符合汉语表达习惯。（一）英语中有一些计量词，如score,dozen,decade,quarter等，在汉语中没有相应的表达方式，所以在汉译时得对其加以转换。例如：（1）Five score years ago,a great American,in whose symbolic shadow we stand,signed the Emancipation Proclamation.100 年以前，一位伟大的美国人签署了解放宣言，

11、我们现在就站在他象征性的庇荫中。（2）A dozen and a half airplanes poured out into the airport during that five minutes.那 5 分钟内，有18 架飞机涌进了机场。（3）Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation.87 年前，我们的先辈在这个大陆上创建了一个新的国家。（4）They had a dozen children,six boys and six girls,in seven

12、teen years.在 17 年中，他们生了12 个孩子，6 男 6 女。（二）由于英汉两种语言在表述角度上不尽相同，翻译时常常有必要转换角度，才能使意思明白清楚、表达自然。例如：（1）She has been a widow only for six months.她丈夫死了至今才不过半年。（原文是从妻子的角度加以陈述的，而译文是从丈夫的角度加以陈述的。如果不改变表达方式，而搬用原来的表达方式，那译文就是：她只当了6 个月的寡妇。这就会给人以错觉：她很快就改嫁了。）（2）Is there a special rate by the month?Yes,there is a 10%disco

13、unt.按月计算有什么优惠吗？有，可以打9 折。四、自然语序与倒装语序转换句子的自然语序是主语在前，谓语在后。倒装语序主要是指主谓倒装。英语中使用倒装语序，主要是为了加强语气、突出重点、平衡句子结构等；而汉语中使用倒装语序相对较少，所以英译汉时，常常得将倒装语序转换为自然语序。例如：（1）Away ran the boy.男孩跑开了。（2）Slowly climbs the summer moon.夏天的月亮慢慢地爬上来了。五、正面表达与反面表达转换由于思维方式的不同，英语中有些从正面表达的东西在汉语中习惯从反面来表达；而有些从反面来表达的东西在汉语中则习惯从正面来表达。因此，英译汉时常常有必

14、要进行转换。这就是通常所说的正说反译、反说正译法。英语正面表达这里指的是不带否定词no,not,never 否定前缀non-,in-,im-,ir-,dis-和否定后缀-less 等的句子，汉语正面表达则是指不带不、没、非、未、否、无、莫、勿、别等否定词语的句子；反之则是反面表达。（一）英语正面表达转换为汉语反面表达frost-free refrigerator无霜冰箱Freeze!别动！Wet paint!油漆未干！mortally ill 不治之症（1）The proposal was carried by a very narrow margin.这项建议差点通不过。（2）We beli

15、eve that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.我们相信，年轻一代将不会辜负我们的信任。（3）He went to an outdoor phone booth and dialed Chicago,then New York,then San Francisco.Silence.Silence.Silence.他到一个户外公用电话亭，先给芝加哥、又给纽约、旧金山打了电话。（4）As a place to live,it left much to be desired.As a secret training bas

16、e for a revolutionary new plane,it was an excellent site,its remoteness effectively masking its activity.作为居住的地方，这里有许多不足之处，但作为改革性的新飞机秘密训练基地，却是非常理想的。因为它地处边陲，人们不易发觉其中的活动。（5）The pictures that linger in his mind,called up in a moment by such sensations as the smell of roses or of new-mown hay,are of a s

17、impler nature.然而，萦绕心头的画面，那些一经嗅到玫瑰花香或新鲜干草的气息便会倏地闯入记忆的情景，其实并不复杂。（6）As he sipped his coffee,he opened a still damp morning paper;and began reading.他一面喝咖啡，一面翻开油墨未干的晨报，看了起来。（7）Fathers attitude toward anybody who wasnt his kind used to puzzle me.以前我总不懂父亲为什么对那些脾气跟他不一样的人采取那么个态度。（8）Sadly,Edward died before h

18、e could see the new church,but his beautiful tomb is still there,with the tombs of the Kings and Queens of England who came after him.遗憾的是，爱德华未能看见新教堂就去世了，但是他那幽雅的坟墓和嗣后的英国国王和王后的坟墓还都留在那里。（二）英语反面表达转换为汉语正面表达（1）You cant be too careful.你要特别小心。（2）The significance of these incidents wasnt lost on us.这些事件引起了我

19、们的重视。（3）Such flights couldnt long escape notice.这类飞行迟早会被人发觉的。（4）The human system can hold out for a while against the gas from a leaking,damped-down coal stove,but soon after unconsciousness comes death.煤气若是从封上火的煤炉漏出，人体可以忍受一些时候，但人昏迷之后，不用很久就会死亡。（5）But there is another story,a family saga,that may tur

20、n out to be important to unlocking the mystery of what actually happened between Lewinsky and the President.但是，莱温斯基和总统之间究竟发生了什么事，另外一个故事，即家史，最终对解开这个谜十分重要。（6）Maintaining credibility requires confronting potential adversaries with the objective,unambiguous facts of our counter-balancing military capabi

21、lities,our political strengths and economic advantages,and our clear resolution to use these for our defense if necessary.保持这种可靠性需要以下客观的、明确的事实来对付潜在的对手：我们达到平衡的军事能力、我们的政治实力和经济优势以及我们必要时使用这些手段进行自卫的毫不含糊的决心六、主动式与被动式转换英语中被动语态用得较多，而汉语中被动语态则用得相对较少，因此英译汉时被动语态常常可转换为主动语态，当然有时也可以保留其被动语态。而英语中的主动语态，有时汉译也可根据汉语的表达习惯

22、转换为被动语态。（一）被动转换为主动英语被动句式转换为汉语主动句式时，原文中的主语在译文中有时仍可作主语，有时也可作宾语，有时全句还可译成带表语的主动句。例如：（1）Heat is constantly produced by the body as a result of muscular and cellular activity.由于肌肉和细胞活动的结果，身体不断地产生热。（2）In a moment he will turn and see us,and his face will be lighted by a smile so radiant youll feel warm all

23、 the way through过一会儿他会转过身来看着我们，那时他脸上会泛出灿烂的微笑，让你全身都感到温暖。（3）With the development of speech,the number of occasions producing sudden experiences of pleasure increased,and since laughter was closely associated with speech,man had this means of expressing his pleasure.随着说话的发展，产生突然感受愉快的机会增多了，并且，由于笑与说话密切相关

24、，人类就有了这种表达愉快的手段。（4）In future conflicts,similar logistical problems are likely to be repeated raising the prospect of mass confusion in a full-scale mobilization.在未来的冲突中，类似的后勤问题大概还会重复出现，从而在一次大规模的动员中有可能出现大乱。当然有时英语被动语态翻译成汉语时仍可用被动句式，例如：（1）When we were first captured,my own reaction was mainly one of fea

25、r and suspicion.我们刚被俘时，我的感觉是又害怕又怀疑。（2）The visitor was flattered and impressed.客人受宠若惊，深为感动。（二）主动转换为被动有时,英语中主动句在汉译时可用汉语中的被动句来表达，但这一现象似不多见。例如：（1）His acceptance into the Party is a quite natural thing.他被吸收到党内是完全应该的。（2）Appalled by what he had done,Bob rushed to the parapet and flung himself on the rocks

26、below,where the sea claimed him immediately.鲍勃对他所做的一切感到震惊，他冲到护墙处，纵身跳到下面的岩石上，立即被大海所吞没。七、分句转换分句转换是指一种英语分句翻译成汉语时转换成另一种分句，例如：（1）They felt that it was much easier and safer to rob their own people,for they knew that white policemen never really searched diligently for Negroes who committed crimes against

27、 other Negroes.他们觉得抢劫他们的同种人要安全得多，因为他们知道，如果黑人侵犯的是黑人，白人警察便从来不认真搜捕。（定语从句 条件状语从句）（2）Her great grief in this relation was that her only child,on whose education no expense had been and would be spared,was now old enough to perceive these deficiencies in his mother.这一方面给她造成了极大的苦闷，也就是有关她的独生子的问题。虽然过去和今后在儿子的教育费用上既不曾也不会省掉什么钱，然而如今他的年纪已经不小，能注意他母亲的这些缺点了。（定语从句 让步状语从句）