清华大学有机化学李艳梅老师课件第10章.ppt
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1、Alcohols and phenols第十章第十章 醇与酚醇与酚Organic Chemistry A(1)By Prof.Li Yan-MeiTsinghua University醇(Alcohol)酚(Phenol)ContentContentContentContent Part I Alcohols 10.1 Structure,isomerization,classification and nomenclature 10.2 Physical and spectroscopic properties 10.3 Monobasic/Monohydroxyl alcohol 10.4
2、 Polybasic alcohol 10.5 Preparation of alcohol 10.6 Sources and usagesPart II Phenol/Hydroxybenzene 10.7 Structure and nomenclature 10.8 Physical and spectroscopic properties 10.9 Chemical reactions 10.10 Preparations 10.11 Sources and usagesPart IAlcohols第一部分第一部分 醇醇 10.1.1 Structure 10.1.2 Isomeriz
3、ation 10.1.3 Classification 10.1.4 Nomenclature 10.1 Structure,isomerization,classification and nomenclature108.5osp3 hybridization 2DVery close to waterMany alcohols completely miscible with water 10.1.1 Structure 结构结构10.1.2 Isomerization 异构异构Position isomerizationFuctional group isomerizationCarbo
4、n chain isomerization位置异构位置异构碳架异构碳架异构官能团异构官能团异构10.1.3 Classification 分类分类 C12p 根据羟基数目:一元醇 二元醇 三元醇p 根据所连的碳原子不同:一级醇(伯醇)二级醇(仲醇)三级醇(叔醇)p 根据所含碳原子数目:低级醇 中级醇 高级醇10.1.4 Nomenclature 命名命名 Deciding the longest chain to which the hydroxyl group is attached1 Decide the serial number for all carbon atoms.2 Write
5、 down the name.3123452-pentanolInter molecular hydrogen bondBoiling pointMelting pointSimple alcohols completely miscible with water与水形成氢键与水形成氢键低级醇一般与水任意混溶低级醇一般与水任意混溶10.2 Physical and spectroscopic properties10.2.1 Physical properties分子间氢键导致熔点、沸点较高分子间氢键导致熔点、沸点较高Simple alcohols may form co-crystals w
6、ith inorganic salts.低级醇与一些无机盐(如:低级醇与一些无机盐(如:MgCl2、CaCl2、CuSO4等)形成结晶状等)形成结晶状的分子化合物的分子化合物 结晶醇结晶醇(醇化物醇化物)MgCl2,CuSO4 MgCl2 6 CH3OHCaCl2 4 C2H5OHCaCl2 4 CH3OH用途:除去有机溶剂中少量的醇用途:除去有机溶剂中少量的醇 将醇与其它有机物分开将醇与其它有机物分开危害:不可用危害:不可用MgCl2、CaCl2、CuSO4等来干燥低级醇等来干燥低级醇10.2.1 Spectrometry(O-H)(C-O)3640cm-13630cm-13620cm-11
7、050cm-11100cm-11150cm-1IR(O-H)35503450cm-1(O-H)34003200cm-1in inter molecular hydrogen bonding systems(-OH)36003500cm-1in intra molecular hydrogen bonding systems(-OH)32003500cm-1multi molecule cluster(-OH)34003200cm-1(O-H)3710cm-1(O-H)3300cm-1(O-H)36003450cm-1IR of OH bond in water moleculeSolid,ic
8、eCrystallized waterLiquid waterNMR0.5-5.5 3.715-19活泼氢活泼氢 10.3.1 Acidity and basicity 10.3.2 Esterifying 10.3.3 Nucleophilic substitution 10.3.4 Dehydration and elimination10.3 Monobasic/Monohydroxyl alcoholLone pair electrons Basicity NucleophileAcidity Ionization Reacting with alkali metalsLabile b
9、eta-hydrogen Elimination Oxidation DehydrationBrief introductionOH is not a good leaving group.Proton is often required to change the bad leaving group OH into a good leaving group OH2+好的离去基团好的离去基团10.3.1 Acidity and basicity 酸、碱性酸、碱性Stronger acidityWeakeracidity(1)Relative acidity 酸性顺序酸性顺序(A)Acidity
10、 酸性酸性原因:溶剂化效应的影响原因:溶剂化效应的影响More solvation leads to more stable positive ion.溶剂化效应的影响:溶剂化效应的影响:Stronger acidityWeakeracidityInductive effectInductive effectElectron cloud pulled 诱导效应的影响:诱导效应的影响:Na(2)Reaction with metals 与金属的反应与金属的反应KCaMgAlRbSrBaCsReaction rateRCH2OH R2CHOH R3COHApplicationsDeal with
11、such metals with alcohol,reducing reaction rate,avoiding explosion.Alcoholic metals are good nucleophiles.醇金属可作为好的亲核试剂醇金属可作为好的亲核试剂。(B)Basicity 碱性碱性Boron trifluoride好的离去基团好的离去基团 10.3.2 Esterification 酯化反应酯化反应Organic acidInorganic acid某酸某酯某酸某酯硝酸某酯硝酸某酯亚硝酸某酯亚硝酸某酯硫酸氢某酯硫酸氢某酯Acyl chlorideAnhydrideMechanism
12、 机理机理 10.3.3 Nucleophilic substitution 亲核取代反应亲核取代反应Nucleophilic reagent 亲核试剂亲核试剂HX,PX3,SOCl2.常见产物:常见产物:RX(RCl)(A).Reactions with HX 与与HX的反应的反应ReactivityMechanism:H+及及ZnCl2的作用的作用-形形成好的离去基团成好的离去基团SN1 or SN2?Generally,1o ROH follows SN2 mechanism,while 2o and 3o ROH follows SN1 mechanism,which is often
13、 coupled with an anion rearrangement.易发生重排Mechanism-neighboring group participation 邻基邻基参与参与Lucas reagent:Lucas试剂试剂Reactivity 反应性反应性Reaction occurs immediately立刻反应立刻反应Reaction occurs after 25 min 片刻片刻(2-5分钟分钟)后反应后反应Reaction occurs when heated 加热才反应加热才反应C6以下一元醇以下一元醇 溶于溶于HCl 不溶于不溶于HCl 变浑变浑 由于鉴别由于鉴别1 1
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