无机化合物的命名.ppt
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1、化学工程与工艺专业英语化学工程与工艺专业英语1成绩计算办法:成绩计算办法:平平 时时 点点 名:名:20%20%平平 时时 作作 业:业:30%30%期期 末末 考考 试:试:50%50%(开卷考试开卷考试!)!)主要内容无机化合物的命名有机化合物的命名专业外语书上的部分单元1,3,45,6,710,11,12,1320,21Nomenclature of inorganic compoundWith the discovery of thousands of new inorganic compounds it has become necessary to revise the tradi
2、tional rules of nomenclature.An international committee has recommended a set of rules for naming compounds,and these are now being adopted throughout the world.随着成千上万个新无机化合物的发现,对传统的命名规则进行修订就显得很有必要。国际委员会提出了一套命名无机化合物的规则,这套规则已经被全世界范围接受。One of the principle changes is that proposed by Albert Stock and
3、now known as the Stock system for naming the compounds of metal(oxides,hydroxides,and salts)in which the metal may exhibit more than one oxidation state.其中一个主要的变化是Albert Stock 提出来的Stock命名系统,这个系统主要用于命名具有不同氧化态的金属氧化物,金属氢氧化物和金属盐。Anotherimportantchangeisinthenamingofcomplexionsandcoordinationcompounds.In
4、 these case the oxidation state of metal is shown by the roman numeral in parentheses immediately following the English name of metal which corresponds to its oxidation number.在这种情况下,金属氧化态是以紧接着金属的英文名称之后在圆括号中用罗马数字表示,该数字与金属的氧化数一致。Naming ionsNaming metal oxides,bases,and saltsNaming nonmetal oxidesNami
5、ng acidsNaming acid and basic saltsNaming mixed salts元素和单质的命名元素和单质的命名“元素”:element “单质”:element 有时为了区别,又叫:free element 化合物:compoundcover9S-blockElementIAHHydrogenLiLithiumNaSodiumKPotassiumRbRubidiumCsCesiumFrFranciumIIABeBerylliumMgMagnesiumCaCalciumSrStrontiumBaBariumRaRadium10P-blockElementVIAVIIA
6、0HeHeliumOOxygenFFluorineNeNeonSSulfurClChlorineArArgonSeSeleniumBrBromineKrKryptonTeTelluriumIIodineXeXenonPoPoloniumAtAstatineRnRadonIIIAIVAVABBoronCCarbonNNitrogenAlAluminumSiSiliconPPhosphorusGaGalliumGeGermaniumAsArsenicInIndiumSnTinSbAntimonyTlThalliumPbLeadBiBismuth11CommonTransitionElememtFe
7、:ironMn:manganeseCu:copperZn:zincHg:mercuryAg:silverAu:goldNames of CationsMonatomic cations1.Single valence ions Cations name=Elementfor example:Na+Sodium Al3+Aluminum K+Potassium Ca2+Calcium2.Multivalence ionsCations name=Element(N)对于有变价的金属元素,一般用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态,或用后缀-ous-ous表示低价,-ic-ic表示高价。For exampl
8、e:Fe2+Iron(II)or Ferrous Fe3+Iron(III)or Ferric Mn4+Manganese(IV)Mn2+Manganese(II)Cu2+copper(I)or cuprous Cu+copper(II)or cupricPolyatomic cations:radicel NH4+:ammoniumNames of Anions 1.Monatomic(单原子)(单原子)anions Anions name=Elements root-ide F-:fluoride(F:fluorine);Cl-:chloride(Cl:chlorine);Br-:brom
9、ide(Br:bromine;I-:iodide(I:iodine)CN-:cyanide;OH-:hydroxide 2.Polyatomic oxyanions(含氧阴离子含氧阴离子)(1).Acid radicals for normal salt(正酸根-ate)Anions name=Central Elements root-ate for example:ClO3-Chlorate IO3-Iodate PO43-Phosphate NO3-Nitrate SO42-Sulfate CO32-Carbonate Cl:chlorine I:iodin P:phosphorous
10、N:nitrogen S:sulfur C:carbon17(2).Acid radicals for meta-salts(亚酸根-ite)Anions name=Central elements root-ite for example:ClO2-Chlorite IO2-Iodite PO33-Phosphite NO2-Nitrite SO32-Sulfite18(3).Acid radicals for hypo-salts(次酸根-ite)Anions name=Hypo-Central elements root-ite for example:ClO-Hypochlorite
11、IO-Hypoiodite PO23-Hypophosphite 19(4).Acid radicals for persalts(高酸根Per-ate)Anions name=Per-central Elements root-atefor example:ClO4-Perchlorate IO4-Periodate MnO4-Permanganate化合物的命名化合物的命名化合物的命名顺序:英文读法:从化学式从左往右读,中文读法:从化学式从右往左读CO2:二氧化碳carbondioxideAgCl:氯化银silverchloride表示原子个数时使用前缀:tetra-(四);penta-(
12、五);hexa-(六);hepta-(七);octa-(八);nona-(九);但是不引起歧义时,这些前缀都尽可能被省去。但是不引起歧义时,这些前缀都尽可能被省去。deca-(十十)mono-(一);di-(二);tri-(三);mono-mono-:通常不加,除非这种物质通常情况下不以单通常不加,除非这种物质通常情况下不以单原子存在。原子存在。Name of oxidesNonmetal oxide=n-Nonmetal element+n-oxideSO2:sulfur()oxide CO:carbon monoxideCO2:carbon dioxideP2O5:diphosphorus
13、 pentoxideMetal oxide=Cation()()+oxideCaO:calcium oxideFeO:iron(II)oxide,ferrous oxideFe2O3:iron(III)oxide,ferric oxide23Table Binary compounds of nonmetals-CarbonnitrogenCOcarbonmonoxideNOnitrogenmonoxideCO2CarbondioxideNO2nitrogendioxideCS2CarbondisulfideN2OdinitrogenmonoxideCCl4Carbontetrachlorid
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