国家创新系统中的大学.pptx

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1、UNIVERSITIES IN NATIONALINNOVATION SYSTEMSbyDAVID C.MOWERYBHAVEN N.SAMPATSchool of public policy&managementOutlinen nIntroductionIntroductionn nWhat functions do universities perform within What functions do universities perform within national innovation systems?national innovation systems?n nThe r

2、ole of universities in national innovation The role of universities in national innovation systems:cross-national datasystems:cross-national datan nHow does university research affect industrial How does university research affect industrial innovation?innovation?n nFrom“science push”to“technology F

3、rom“science push”to“technology commercialization”commercialization”n nconclusionconclusion1.Introductionn nThe research university plays an important role as a The research university plays an important role as a source of fundamental knowledge and,occasionally,source of fundamental knowledge and,oc

4、casionally,industrially relevant technology in modern industrially relevant technology in modern knowledge-based economies.knowledge-based economies.n nGovernments throughout the industrialized world Governments throughout the industrialized world have launched numerous initiatives since the 1970s t

5、o have launched numerous initiatives since the 1970s to link universities to industrial innovation more closely.link universities to industrial innovation more closely.n nMany of these initiatives seek to spur localMany of these initiatives seek to spur local economic development based on university

6、 research.economic development based on university research.n nScience parks,business incubators,seed capital,etc.Science parks,business incubators,seed capital,etc.n nRather than ivory towers devoted to the pursuit of Rather than ivory towers devoted to the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake,a g

7、rowing number of knowledge for its own sake,a growing number of industrial-economy and developing-economy industrial-economy and developing-economy governments seek to use universities as instruments governments seek to use universities as instruments for knowledge-based economic development and for

8、 knowledge-based economic development and change.change.n nIn the knowledge-based economy,national systems In the knowledge-based economy,national systems of higher education can be a strategic asset,if links of higher education can be a strategic asset,if links with industry are strengthened and th

9、e transfer of with industry are strengthened and the transfer of technology enhanced and accelerated.technology enhanced and accelerated.n nUniversities throughout the OECD also have been affected by Universities throughout the OECD also have been affected by tighter constraints on public fundingtig

10、hter constraints on public funding since 1970.Growth in since 1970.Growth in public funding for higher education has slowed in a number of public funding for higher education has slowed in a number of OECD member states.OECD member states.n nFaced with Faced with increased competition for research f

11、undingincreased competition for research funding,and,and continuing cost pressurescontinuing cost pressures within operating budgets during the within operating budgets during the past two decades,some universities have become more past two decades,some universities have become more aggressive and e

12、ntrepreneurial in seeking new sources of aggressive and entrepreneurial in seeking new sources of funding.funding.n nBoth Both internalinternal and and externalexternal factors thus have led many nations factors thus have led many nations universities to promote stronger linkages with industry as a

13、universities to promote stronger linkages with industry as a means of strengthening their contributions to innovation and means of strengthening their contributions to innovation and economic growth.economic growth.2.What functions do universities perform within national innovation systems?n nthe de

14、finition of“national innovation systems”:the institutions and actors that affect the creation,development,and diffusion of innovations.n nUniversities are widely cited as critical institutional actors in national innovation systems.n nUniversities throughout the OECD now combine the Universities thr

15、oughout the OECD now combine the functions of education and research.This joint functions of education and research.This joint production of trained personnel and advanced production of trained personnel and advanced research may be more effective than specialization in research may be more effectiv

16、e than specialization in one or the other activity.one or the other activity.n nThe economically important outputs of university The economically important outputs of university research have come in different forms:research have come in different forms:scientific and scientific and technological in

17、formationtechnological information,equipment and equipment and instrumentationinstrumentation,skills or human capital skills or human capital,networks of networks of scientific and technological capabilitiesscientific and technological capabilities,prototypes prototypes for new products and processe

18、s.for new products and processes.n nOne influential conceptualization of the role of One influential conceptualization of the role of academic research within national innovation systems academic research within national innovation systems and economies was the so-called and economies was the so-cal

19、led linear modellinear model of of innovation widely associated with innovation widely associated with Vannevar BushVannevar Bush and his famous blueprint for the US post-1945 and his famous blueprint for the US post-1945 R&D system,R&D system,Science:Science:The The Endless Frontier.Endless Frontie

20、r.n nBush argued for expanded public funding for basic Bush argued for expanded public funding for basic research within US universities as a critical research within US universities as a critical contributor to economic growth,and argued that contributor to economic growth,and argued that universit

21、ies were the most appropriate institutional universities were the most appropriate institutional locus for basic research.locus for basic research.n nThis linear model of the innovation process asserted that funding of basic research was both necessary and sufficient to promote innovation.n nYet ano

22、ther view of the role of university research focuses on the contrasting norms of academic and industrial research.n nFor academic researchers,professional recognition For academic researchers,professional recognition and advancement depend crucially on being first to and advancement depend crucially

23、 on being first to disclose and publish their result.disclose and publish their result.n nIndustrial innovation,by contrast,relies more heavily Industrial innovation,by contrast,relies more heavily on secrecy and limitations to the disclosure of on secrecy and limitations to the disclosure of resear

24、ch results.research results.n nThe significance of these cultural differences for The significance of these cultural differences for the conduct of research may assume greater the conduct of research may assume greater significance in the face of closer links between significance in the face of clos

25、er links between university and industrial researchers.university and industrial researchers.n nAnother conceptual framework that has been applied Another conceptual framework that has been applied recently to descriptions of the role of academic recently to descriptions of the role of academic rese

26、arch in post-modern industrial societies is the research in post-modern industrial societies is the Mode 2Mode 2 concept of research.concept of research.n nMode 2 research is associated with a more Mode 2 research is associated with a more interdisciplinary,networked innovation system,in interdiscip

27、linary,networked innovation system,in contrast to the previous system in which major contrast to the previous system in which major corporate or academic research institutions were less corporate or academic research institutions were less closely linked with other institutions.closely linked with o

28、ther institutions.n nStill another conceptual framework for analyzing the changing position of universities within national innovation systems is the Triple Helix.n nthe triple helix emphasizes the increased interaction among these institutional actors in industrial economies innovation systems.n nT

29、he The national systemsnational systems,Mode Mode 2 2,and and triple helixtriple helix frameworks for conceptualizing the role of the frameworks for conceptualizing the role of the research university within the innovation processes of research university within the innovation processes of knowledge

30、-based economies emphasize the knowledge-based economies emphasize the importance of strong links between universities and importance of strong links between universities and other institutional actors in these economies.other institutional actors in these economies.n nWhat is lacking in all of thes

31、e frameworks,however,What is lacking in all of these frameworks,however,is a clear set of criteria by which to assess the strength is a clear set of criteria by which to assess the strength of such linkages and a set of indicators to guide the of such linkages and a set of indicators to guide the co

32、llection of data.collection of data.3.The role of universities in national innovation systems:cross-national datan n3.1Comparative Data on the Structure of National Systemsn nThrough out the twentieth century,US universities Through out the twentieth century,US universities retained great autonomy i

33、n their administrative policies.retained great autonomy in their administrative policies.n nRosenberg(1999)and Ben-David(1968)argue that this Rosenberg(1999)and Ben-David(1968)argue that this lack of central control forced American universities to be lack of central control forced American universit

34、ies to be more entrepreneurial and their research and curricula to more entrepreneurial and their research and curricula to be more responsive to changing socio-economic demands be more responsive to changing socio-economic demands than their European counterparts.than their European counterparts.n

35、nEnrollment data indicate that the US system enrolled Enrollment data indicate that the US system enrolled a larger fraction of the 18-22-year-old population than a larger fraction of the 18-22-year-old population than those of any European nations throughout the 1900-those of any European nations t

36、hroughout the 1900-1945 period.1945 period.n nThese contrasts in enrollment rates are reflected in These contrasts in enrollment rates are reflected in enduring differences between the United States and enduring differences between the United States and European nations in the shares of their popula

37、tions European nations in the shares of their populations with university education.with university education.n nH However,the large output of university degreeholders owever,the large output of university degreeholders in the United States includes a significantly smaller in the United States inclu

38、des a significantly smaller share of natural science and engineering share of natural science and engineering degreeholders.degreeholders.n nThe limited data on the role of national higher education The limited data on the role of national higher education systems as R&D performers highlight other c

39、ross-national systems as R&D performers highlight other cross-national contrasts,including differences in contrasts,including differences in their significance within thetheir significance within the overall national R&D enterprise,their scale,their roles as overall national R&D enterprise,their sca

40、le,their roles as employers of researchers,and their relationships with industryemployers of researchers,and their relationships with industry.n nCross-national data highlighting differences in the Cross-national data highlighting differences in the division of labor between universities and divisio

41、n of labor between universities and government laboratories in basic research indicate government laboratories in basic research indicate that the higher education sectors share of basic that the higher education sectors share of basic research performance isresearch performance is similar similar i

42、n most Western in most Western European economies and the United States.European economies and the United States.n nBut a key But a key differencedifference between the United States and between the United States and most European countries for which data are available most European countries for wh

43、ich data are available is that a relatively low share of basic research outside is that a relatively low share of basic research outside the academic sector in the United States is performed the academic sector in the United States is performed by the government,and a relatively high share by by the

44、 government,and a relatively high share by industry.industry.n nAlthough the US higher education system is larger in Although the US higher education system is larger in absolute terms than those of other OECD member states,absolute terms than those of other OECD member states,US universities perfor

45、mance of R&D in fact accounts for US universities performance of R&D in fact accounts for a smaller share of GDP than is true of Sweden,France,a smaller share of GDP than is true of Sweden,France,Canada,the Netherlands,and Norway.Canada,the Netherlands,and Norway.n nComparison of the share of employ

46、ed researchers in Comparison of the share of employed researchers in various nations R&D systems that work in various nations R&D systems that work in universities reveals that the United States and Japan universities reveals that the United States and Japan rank very low,reflecting the fact that a

47、much higher rank very low,reflecting the fact that a much higher share of researchers in both nations are employed by share of researchers in both nations are employed by industry rather than higher education.industry rather than higher education.n nIn 1997,the last year for which reasonably complet

48、e In 1997,the last year for which reasonably complete data are available,82.5 per cent of researchers were data are available,82.5 per cent of researchers were employed by industry in the United States.employed by industry in the United States.n nOther qualitative data from the OECD 2002 study of Ot

49、her qualitative data from the OECD 2002 study of science-industry relationships“compare the labor science-industry relationships“compare the labor mobility and other network relationships“linking mobility and other network relationships“linking universities and industry.universities and industry.n n

50、The annual flow of university researchers to The annual flow of university researchers to industrial employment,another potentially important industrial employment,another potentially important channel for knowledge exchange,is significantly channel for knowledge exchange,is significantly higher tha