国际贸易理论与实务双语教程英文版完整版ppt全套教学教程最全电子课件整本书ppt.ppt

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1、国际贸易理论与实务双语教程国际贸易理论与实务双语教程TheoryandPracticeofInternationalTradeBilingualcourse教学用课件教学用课件Chapter1InternationalTradeTheoriesandPolicies国际贸易理论及政策国际贸易理论及政策Lesson1BasicConceptsofInternationalTrade国国际贸易的基本概易的基本概念念1.Internationaltrade,ForeigntradeandOverseasTrade国国际贸易、易、对外外贸易和海外易和海外贸易易1.1InternationalTrade

2、(alsonamedWorldTrade)国际贸易国际贸易Internationaltradeistheexchangeofgoodsandserviceshappenedbetweenthecountriesorregionsacrossworld,includingvisibleproducts(substantialproducts)andinvisibleproducts(suchaslabor,technology,consultationetc.).Forthetraditionalinternationaltrade,itonlyreferstotheexchangeoftheg

3、oodsinvarietybetweencountriesandregions,notincludingservices;Inamoderninternationaltrade,theexchangecoversthegoodsaswellasservicesofdifferentcountriesandregionsovertheworld.1.2.ForeignTrade(alsonamedimportandexportbusiness)对外贸易对外贸易Foreigntradereferstotheexchangeactivitiyaboutthegoodsandservicesopera

4、tedbyonecountryorregionwithothercountriesorregions.Foreigntrademeansthebusinessactivityregardedonthesideofonecountry.Forexample,thetradebetweenChinaandothercountries,usuallycalledasChineseForeignTrade.Internationaltradeisthebusinessactivityregardedallovertheworld,1.3.OverseasTrade海外贸易海外贸易Theforeignt

5、radedevelopedbytheinsularcountriessuchasJapan,UKisnamedasOverseasTrade.2.ExportTrade,ImportTrade,TransitTrade出口贸易、进口贸易、过境贸易出口贸易、进口贸易、过境贸易Accordingtothedifferentmovementdirectionsofthegoods,internationaltradeisclassifiedintoexporttrade,importtrade,andtransittrade.2.1ExportTrade出口贸易出口贸易Thebusinessofse

6、llingthemerchandiseincludingservicesproducedorproceededindomesticmarkettoabroadmarketiscalledasExportTradeorOutputTrade.2.2ImportTrade进口贸易进口贸易Thebusinessofbuyingthemerchandise(includingservices)fromabroadmarket,andimputingtodomesticmarketiscalledasimporttradeorimputtrade.2.3TransitTrade过境贸易过境贸易Durin

7、gthebusinessbetweenthecountryofproductionandthecountryofconsumption,thetransportationwillbecarriedoutusuallythroughthethirdcountrywhilethethirdcountrychargesforthetransportation.Thenthebusinessisregardedasthetransittradebythethirdcountry.Forinstance,thebusinesstradebetweentheinlandcountryandthenon-n

8、eighboringcountrieshastobecompletedthroughthethirdcountrysfrontier,consequentlythekindofbusinesswillbeclassifiedasthetransittradebythecustomsofthethirdcountry.3.DirectTrade,IndirectTrade,EntrepotTrade直接贸易、间接贸易、转口贸易直接贸易、间接贸易、转口贸易Dependingonwhetherthethirdpartygetsinvolvedinthetrade,internationaltrade

9、isclassifiedintodirecttrade,indirecttradeandentrepottrade.3.1DirectTrade直接贸易直接贸易Thedirecttradeisabusinesstradehappenedbetweenthecountryofproductionandthecountryofconsumptionwithouttheinvolvementofthethirdcountry.Thebothpartiesofadirecttrademakenegotiation,concludeadealandmakesettlementdirectly.Whent

10、hemerchandiseisexporteddirectlytothecountryofconsumptionfromthecountryofproduction,itisadirectexportfortheproducingcountryandadirectimportfortheconsumingcountry.3.2IndirectTrade间接贸易间接贸易Theindirecttradeisthebusinesstrademadebytheproducingcountryandtheconsumingcountrythroughthethirdcountry.Forsomereas

11、onssuchaspoliticalreasonsandtheinconvenienceofcommunicationbetweenthe2countries,thenegotiation,contractconclusionandsettlementinthebusinesscannotbecarriedoutdirectlybetweentheexportcountryandtheimportcountrywithouttheinvolvementofthethirdcountry,theindirecttradeisnecessary.3.3EntrepotTrade转口贸易转口贸易An

12、Entrepotisabusinessinvolving3partieswhicharethecountryofproduction,thecountryofconsumptionandthecountryofmakingentrepottrade.Sometimes,themerchandiseistransportedtothecountryofconsumptionfromthecountryoftheproductionthoughthe2countriesarenotindirectbusinessrelationshipasthethirdcountryhasthebusiness

13、relationshipwiththe2countriesrespectively.4.GeneralTradeandSpecialTrade总总贸易、专门贸易贸易、专门贸易Accordingtothedifferentstandardsofimportandexport,internationaltrademaybedividedintogeneraltradeandspecialtrade,botharestatisticalsystems.4.1GeneralTrade总贸易总贸易Itisastatisticalmethodtoclassifyimportandexportbycount

14、rysborder.Generaltradeisdividedintogeneralimportandgeneralexport.Allthemerchandisemovingintotheborderofacountryarecountedintothegeneralimportincludingwhatareconsumedindomesticandwhataretransitedorpassedthroughtheterritoryofthecounty;Allthemerchandisemovedoutoftheborderofacountryarecountedintogeneral

15、exportincludingtheexportofthehome-madeproducts,there-exportofforeignmerchandiseandtransitedgoodsorthegoodspassingthroughtheborder.Thetotalsumofgeneralimportandgeneralexportaregeneraltrade.4.2SpecialTrade专门贸易专门贸易Itisastatisticalmethodtoclassifyimportandexportbycountryscustomsfrontier.Specialtradeisdi

16、videdintospecialimportandspecialexport.Specialimportisthegoodsmovingintothecustomsfrontierafterpayingtariffandmakingcustomsclearance;accordingtothestandard,thegoodswhicharemovedintotheborderofacountrybutkeptinthebondedwarehouse,orintheduty-freeexportprocessingzonearenottakenastheimport.5.VisibleTrad

17、eandInvisibleTrade有有形贸易、无形贸易形贸易、无形贸易Accordingtotheformsandcontentsofmerchandise,internationaltrademaybeclassifiedintovisibletradeandinvisibletrade.5.1VisibleTrade有形贸易有形贸易Itisalsonamedascargotrade,referredtothetradeofsubstantialmerchandiseinimportandexport,inwhichthegoodsarevisibleandtouchable.Theimp

18、ortandexportofvisiblemerchandisehavetogothroughcustoms,andindicatedinthestatisticaldataofimportandexport,constitutetothetotalamountoftheforeigntradeofacountryforaperiodoftime.5.2InvisibleTrade无形贸易无形贸易Itisreferredtoallthetradeofnon-materialmerchandiseininternationalbusiness,includingtradeofserviceand

19、tradeoftechnology.Usually,theinvisibletradearenotindicatedinthestatisticsofcustomsasitneedntgothroughcustoms,butinsteadshownontheinternationalbalancesheetasanimportantpartofit6.Free-LiquidationTrade,BarterTrade自由结汇贸易、易货贸易自由结汇贸易、易货贸易Inaccordancewithpaymentways,internationaltrademaybedividedintofree-l

20、iquidationtradeandbartertrade.6.1Free-LiquidationTrade自由结汇贸自由结汇贸易易ItisalsonamedasCash-Liquidationtrade,referringtothetradeisonthepaymentbycurrency,ontheconditionthatthepaymentcurrencymustbeconvertibleininternationalfinancialmarket.Thecharacteristicsofitistomakesettlementintradethroughbankasscheduled

21、.Forthetimebeing,ininternationaltrade,thepaymentcurrenciesaremainlyDollar,Euro,Pound,Yen,andSwissFrancetc.6.2BarterTrade易货贸易易货贸易Itisreferredtothetradebasedonthebartertradeagreementorbartercontractconcludedbybotherparties,onthepaymentwiththevaluatedgoods.Free-liquidationtradeisthemostcommononeinthecu

22、rrentinternationaltrade.Bartertradeismoresuitabletothecountrieswhichcannotcarryout7.InternationalTradeVolume,ForeignTradeVolume,QuantumofForeignTrade国际贸易额（值）、对外国际贸易额（值）、对外贸易额（值）、对外贸易量贸易额（值）、对外贸易量7.1ForeignTradeVolume对外外贸易易额（值）ForeignTradeVolumeconsistofthetotalimportvolumeandthetotalexportvolumeofac

23、ountryforaperiodoftime.Itisanimportantindicatortoreflecttheforeigntradesituationofacountry,measuringthescaleoftheimportandexportvolumeinformofcurrencyamount.7.2InternationalTradeVolume国际贸国际贸易额（值）易额（值）Itisthetotaltradevolumeofcountriesallovertheworldindicatedinformofcurrency,thetotalsumoftheexportvol

24、umeofallcountriesandregions.Inordertoavoidrepeatcalculation,Internationaltradevolumecannotbecalculatedbysimplygatheringthetotalsumofimportvolumeandexportvolumeofallcountiesbecausetheexportofonecountry(orregion)isalsotheequivalentimportoftheothercountry(orregion).7.3QuantumofForeignTrade对外贸对外贸易量易量The

25、foreigntradevolumeindicatedincurrencycannotexactlyreflecttheactualscaleofacountrysforeigntradeasitisofteninfluencedbythefluctuationofprice.Asaresult,thevolumesofforeigntradefordifferentperiodscannotbecompareddirectly.Example:1.ExportVolume,generallyonbasisofFOBprice,theexportvolumeofchinashomelandin

26、2012is20489.35billiondollars.2.ImportVolume,generallyonbasisofCIFprice,theimportvolumeofchinashomelandin2012is18178.26billiondollars.3.ForeignTradeVolume:ImportVolume+ExportVolume.ThetotalforeigntradevolumeofChinain2012is38667.60billiondollars.4.TradeBalance:ExportVolumeImportVolume.(1)TradeSurplus:

27、ExportVolumeImportVolume.TradesurplusofChinamainlandis2311.09billiondollars.(2)TradeDeficit:ExportVolume,theinitialpublishofwhichsymbolizedthebirthoftheeconomicsasanindependentknowledgeplayinganimportantroleinthedevelopmentofcapitalismsociety.1.1.1MajorPointsofAbsoluteAdvantageLaw绝对优势论的主要论点绝对优势论的主要论

28、点Inthe“AbsoluteAdvantageLaw”ofAdamSmith,itisstatedasfollows:withdifferentnaturalconditionownedbyeverycountryandconsequentlydifferentproductionconditionofeverycountry,basedonthemostfavorableconditionofwhich,itisbeneficialtoeverycountryifeverycountrymakesexchangeofthecommodityproducedintheabsolutelylo

29、wproductioncostwithothercountries.Thetheoryisalsocalledas“LawofAbsoluteCost”ashestressedbutthecommoditiesinabsolutelylowcostcanbeexchangedinternationally.1）SpecializationLeadingtotheEnhancementofProductivity分工导致劳动生产率提高分工导致劳动生产率提高1st,specializationhasmadeworkersmoreskillfulontheirjobs;2nd,specializat

30、ionhasavoidedthetimelosscausedbylabourtransition;3rd,specializationhasresultedintotheinventionofmachineswhichmadeworkeasierandshortenedworkingtime,furtheradvancingtheimprovementofworkingtools,andmakingonepersonabletofinishtheworkofseveralpersons,consequentlytoenhancetheproductivity.2）Theabsoluteadva

31、ntageofcostistheprincipleofspecialization分工的原则是成本的绝对优势分工的原则是成本的绝对优势Incasethatonenationmayproduceakindofproductatabsolutelylowercostthantheothernation,thenationhastheabsoluteadvantageontheproduct.Sincedivisionoflabourcanspurtheproductivitygreatly,AdamSmiththought,everypersonshouldgetengagedintothepro

32、ductioninwhichhespecializedin,thenmadeexchangeoftheproductswithotherpersons,whichisbeneficialtoeveryoneatthemost.3）Internationalspecializationisbasedonnaturaladvantageoracquiredadvantageownedbyanation.国际分工是建立在一个国家所拥国际分工是建立在一个国家所拥有的自然优势或获得性优势的基础之上有的自然优势或获得性优势的基础之上Theadvantageisdeterminedaftercomparin

33、gtheproductioncostsofnations,whichisresultedfromrichnaturalresource(suchasgeographic,environmental,soil,climate,mineralconditionsetc.)andtheacquiredadvantage(suchashighlyskilledcraftownedbylocalpeople).1.1.2ArgumentoftheLawofAbsoluteAdvantage绝对优势论的论证绝对优势论的论证Productivityispromotedwithspecializationre

34、sultingfromdivisonoflaborfortrade.Everycountryshallproducetheproductswhichareatthelowestcost,andgainmorethroughfreetrade.Toilluminatethetheory,Smithtakedtwoexamplesasfollows:ItspresumedthatBritainandPortugalbothgointoproductionofwineandwool,theproductionareasfollows:Beforespecialization,thelaborneed

35、edforeveryunitofproductCountry国国家家Wool毛呢毛呢Wine酒酒Labor(P/Y)劳动量劳动量(人人/年年)Output(unit)产量产量(单位单位)Labor(P/Y)劳动量劳动量(人人/年年)Output(Unit)产量产量(单位单位)Britain英国英国8011201Portugal葡萄牙葡萄牙1201601Accordingtotheabovedata,BritainhasabsoluteadvantageontheproductionofwoolwhilePortugalhasabsoluteadvantageontheproductionofw

36、ine,sothe2countriesmaygetintospecialization.Afterspecialization,theproductionofbothcountriesProduct商品商品Country国家国家Wool毛呢毛呢Wine酒酒Britain英国英国（80+120）802.5Portugal葡萄葡萄牙牙（60+120）603Aftertrade,theproductsownedbythe2countriesareasfollows:Product商品商品Country国家国家Wool毛呢毛呢Wine酒酒Britain英国英国1.5(0,5unitmorethanbe

37、forespecialization)1(Imported)Portugal葡萄葡萄牙牙1(Imported)2(1unitmorethanbeforespecialization)1.2TheLawofComparativeAdvantageofDavidRicardo大卫大卫李嘉李嘉图的比较优势论图的比较优势论DavidRicardo(1772-1823):agreatBritishclassicpoliticaleconomist,borninarichcapitalistJewishFamilyinBritain.Athistime,ithappenedthatindustrialre

38、volutionwasgrowingrapidlyinBritainwithemergingcapitalists.1.2.1Thehistorianbackgroundforthetheoryforming该理论产生的历史背该理论产生的历史背景景In1815,theBritainparliamentpassedtheamendedCornLawswhichwasaprotectionismtradepolicytorestricttheimportofforeigngrain,leadingtoothercountriestoobstructtheexportfromBritainthrou

39、ghimposinghightariffontheBritishindustrialproducts,hencecuttingdownthecompetitionofindustrialproducts.DavidRicardo,asaBritishcapitalistclassicalpoliticaleconomist,standingonthesideofindustrialcapitalist,arguedthatBritainshallimportcornfromabroadinlargequantitybecauseBritainsproductionadvantageontext

40、ileisbiggerthanoncorn.Therefore,Britainshallgetengagedintheproductionoftextilespeciallyandexportthemtotradeforcorn,togetcomparativebenefittoenhancetheproductionofcommodity.AsasuccessorofAdamSmithsabsolutecosttheory,inhismasterpiecenamedasPrinciples of Political economy and Taxation,hedevelopedthelaw

41、ofabsolutecost.Makinguseofanalysismodelof2countries(BritainandPortugal)and2products(woolandwine),hegavetheargumentthatitiscomparativeadvantagetoformthebasisfortradeinsteadofabsoluteadvantage,establishedrelativecosttheorybasedonfreetradeandformulatedallcountriesindifferentdevelopmentstagesmaygainfrom

42、internationaltrade.1.2.2Majorargumentsofthelawofcomparativeadvantage比较优势理论的主要论点比较优势理论的主要论点Inthelawofcomparativeadvantage,ittakestheopinionthatthegapsofproductivitybetween2countriesarenotthesameinallproducts.Forthecountrywhichismoreefficientintheproductionofallproducts,itshallconcentrateontheproducti

43、onoftheproductswithbiggerefficiencywhilethecountrywithabsolutedisadvantageshallfocusontheproductionoftheproductswithsmallerdisadvantage,thenbothcountriescouldsavelaborandgainininternationaltrade.1）Theprincipleofspecializationiscomparativeadvantage分工的原则是比分工的原则是比较优势较优势Thedefinitionofcomparativeadvanta

44、ge:Incasethattheopportunitycost(measuredwithotherproducts)toproduceakindofproductinonecountryislowerthantheopportunitycostoccurredinothercountries,thecountryownsthecomparativeadvantageontheproducts.2）Thecoreofcomparativeadvantagetheoryistoengageintheproductionforwhichonesadvantageoverothersisthelarg

45、estorhisdisadvantagesisthesmallest比比较优势的核心内容是的核心内容是“两两优取其重，两劣取其取其重，两劣取其轻”。1.2.3Argumentationforthelawofcomparativeadvantage比较优势理论比较优势理论的论证的论证2.TheEvolutionofFreeTradePolicies自由贸易政策的演变自由贸易政策的演变Therearetwophasesinhistoryinwhichfreetradepolicieswereprevailing:thefirstphaseisthetimeoflaissezfairecapital

46、ismwithBritainastheleadingcountrytocarryoutfreetradepolicyfromthemiddleof19thcenturytoWorldWarI;thesecondphaseisfrom1950stothebeginningof1970swiththespreadofglobaltradefreedom.Lesson4DevelopmentofTheoryandPolicyofProtectionism保护贸易理论和政策的演变保护贸易理论和政策的演变1.Classicalprotectionism古典保古典保护贸易理易理论1.1Theoriesof

47、Merchantilism重商主重商主义对外外贸易学易学说MerchantilismViewsonTrade重商主义重商主义的贸易观点的贸易观点Themerchantilism,emerginginthetimeofprimitiveaccumulationofcapitalinEuropein15-17century,isthesystemofeconomicthoughtandpolicyonbehalfoftheinterestsofthecommercialcapital.Itrevealstheneedfortradeprotection,anditsthefirsttheoryof

48、tradeprotection.Themerchantilismconsideredmoneyastheonlyformofwealth,anditcanbedividedintotwophases.Theearlymerchantilismwaspopularfromthe15thtomid-16thcentury;itwasalsocalledthebalanceofbargains.Inthisperiod,themerchantilismbelievedthatnoblemedalwastheonlyformofwealth,andpeoplecouldgainitbybuyingch

49、eapandsellingdearincommodityexchange.Commodityexchangeindomesticmarketplacewasrealizedbyagroupofpeoplepayingmoneytoanothergroup,whichcouldcausenoincreaseofthetotalwealthofthecommunityasawholebutonlythereallocationofwealthamongdomesticgroups.Therefore,inordertoobtainnoblemedalfromcommerce,acountryhas

50、toembarkonforeigntrade.Thelatermerchantilismwaspopularfromthe15thtomid-16thcentury;itwasalsoknownasthetheoryofthebalanceoftrade.Themerchantilisminthisperiodadvocatedabolishingthebanonmonetaryoutputwhichwillcauseothercountriestakingequipotentmeasuresofretaliationthatmayleadtothereductionorevenelimina