国际贸易实务英文版第三版ppt课件(完整版).ppt

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1、International Trade PracticesText Book:International Trade Practices （Second Edition)国际贸易实务国际贸易实务（英文版）（第二版）（英文版）（第二版）帅建林编著对外经济贸易大学出版社2007年9月，第一版2012年9月，第二版ContentsPart1OverviewPart2TermsofInternationalTradePart3InternationalTradeProcedurePart4TradeFormsPart 1 OverviewBird-eye View,or Tiger-eye View?

2、Chapter 1 Introduction to International TradeChapter 2 International Trade Policy Chapter 3 Trade Bloc and Trade BlockChapter 4 WTO:A Navigation Guide Chapter1 Introduction to International Trade 1.1WhyDoCountriesTrade?a)TheOriginofInternationalTradeb)ResourceReasonsc)EconomicReasonsd)PreferenceReas

3、onse)OtherReasons1.2HowIsInternationalTradeMeasured?a)BalanceofPaymentsb)FDIWhat is the origin of international trade?The story of the caveman takes place on an international basis.Why trade with other nations?AdvantagesInternationaltradeleadstomoreefficientandincreasedworldproduction,thusallowingco

4、untries(andindividuals)toconsumealargerandmorediversebundleofgoods.Anationpossessinglimitednaturalresourcesisabletoproduceandconsumemorethanitotherwisecould.theestablishmentofinternationaltradeexpandsthenumberofpotentialmarketsinwhichacountrycansellitsgoods.Theincreasedinternationaldemandforgoodstra

5、nslatesintogreaterproductionandmoreextensiveuseofrawmaterialsandlabor,whichinturnleadstogrowthindomesticemployment.Competitionfrominternationaltradecanalsoforcedomesticfirmstobecomemoreefficientthroughmodernizationandinnovation.Why Trade With Other Nations?ImportanceSomenationsexportonlytoexpandthei

6、rdomesticmarketortoaideconomicallydepressedsectorswithinthehomeeconomy.Othernationsdependontradeforalargepartoftheirnationalincomeandtosupplygoodsfordomesticconsumption.Inrecentyearsforeigntradehasalsobeenviewedasameanstopromotegrowthwithinanationseconomy.Developingcountriesandinternationalorganizat

7、ionshaveincreasinglyemphasizedsuchtrade.Chapter 1.2 How Is International Trade MeasuredHowIsInternationalTradeMeasureda)BalanceofTradeb)BalanceofPaymentsc)FDIlBalanceofTradeThebalanceoftradeisanationsrelationshipofexportstoimports.favorablebalanceoftrade=tradesurplusunfavorablebalanceoftrade=tradede

8、ficitlBalanceofPaymentsThebalanceofpayment=thedifferencebetweenmoneycomingintoacountryandmoneygoingoutofthecountry+moneyflowscomingintoorleavingacountryfromotherfactors.favorablebalanceofpaymentsVSunfavorablebalanceofpaymentslAboutFDIThe Balance of Paymentrelationshipbetweentheamountofmoneyanationsp

9、endsabroadandtheincomeitreceivesfromothernations.ThebalanceofpaymentsisofficiallyknownastheStatementofInternationalTransactionsandincludestwomainaccounts:First,thecurrentaccount,tracksactivityinmerchandisetradeexportingandimporting;incomeearnedfrominvestmentsabroad;moneypaidtoforeigninvestors;andtra

10、nsactionsonwhichthegovernmentexpectsnoreturns.Second,thecapitalaccount,tracksbothloansgiventoforeignersandloansreceivedbycitizens.Becausethebalanceofpaymentsisonereflectionofanationsfinancialstabilityintheworldmarket,theInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)usestheseaccountstomakedecisionssuchasqualifyingac

11、ountryforaloan.TheIMFalsoprovidestheinformationtoitsmemberssothattheycanmakeinformeddecisionsaboutinvestmentsandtrade.Thebalanceofpaymentscanbeusedasanindicatorofanationseconomicstability.Changesinthebalanceofpaymentscanaffecttheexchangerateofacountryscurrency.Forexample,adeficitinmerchandisetrademe

12、ansthatthecurrencyofthatnationisfloodingtheworldeconomy,sinceitisbeingusedtobuytheimportsthatcausethedeficit.Unlessgovernmentcontrolsareused,thevalueofthecurrencywillmostlikelydepreciate.FDIForeignDirectInvestment(FDI)isthebuyingofpermanentpropertyandbusinessinforeignnations.Itcantaketheformofeither

13、directorportfolioinvestment.Directinvestmentoccurswhenacquisitionofequityinterestinaforeigncompanyismade.Thisinterestmayvarybetweenasmallpercentageandacontrollinginterestofacompanysequity.(Ownershipofmorethan50%isnotnecessaryinsecuringacontrollinginterestinacompany).Controllinginterestinaforeigncomp

14、anyrepresentsahighlevelofcommitmenttoforeignoperationsandisusuallyaccompaniedbypersonnelandtechnologytransfersabroad.Theappealofdirectinvestmentlieswiththeaccesstomarketandresourcesaswellasrationalizationofglobalproductionaffordedbysuchanarrangement.Incontrast,portfolioorindirectinvestments,arechief

15、lymotivatedbyshort-tomedium-termprofits.Theymayincludeequityinvestmentsthatdonotinvolveanactiveroleinmanagementorbondsandotherdebtinstrumentsissuedbyforeigncompaniesandgovernments.Asfinancialmarketsaroundtheworldbecomeincreasinglyintegratedinrecentyears,internationalportfolioinvestmentshavebecomepop

16、ularwithinvestorsasavehicleofdiversificationfurtherhasteningtheprocessofinternationalfinancialintegration.MoreThe Reasons for FDIThedeclineofbarrierstoforeignownershipinmostcountriesoftheworld.LiberalizationoftradeandfinancialmarketsDeclineintransportationandcommunicationcoststhatresultedfromtechnol

17、ogicalbreakthroughs.The Reactions to FDIFDIhashistoricallybeencontroversial,especiallyinthereceivingcountryspointofview.RadicalviewsMiddle-groundviewsPositiveviewsRadicalviews:(ThishastodowiththeexperienceofmanyformercoloniesoftheWesternindustrialcountries.)Contractualtermsbasedonunequalbargainingsi

18、tuations.Createdependenceoftheemergingcountryonthemarketknowledgeandtechnologyoftheforeigninvestor.nMiddle-groundviews:welcomethetechnologyandskillstransferbutwatchfultoavoidsomeofthecosts.(e.g.thelossofinfluenceasdecisionsaremadeabroadregardingthedismissalofworkersortheclosureofaplant.)nPositivevie

19、ws:encouragesfreetrade;transfersnewtechnologies;servesasachannelforlocalfirmstointernationalizeindirectly;generatespositivespilloverofideas,includingopeningofnewchannelsofinformationflows;increasescompetition,henceinnovationandproductivity.Chapter 2 International Trade PolicyImportTariffNon-tariffBa

20、rrierstoImportsExportTaxesExportSubsidiesImport TariffProtective Tariff isdesignedtoraisetheretailpriceoftheimportedproducts sothatdomesticgoodssothatdomesticgoodswillbemorecompetitiveandforeignbusinesswillbediscouragedfromshippingcertaingoodsintothecountry.Arevenue tariffisdesignedtoraisemoneyforth

21、egovernmentTariff DutiesSpecific Duties:specificdutiesareleviedattherateofsomuchperunit,pound,kiloorgallon.Ad valorem Duties:advaloremdutiesareleviedonthebasisoftheproductsvalue.Compound Duties:compounddutiesareacombinationofspecificandadvolumeduties.Non-tariff Barriers to ImportsANon-tariffbarriers

22、toimportsisanypolicyusedbythegovernmenttoreduceimports,otherthantariffonimports.Limitingthequantityofimports.Increasingthecostofgettingimportsintothemarket.Creatinguncertaintyabouttheconditionunderwhichimportswillbepermitted.ImportQuotasVoluntaryExportRestraint(VER)OtherNon-tariffBarriersProductsSta

23、ndardsDomesticContentRequirementGovernmentProcurementPoliciesRed-TapeBarriersDomesticContentRequirements:adomesticcontentrequirementmandatesthataproductproducedandsoldinacountrymusthaveaspecifiedamountofdomesticproductivevalue,intheformofwagepaidtolocalworkersormaterialandcomponentsproducedwithinthe

24、country.GovernmentProcurementPolicies:agovernmentprocurementpoliciesrequiresthataspecifiedpercentageofpurchasesbyagovernmentbemadefromdomesticfirmsratherthanforeigncountries.Red-TapeBarriersrefertocostlyadministrativeproceduresrequiredfortheimportationofforeigngoods.Export TaxesAnexport taxisataxcol

25、lectedonexportedgoods.Aswithtariffs,exporttaxescanbesetonaspecificoranadvalorembasis.Exports Subsidies Export subsidiesarepaymentmadebythegovernmenttoencouragetheexportofspecifiedproducts.DomesticsupplyDomesticdemandPricefloorsFloorpriceShortfallofsupplyEEPDEIPChapter 3 Trade Bloc and Trade Block3.1

26、TradeBloc3.2TradeBlockTrade BlocFourMajorTradeBlocs:theEU,NAFTA,MERCOSUR,andASEANTypesofbloc:Free-tradearea,Customsunion,CommonMarket,EconomicunionFeaturesoftradeblocRolesandFunctionofTradeBlocsToestablishsomeformofregionalcontrolregardingtradeinterestofnationswithinthatregionToestablishtariffsthatp

27、rotectintra-regionaltradeform“outside”forcesTopromoteSouth-toSouthtradeTopromoteeconomicandtechnicalcooperationamongdevelopingcountriesMoreTrade Block Tradeblocks,alsocalledtradeembargoes,isaformofeconomicsanctions.Itisaprohibitionuponexportsorimports,eitherwithrespecttospecificproductsorspecificcou

28、ntries.WaystoPerformTradeBlockLongHistoryofTradeBlockEffectsofTradeBlockChapter 4 WTO A Navigation Guide WhatisWTO?HowDoesItWork?WTO:Objectives,FunctionsandBasicPrinciplesWTOAgreement:ANavigationGuide4.1WhatisWTO?BriefIntroductionWTOandGATTWWW.WTO.ORG4.2HowWTOworks?Decision-makingprocessTheSecretari

29、atMembership4.3Objectives,FunctionsandBasicPrinciplesObjectives:raisingstandardsoflivingandincomes,ensuringfullemployment,expandingproductionandtrade,andoptimaluseoftheworldsresourcesFunctionstofacilitatetheimplementation,administrationandoperation of the Uruguay Round legal instrumentsandofanynewag

30、reementsthatmaybenegotiatedinthefuture.toprovideaforumforfurthernegotiationsamongmember countries on matters covered by theagreementsaswellasonnewissuesfallingwithinitsmandate.toberesponsibleforthesettlementofdifferencesanddisputesamongitsmembercountries.toberesponsibleforcarryingoutperiodicreviewso

31、fthetradepoliciesofitsmembercountries.Basic PrinciplesMFNNationalTreatmentTransparencyPredictableandGrowingAccesstoMarketsPromotingfaircompetitionPart 2 Terms of International Trade Chapter 5 International Trade Terms Chapter 6 Terms of Commodity Chapter 7 International Cargo Transport Chapter 8 Car

32、go Insurance Chapter 9 Terms of Price Chapter 10 International Payments Chapter 11 Claims,Force Majeure and ArbitrationAbout Part 2Two critical elements of any international sales contract are the Terms of Sale and the Terms of Payment.Terms of Sale define the obligations,risks,and costs of seller a

33、nd buyer for the delivery of goods.For example:at what point in the delivery process do obligations,risks,and costs shift from the seller to the buyer?As a seller,where do you want them to shift to the buyer?What is a more preferable Term of Sale in light of the Term of Payment that has been negotia

34、ted?If the Term of Sale is FCA or FOB,who pays a terminal operator for storage of cargo if the buyers carrier fails to load the goods as scheduled?As Chapter 5 presents Terms of Sale we will answer these and many more questions for you.We will define and explain the thirteen Terms of Sale found in I

35、NCOTERMS 2010,what they mean and how best to apply them to real-life situations.(to be continued)vInternational sales transactions present to both buyers and sellers elements of risk not found in domestic sales.Let Part 2 in our course take you through the advantages,risks and motivations of buyers

36、and sellers in negotiating and agreeing upon a particular payment term.We will go step-by-step through the Letter of Credit and Documentary Collections process to provide you an understanding of how these processes work and what the pitfalls are.We will review key elements of UCP 600 and URC 522,the

37、 conventions governing how banks will handle L/Cs and Collections.Case StudyvCIF or Not?vA Chinese exporter exported 500M/T walnut to a Canadian importer on the basis of US$4,800 per M/T CIF Quebec.As it is a seasonal commodity,the importer required and both parties agreed to stipulate the following

38、 in the contract.vL/C Issuing Date:to be issued by the end of September.vShipment:Not late than Oct.31,partial shipment and transshipment prohibited.vArrival Date:Not late than Nov.30.Otherwise,the buyer is entitled to refuse the goods.vTerms of Payment:Draft at 90T/D under L/C.vDue to the bad weath

39、er,the liner arrived at Quebec on Dec.5.Consequently,the importer refused to take the delivery of the cargo unless 20%discount of the total value of the goods was made for the loss incurred to the importer.After painful negotiations,the transaction came to end with the exporters loss of$360,000 by t

40、he discount of 15%of the total value of the goods.Chapter 5 International Trade Termsv5.1 GeneralizationvRole of International Trade TermsvInternational Trade UsagesvWarsaw-Oxford Rules 1932vRevised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941vInternational Commercial TermsvIncoterms 2010vs.Incoterms 200

41、0vDifference between Incoterms 2000and Incoterms 20105.2 A Guide to Incoterms 2010 EXW Ex Works(named place)FCA Free Carrier(named place)FAS Free Alongside ship(named port of shipment)FOBFree on Board(named port of shipment)CFRCost and Freight(named port of destination)CIFCost,Insurance and Freight(

42、named port of destination)CPTCarriage Paid To(named port of destination)CIPCost,Insurance Paid To(named port of destination)DATDelivered At Terminal(named terminal at port or place of destination)DATtermmeansthatthesellerdeliverswhenthegoods,onceunloaded fromthearrivingmeansoftransport,areplacedatth

43、edisposalofthebuyeratanamedterminalatthenamedportorplaceofdestination.“Terminal”includesanyplace,whethercoveredornot,suchasaquay,warehouse,containeryardorroad,railoraircargoterminal.Thesellerbearsallrisksinvolvedinbringingthegoodstoandunloadingthemattheterminalatthenamedportorplaceofdestination.Thep

44、artiesarewelladvisedtospecifyasclearlyaspossibletheterminaland,ifpossible,aspecificpointwithintheterminalattheagreedportorplaceofdestination,astheriskstothatpointarefortheaccountoftheseller.Thesellerisadvisedtoprocureacontractofcarriagethatmatchesthischoiceprecisely.Moreover,ifthepartiesintendthesel

45、lertobeartherisksandcostsinvolvedintransportingandhandlingthegoodsfromtheterminaltoanotherplace,thentheDAPorDDPrulesshouldbeused.Example:DAT,Terminal XYZ,Charles de Gaulle Airport,Paris,France,Incoterms 2010DAPDelivered at Place(named place of destination)vDAPtermmeansthatthesellerdeliverswhenthegoo

46、dsareplacedatthedisposalofthebuyeronthearrivingmeansoftransportreadyforunloadingatthenamedplaceofdestination.Thesellerbearsallrisksinvolvedinbringingthegoodstothenamedplace.Thepartiesarewelladvisedtospecifyasclearlyaspossiblethepointwithintheagreedplaceofdestination,astheriskstothatpointarefortheacc

47、ountoftheseller.Thesellerisadvisedtoprocurecontractsofcarriagethatmatchthischoiceprecisely.Ifthesellerincurscostsunderitscontractofcarriagerelatedtounloadingattheplaceofdestination,thesellerisnotentitledtorecoversuchcostsfromthebuyerunlessotherwiseagreedbetweentheparties.vExample:DAP,Customs Warehou

48、se,Port of Stockholm,Sweden,Incoterms 2010DDPDelivered Duty Paid(named place of destination)5.4 Incoterms and ContractsSinceIncotermsarestandarddefinitions,theyareusedincontractstoreduceconfusionandpreventtradershavingdifficultyunderstandingtheimportrequirementsandshippingpracticeusedinothercountrie

49、s.Mostcontractsfrom1January2010refertoIncoterms2010,unlessthesellerandthebuyeragreetouseanearlierversion.Contractsdatedbefore1January2010arestillblindedunderIncoterms2000.Chapter 6 Terms of Commodity v6.1 Name of Commodityv6.2 Quality of Commodityv6.3 Quantity of Commodityv6.4 Packing of Commodityv6

50、.5 Commodity Inspection and Customs FormalitiesLearning ObjectivesvTo understand the importance of clauses of quality,quantity,packing and price in a sales contractvTo learn the methods of expressing the quality of goods in a sales contractvTo learn different weight calculation methodsvTo learn the