2022对外经济贸易大学2000年考研国际贸易学专业英语试题_国际贸易学考研试题.docx

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1、2022对外经济贸易大学2000年考研国际贸易学专业英语试题_国际贸易学考研试题 对外经济贸易高校2000年考研国际贸易学专业英语试题由我整理，希望给你工作、学习、生活带来便利，猜你可能喜爱“国际贸易学考研试题”。 对外经济贸易高校2000年考研国际贸易学专业英语试题 2022-11-20 11:35 页面功能 【字体：大 中 小】【打印】【关闭】 1.The Battle to Be Your Online Bill Collector -Bankers hope cyberbilling can give them a toehold on the Net Every year,Ameri

2、can busine sends out 29 billion bills.And by any measure,the exercise isnt much fun.For companies,printing,proceing and posting a tipical consumer bill runs about 90.And for recipients ,theres not only a demand for payment,there s a wad of solicitations that nearly everyone throws away.But for banks

3、 trying to make it on the Internet,bills are cool .Bankers see bills as surefire eyeball-grabbers in an environment where its tough to command consumer attentionand a key to protecting their existing busine managing cash for big companies.Increasingly,banks are battling high-tech competitors for con

4、trol of Internet billing,or electronic-bill presentment,as it is called. To be sure,this is a fight over a busine that is in its infancy.Few bills are now sent via the Net,and online payment systems often involve a paper check. But the technology exists to send bills from busine to customers and rou

5、te payments back on the Net.By the end of next year,industry analysts estimate upwards of 4.5 million households will be receiving bills online .Whats more, sending and handling bills over the Net should be about 40% cheaper than paper delivery, says the Gartner Group, a research firm in Stamford, C

6、onn. The question is who will become the bill collector on the Net.Bankers reckon that if they can turn their Web sites into mailboxes for electronic bills ,they can become key entry points on the Net-portals,even.That would enable them to sell other financial services online.The fear is that existi

7、ng portals,such as Yahoo！ or even American Online,will become centers of bill payment and , in turn ,siphon off existing bank busine .banks have been slow to get into this, says Kenneth J.Kerr,a Garter analyst in Durham,N.C.But they realize there is a threat here and they need to get aboard . Banks

8、have their advantages.They can offer custumers simultaneous acce to their bills and their money.Banks have long relationships with the billers,such as utilities and retailers,and centuries of experience in protecting peoples money. Big banks also are worried that technology companies offering bill p

9、resentment could muscle into one of their fastest-growing busine-managing cash for big companies.After all ,distributing and collecting bills is a close cousin to cash management. At this point,predicting how the industry will shake out is premature .Banks and technology companies already have forme

10、d several alliances aimed a delivering bills on the net.More combinations are likely .Whats clear, though , is the banks know they are running out of time to get their Internet billing act together. _From Busine Week/July 19,1999 2.Principles of Regulation The following quotation describes the scope

11、 of regulation and how it affects individuals and businees participating in a market. All market and transactions are in practice regulated by some kind of government laws or regulations , and without regulations of any kind,most markets and types of transactions would cease to exist.Without laws, t

12、he terms of many types of agreement and transaction between individuals would be unenforceable and would cease.The choice facing individuals and society is not between regulation and no regulation ； it is how much regulation and what kinds of regulation are desirable. This description portrays regul

13、ation as fully encompaing the systems of government and law with the power to control all markets and transactions .Economists and politicians would typically take a much narrower view of regulation,concentrating more on the targets of regulatory action or the regulatory proce itself.An economist, f

14、ocusing on thetargets of regulatory action, might describe regulation as government policy that exerts control over a firm to elicit a desired behavior as a producer of goods or employer of labor.An economist or politician focusing on regulatoty proce, however, might expre a view similar to the foll

15、owing： Through regulation,society attempts to substitute the decidion-making proce of a regulatory commiion for the action of the market mechanismIt is clear that theproce of regulation is to substitute administrative judgment for market-place judgement.In effect, an economic environment of legal ru

16、les and regulations is used as a surrogate for the free market,and economic decisions are made by a political proce. The above description portrays regulation as a political proce, substituting asministrative judgement for marketplace judgement.The description identifies the important interaction be

17、tween regulation and the market and raised an important iue：when, if at all, should marketplace judgment be replaced with as ministrative judgement？ Various answers to this question have been proposed.Of primary importance is the market being considered.Different market require different amounts and

18、 types of regulation. _From The Regulation of Insurance 3.Intervention Arrangements in the European Monetary System Bilateral exchange rates within the European Monetary System have never been literally fixed； rather, they have fluctuated within specified limits called margins.Since August 1993 the

19、margins for most bilateral exchange rates have been +_15 percent,although they were narrower before then.Each participating currency is also aigned a central exchange rate against the European Union currencies.When a currencys market xchange rate against the ECU diverges sufficiently from its cegogo

20、 the currency is expected to intervene and poibly take other actions to correct the situation. In return for contributing 20 percent of their gold and dollar holdings to a European Monetary Institute,central bank in the EMS receive equivalent holding of ECUs.ECUs can be used, along with other types

21、of international reserves, to purchase domestic currency from member central banks that acquire it in intervention opertations but do not wish to hold it. Intervention burdens may be shared symmetrically within the EMS, but they need not be.If the French franc depreciates to its lower limit against

22、the DM, for example,the French central bank must rectify the situation by selling DM reserves； at the same time, the German central bank must lend the neceary DM to the Bank of France.EMS rules thus call for a symmetric intervention procedure when an exchange rate reaches the limit of its range, one

23、 in which the weak-currency country loses reserves and the other gains them. Much intervention takes place within the EMS exchange rate margins, however,and such intervention does not oblige other central banks to take action.If the bank of France buys DM aets and adds them to its reserves, for exam

24、ple, the Bundesbank is not require to intervene as long as the franc stays within its margins. In addition, the symmetry of intervention at the margins is no guarantee that the resulting adjustments in national money supplies are symmetric.There is little at present to prevent a central bank from tr

25、ying to shift the burden of monetary adjustment onto its EMS partners by sterilizing its foreign intervention. _From c Economics-Theory and Policy,4th Edition 4.Freedom of Contract The main principle of the law relating to commercial transactions is based on the freedom of the contracting parties to

26、 agree as they wish.This principle comprises the freedom to choose whether one wants to enter into a contract at all, the freedom to choose ones contracting party and to agree on the contents of the contract and its general and specific terms.However, any freedom of contract is necearily controlled

27、by some fundamentals principles of the applicable national law which determine how contractual rights come into being and the effect on contractual undertaking of fraud, misleading statements, dure,coercion, mistake or other invalidating causes.It should also be observed that it may be impoible to o

28、btain enforcement of some contracts and that the modalities of enforcement may differ in different jurisdictions. Generally one cannot expect enforcement of contracts which are illegal in the jurisdiction concerned or which may have such an object that redre to enforcement authorities is unavailable

29、.This is true for most illegal contracts as one cannot very well expect organs of the state to extend a helpful hand to those who have engaged in prohibited of undesirable activities.The same reluctance may well apply to contracts which are not illegal but merely of such a nature that the contractin

30、g parties should have to arrange their affairs without the aistance of the authorities, e.g.wagering contract or games for money. In modern commerce, it would normally be impracticable to let the contracting parties individually negotiate each and every contract term.Instead, they would in most case

31、s use ready-made texts appearing in different standard forms or clauses.It is also poible to use computerized texts available for different types of contracts.If so, it is only theoretically poible to base contract interpretation on the actual will and intention of the contracting parties themselves

32、.Such standardised text have to be interpreted objectively and reference to contractual intent represents no more than a lip-service to the traditional paradigm of deriving the contents of contract solely from the will of the parties.The standard to be used is to ae how a reasonable person would und

33、erstand the text rather than to examine how the actual contracting parties understood it, if they even thought about it at all.Such standardised texts originate from different sources.In some cases they are unilaterally prepared by one of the contracting parties and, in other cases,they are elaborat

34、ed under the auspices of various trade organisations usually only representing one of the parties in a particular type of contractual relationship.However, trade organisations representing both parties in the contractual relationship may also have agreed on a standardised text, which is then usually

35、 called an agreed document.International organisations,such as the International Chamber of Commerce, Promote the elaboration of standard texts and principles which could be incorporated into commercial contracts by reference, In some cases, such standardised texts and principles could attain the st

36、atus of international usage of trade and, if so, they could be deemed to govern the contracting relationship even in the absence of expre reference. _From Igogo, by ICC 对外经济贸易高校2002年考研经贸专业英语试题 对外经济贸易高校2002年考研经贸专业英语试题2022-11-19 17:46页面功能 【字体：大 中 小】【打印】【关闭】本试题为英译中，共五段，每段二非常。1.The True,Peaceful Face of

37、 I. 对外经济贸易高校国际贸易专业阅历 2022年考研已落下帷幕，想起自己一年前在论坛上网罗前辈们的阅历，我觉得我应当写点什么了。就简洁说一下自己这一年来走的路吧。一 择校我的择校过程相当坎坷。去年也许三月份. 对外经济贸易高校 对外经济贸易高校一：学校简介对外经济贸易高校是教化部直属的全国重点高校，国家“211工程”首批重点建设高校，坐落在首都北京朝阳区。学校校内规划精致，环境优雅，是中国社会主义. 对外经济贸易高校国际经济贸易学院国际贸易专业在职探讨生课程班优势 对外经济贸易高校国际经济贸易学院国际贸易专业在职探讨生课程班优势全国唯一的国家级 重点学科 排名第一国际贸易领域最强师资阵容课程设置前沿好用特色一：全国首批211重点. 对外经济贸易高校专场 1.尚未完成股权分置改革的公司，股票代码前应加“U”。（加S）2.“余音绕梁，三日不绝”是列子形容孔子讲学道理深刻发人深省。（说歌女的歌声令人难忘）3.鸭嘴兽是用毒液自我爱护的. 本文来源：网络收集与整理，如有侵权，请联系作者删除，谢谢！第14页 共14页第 14 页 共 14 页第 14 页 共 14 页第 14 页 共 14 页第 14 页 共 14 页第 14 页 共 14 页第 14 页 共 14 页第 14 页 共 14 页第 14 页 共 14 页第 14 页 共 14 页第 14 页 共 14 页